This is most common urological condition and multiple sites of urinary tract are involved in this type of infection. my this PPT slide is helpful to all the student and faculty to increasing their knowledge about UTI.
This is most common urological condition and multiple sites of urinary tract are involved in this type of infection. my this PPT slide is helpful to all the student and faculty to increasing their knowledge about UTI.
a presentation about UTI. information from various textbooks and different journals and also from many peoples presentation is accumulated in this one file. i worked very hard for this project.
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
a presentation about UTI. information from various textbooks and different journals and also from many peoples presentation is accumulated in this one file. i worked very hard for this project.
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Epidemiology of UTI
Worldwide, 150 million cases / yearWorldwide, 150 million cases / year
90 % cystitis, 10 % pyelonephritis
75 % sporadic
25 % recurrent
2 % complicated
3. Prevalence of urinary tract
infections (UTI)
almost half of all womenwomen will have at least one
UTI in their lives.
the risk of UTI in women increases after
menopause
after a UTI: 20 - 40 % will have a recurrence
recurring infections are usually reinfections.
4. UTI is rare in young and middle-aged menmen & often
with catheterisation or urological procedures.
Urinary catheter increases the risk almost ten-fold in
hospitalised patients and those in other care homes.
Pyelonephritis is common in patients who have
been catheterised for over a month.
5. Gender and sexual contact
Infant and children : Male >> femaleInfant and children : Male >> female
Adolescent-menopause : Female >> maleAdolescent-menopause : Female >> male
Older age : Female = = maleOlder age : Female = = male
Women: Short ureterWomen: Short ureter
Sexual contact : colonization of pathogensSexual contact : colonization of pathogens
in bladderin bladder
Spermicidal : Change of normal floraSpermicidal : Change of normal flora
Men (<50)Men (<50) : Prostate infection, anatomical defects ,: Prostate infection, anatomical defects ,
Lack of circumcision, homosexualsLack of circumcision, homosexuals
6. Classification by
Type of UTI
Upper / Lower UTI Pyelonephritis
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Cystitis
Symptoms Symptomatic
Asymptomatic
Recurrence Sporadic < 1 UTI / 6 m
Recurrent ≥ 1 UTI / 6m
Complicating factors Uncomplicated
Complicated
Classification of UTIs
11. Bacterial virulence factors in UTI
Escherichia coli strains expressing O-antigens
cause high proportion of infections
Capsular antigens of E. coli associated with clinical
severity (antiphagocytic)
P-fimbriae enhance attachment of E. coli) to
uroepithelial cells
Motile bacteria ascend the ureter against urine flow
12. Bacterial virulence factors in UTI
Bacterial urease (Proteus) splits urea →NH4 ion
alkalinizes urine with loss of acid pH → stone
formation → obstruction & survivial of bacteria
within stones resisting eradication
Gram-negative endotoxin decreases ureteral
peristalsis
Hemolysin damages renal tubular epithelium &
promotes invasive infection
Aerobactin of E. coli promote iron accumulation for
bacterial replication
13.
14. Pathogenesis of UTI
Ascending route most common
Colonization of urethra and peri-urethral tissue is the initial
event
More in women than men due to short female urethra ,so
urethral organisms enter bladder during micturition &
in close proximity to perianal areas
Once in the bladder , multiply, then pass up the ureters (esp. if
vesico-ureteral reflux) to the renal pelvis & parenchyma
Hospital infection associated with lower urinary tract
instrumentation (catheterization, cystoscopy)
15. Pathogenesis of UTI- blood borne
Hematogenous seeding less frequent than
ascending infection
Kidney a common site of abscess formation in
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, less often in
candidemia, rarely with gram-negative bacteremia
Hematogenous seeding of kidney also occurs with
Salmonella (typhoid) and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Source of uropathogens: enteric bacteria
16. Pathogenesis of UTI: Risk Factors
↓ resistance of mucous membranes (e.g. in
menopause)
sexual intercourse
disturbances in ureteral functioning
in children the re-entering of urine back into the ureters
(vesicoureteral reflux),
Uterine prolapse
Diabetes
17. Pathogenesis of UTIs
Predisposing Conditions- contdPredisposing Conditions- contd
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Any illness, eg diabetes, affecting the
emptying -Neurogenic Bladder
Spinal injury →disturbances in bladder
emptying or urinary catheter)
Stones
Catheterisation & other urological
procedures
Renal Transplantation
18. Types of UTI Typical Symptoms & Signs
Cystitis Frequent voiding, suprapubic pain
Burning micturition
Hematuria, cloudy urine
Pyelonephritis Fever chills, flank pains, N/Vomiting
Cystitis Sx ±
Urosepsis Fever- chills
Shock
Clinical Symptoms of UTI
19. Urethritis
Acute dysuria, frequency
Suspect sexually transmitted pathogens,
no hematuria, no suprapubic pain,
new sexual partner, cervicitis
20. Cystitis
Symptoms: frequency, dysuria, urgency,
suprapubic pain
Cloudy, mal-odorous urine (nonspecific)
Pyuria
WBC (2-5 with symptoms) and bacteria on
urine microscopy
25. Diagnosis of UTI
History
Physical exam
Lab parameters:
Urinalysis with microscopy for WBC, bacteria
Urine culture with sensitivities
Diagnose acute uncomplicated cystitis in women based on
Hx, PE, and UA alone, no need for culture to treat
26. Diagnosis
Urinalysis
Leukocyte-esterase positive. = pyuria
Nitrite positive from urease producing bacteria
eg proteus (but not always)
Microscopy – WBC ( > 5 in pt with symptoms)
-- Bacteria
27. Collecting a sample
in adults, mid stream urine (MSU)(MSU) sample usually
reliably represents the urine in the bladder.
samples from urinary bags or bedpans should not
be used as they invariably will be contaminated
the most reliable sample is obtained via a
suprapubic puncture
urine in bladder >4 hoursurine in bladder >4 hours (any shorter time
will increase the risk of false negative findings)
28.
29. Diagnosis- interpretation
Urine culture
105
colonies per mL considered standard for
diagnosis - but misses up to 50%
Now, 103
to 104
accepted as significant if patient
symptomatic
if several bacterial strains are grown on culture;
contamination of the sample is the likely cause
Sensitivities for better tailoring of therapy
30. Significant bacteriuria
Clinical status or methods of
sampling
Significant
concentration
(microbes / ml)
MSU; symptomatic patient or urine in
bladder <4 h
>103
MSU; urine in bladder >4 h >104-5
Male patient, catheter specimen sample >103
Female patient, catheter specimen sample >104
Asymptomatic bacteriuria >105
Suprapubic puncture sample any growth
31. Positive Urine culture repeatedly (10Positive Urine culture repeatedly (1055
cfu/ml)cfu/ml)
in the absence of signs of UTI
pyuria does not affect interpretation
Investige & treat asymptomatic bacteriuria
→ only in pregnant women
Its prevalence varies from 1-5% to 100%
in selected population groups.
.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
microbiological diagnosis
32. Escherichia coliEscherichia coli
most common
80% of community - acquired
50% of hospital-acquired
Others:
enterococcienterococci
Staphylococcus saprophyticusStaphylococcus saprophyticus and
klebsiellaklebsiella
pseudomonaspseudomonas and proteusproteus are more rare
Causative agents of UTIs
38. Prevention of UTIPrevention of UTI
Recurrent UTI
>3 episodes of UTI per year or >2 in 6 months
Avoidance of spermicidal or diaphragm
Frequent and complete voiding
Immediate voiding after sexual contact
Good hydration
Low dose antibiotics prophylaxis
39. Prophylaxis should be considered when
more thanmore than 3 infections per year or3 infections per year or
2 in 6 months
Prophylaxis to continue for 6 months
If infections recur after prophylactic
treatment, the prophylaxis is re-
commenced for 6 – 12 months (D)(D)
Prophylaxis of recurrent UTI with
antimicrobial agents