1) The document discusses the history and development of electric vehicles including early prototypes in the late 19th century and modern electric vehicles emerging in the 1980s and 1990s.
2) It also covers the key forces acting on a vehicle in motion - tractive effort, rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and grading resistance - and provides the dynamic equations to calculate a vehicle's acceleration based on these forces.
3) Additionally, it examines the factors that influence rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag, such as tire material and pressure, vehicle shape, and speed.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
This document discusses hybrid vehicles. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that uses both an internal combustion engine and electric motor to propel the vehicle. It classifies hybrids into three types: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Hybrids improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by capturing energy through regenerative braking and using batteries to assist the gasoline engine. While hybrids currently have higher costs, the document argues they will play an important role in reducing dependence on oil and mitigating global warming.
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
This document provides information about electric vehicles. It lists the student names and course details in the header. The introduction discusses the history of electric vehicles from their invention in the 19th century to their decline with the rise of gasoline-powered cars. It then describes how electric vehicles work by taking electricity from the grid to charge batteries which power electric motors. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Finally, it defines and provides examples of three types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
The document discusses electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction to electric cars, noting they are propelled by electric motors powered by batteries. It then discusses the various types of electric vehicles and the benefits of electric cars over combustion engines, including reduced emissions and less dependency on oil. The document also covers the historical development of electric cars, when they can be purchased, how they work mechanically, and production costs and timelines for an electric car project. It concludes that electric vehicles have significant potential to reduce emissions if charged from renewable sources.
The document discusses the design parameters of electric vehicles. It begins by outlining the presentation outcomes, which are to recognize the importance of EV design parameters, describe EV dynamics, and recall relations between tractive force, velocity, power, energy, torque, etc. It then provides background on EVs and discusses parameters like vehicle dynamics, capacity, motor type, speed, range, battery type, and power converters. Key equations for tractive effort, power required, aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and gradient force are also presented.
This document discusses electric vehicles, including their history, components, operation, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges. Some key points include:
- Electric vehicles help reduce dependence on foreign oil and gasoline, a scarce resource, while producing less pollution than gas-powered cars.
- Components include batteries, charger, motor, controller, and converter. Cars are powered by and recharged from electricity stored in batteries.
- Advantages are lower emissions, fewer moving parts, fuel flexibility, energy independence, and cheaper fuel costs compared to gasoline. Disadvantages include limited range and longer recharging times.
- Key challenges are high battery costs and need for more widespread charging infrastructure. Electric vehicles may help address
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
This document discusses hybrid vehicles. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that uses both an internal combustion engine and electric motor to propel the vehicle. It classifies hybrids into three types: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Hybrids improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by capturing energy through regenerative braking and using batteries to assist the gasoline engine. While hybrids currently have higher costs, the document argues they will play an important role in reducing dependence on oil and mitigating global warming.
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
This document provides information about electric vehicles. It lists the student names and course details in the header. The introduction discusses the history of electric vehicles from their invention in the 19th century to their decline with the rise of gasoline-powered cars. It then describes how electric vehicles work by taking electricity from the grid to charge batteries which power electric motors. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Finally, it defines and provides examples of three types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
The document discusses electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction to electric cars, noting they are propelled by electric motors powered by batteries. It then discusses the various types of electric vehicles and the benefits of electric cars over combustion engines, including reduced emissions and less dependency on oil. The document also covers the historical development of electric cars, when they can be purchased, how they work mechanically, and production costs and timelines for an electric car project. It concludes that electric vehicles have significant potential to reduce emissions if charged from renewable sources.
The document discusses the design parameters of electric vehicles. It begins by outlining the presentation outcomes, which are to recognize the importance of EV design parameters, describe EV dynamics, and recall relations between tractive force, velocity, power, energy, torque, etc. It then provides background on EVs and discusses parameters like vehicle dynamics, capacity, motor type, speed, range, battery type, and power converters. Key equations for tractive effort, power required, aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and gradient force are also presented.
This document discusses electric vehicles, including their history, components, operation, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges. Some key points include:
- Electric vehicles help reduce dependence on foreign oil and gasoline, a scarce resource, while producing less pollution than gas-powered cars.
- Components include batteries, charger, motor, controller, and converter. Cars are powered by and recharged from electricity stored in batteries.
- Advantages are lower emissions, fewer moving parts, fuel flexibility, energy independence, and cheaper fuel costs compared to gasoline. Disadvantages include limited range and longer recharging times.
- Key challenges are high battery costs and need for more widespread charging infrastructure. Electric vehicles may help address
This document contains brief description of electric propulsion systems, their classification, sub categorization, and brief history and future possibilities. It also focuses on the spacecraft propulsion system along with marine, land, and air vehicles. After going through this doc one would be totally aware of the industry as a whole. And also will be able to understand the rising market of this sector.
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 1 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdfDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an overview of vehicle mechanics concepts for electric and hybrid vehicles. It discusses Newton's laws of motion as they apply to vehicle kinetics. Forces acting on a vehicle include the tractive force from the propulsion unit to overcome road load forces of gravity, rolling resistance, and aerodynamic drag. Equations are presented for vehicle acceleration, velocity, distance, power and energy requirements based on assumptions of constant tractive force and level roadway. Maximum gradability and general cases of non-constant tractive force and variable roadway grade are also covered. The concepts are applied to the design of electric motor and battery sizing to meet performance goals like acceleration and maximum speed.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine or other power source to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. In a series hybrid, the engine only charges a battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor can power the wheels directly and work together or independently based on driving conditions. Key components of hybrid systems include batteries to store energy, a generator to charge batteries, and regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy during deceleration. Hybrid vehicles provide benefits like lower emissions and fuel use while maintaining the performance of conventional vehicles. Further research and development of hybrid technology promises more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
1) The document discusses the key parts of an electric vehicle, including electric motors, motor controllers, battery packs, transmissions, charging points, brakes, DC-DC converters, and joysticks for controlling modes.
2) It explains that electric cars use electric motors powered by batteries rather than gasoline engines, and that they can use both AC and DC motors.
3) The document provides details on other components like single-speed transmissions, regenerative braking systems, lithium-ion batteries, charging stations, and DC-DC converters that convert voltages to power accessories.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehiclesA Reddy
The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
This document discusses the history and present state of electric vehicles. It notes that electric vehicles have lower emissions and fuel costs than gas vehicles. However, electric vehicles currently have higher upfront costs and more limited range between charges. The document outlines different types of electric vehicles like plug-in hybrids and describes the key components of an electric vehicle like batteries and motors. Challenges to electric vehicle adoption include high battery costs, limited driving range, and perceptions around safety and reliability. Research aims to address these issues to increase electric vehicle adoption over time.
1. The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s) to propel the vehicle.
2. There are three main types of HEVs: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Mild, medium, and full hybrids also differ in their voltage systems and ability to operate using only electric power.
3. HEVs provide benefits like reduced fuel consumption, emissions, noise levels compared to conventional vehicles, but also have disadvantages such as higher costs and battery disposal issues.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
This document provides an overview of a vehicle dynamics course. It discusses topics that will be covered such as vehicle dynamics fundamentals, load transfer, acceleration and braking performance, wheel alignment, handling, ride forces, suspension technologies, tires, and vehicle dynamic tests. The course will examine chapters on vehicle dynamics, longitudinal and lateral load transfer, tractive effort and forces, weight transfer, and the relationship between road loads and tractive resistance. It also provides examples of vehicle dynamic field tests. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of key vehicle dynamics concepts and metrics.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
- There are more electric vehicle charging points in Japan (40,000) than petrol stations (less than 35,000), including points in private homes and 3,000 rapid chargers.
- Automakers like Nissan, GM, and industry experts note that expanding charging infrastructure is important to support continued electric vehicle market growth.
- Charging options include residential chargers, public chargers for charging while parked, and fast chargers. Some companies are exploring battery swapping to enable quick replacement.
- Many countries have set targets to phase out gasoline vehicles and increase electric vehicle adoption, including Britain banning new gas/diesel cars by 2040 and India aiming for all new vehicles to be electric by 2030.
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 2 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdfDrCVMOHAN
The document discusses electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It covers various topics related to electric vehicle configuration and components, including traction motor characteristics, tractive effort and transmission requirements, and vehicle performance parameters like speed, gradeability, and acceleration. The document contains diagrams and illustrations of common electric vehicle configurations, components, and motor torque-speed profiles. It also provides examples of popular electric vehicles like the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV.
The document summarizes the fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehicles. It discusses three phases in the history of electric vehicles from the late 1890s to present day. It also covers vehicle propulsion, braking forces like rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. Key concepts explained include traction force, resistance forces, and the dynamic equation of vehicle motion.
This document provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles and their components. It discusses how hybrid vehicles combine two power sources, such as gasoline/electric. It also summarizes the characteristics of conventional vehicles, vehicle performance factors like speed and acceleration, vehicle resistance forces, and the characteristics of vehicle power sources and transmissions.
This document contains brief description of electric propulsion systems, their classification, sub categorization, and brief history and future possibilities. It also focuses on the spacecraft propulsion system along with marine, land, and air vehicles. After going through this doc one would be totally aware of the industry as a whole. And also will be able to understand the rising market of this sector.
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 1 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdfDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an overview of vehicle mechanics concepts for electric and hybrid vehicles. It discusses Newton's laws of motion as they apply to vehicle kinetics. Forces acting on a vehicle include the tractive force from the propulsion unit to overcome road load forces of gravity, rolling resistance, and aerodynamic drag. Equations are presented for vehicle acceleration, velocity, distance, power and energy requirements based on assumptions of constant tractive force and level roadway. Maximum gradability and general cases of non-constant tractive force and variable roadway grade are also covered. The concepts are applied to the design of electric motor and battery sizing to meet performance goals like acceleration and maximum speed.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine or other power source to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. In a series hybrid, the engine only charges a battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor can power the wheels directly and work together or independently based on driving conditions. Key components of hybrid systems include batteries to store energy, a generator to charge batteries, and regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy during deceleration. Hybrid vehicles provide benefits like lower emissions and fuel use while maintaining the performance of conventional vehicles. Further research and development of hybrid technology promises more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
The document discusses the history and components of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It notes that the first human-carrying electric vehicle was tested in Paris in 1881. BEVs use electricity from batteries to power an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. The key components of BEVs are the battery charger, traction batteries, power converters, electric motor, motor controller, transmission system, and differential system. BEVs are further classified based on their energy storage sources into pure electric vehicles (PEVs/BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles, ultracapacitor electric vehicles, and ultraflywheel electric vehicles.
1) The document discusses the key parts of an electric vehicle, including electric motors, motor controllers, battery packs, transmissions, charging points, brakes, DC-DC converters, and joysticks for controlling modes.
2) It explains that electric cars use electric motors powered by batteries rather than gasoline engines, and that they can use both AC and DC motors.
3) The document provides details on other components like single-speed transmissions, regenerative braking systems, lithium-ion batteries, charging stations, and DC-DC converters that convert voltages to power accessories.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehiclesA Reddy
The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
This document discusses the history and present state of electric vehicles. It notes that electric vehicles have lower emissions and fuel costs than gas vehicles. However, electric vehicles currently have higher upfront costs and more limited range between charges. The document outlines different types of electric vehicles like plug-in hybrids and describes the key components of an electric vehicle like batteries and motors. Challenges to electric vehicle adoption include high battery costs, limited driving range, and perceptions around safety and reliability. Research aims to address these issues to increase electric vehicle adoption over time.
1. The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s) to propel the vehicle.
2. There are three main types of HEVs: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Mild, medium, and full hybrids also differ in their voltage systems and ability to operate using only electric power.
3. HEVs provide benefits like reduced fuel consumption, emissions, noise levels compared to conventional vehicles, but also have disadvantages such as higher costs and battery disposal issues.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
This document provides an overview of a vehicle dynamics course. It discusses topics that will be covered such as vehicle dynamics fundamentals, load transfer, acceleration and braking performance, wheel alignment, handling, ride forces, suspension technologies, tires, and vehicle dynamic tests. The course will examine chapters on vehicle dynamics, longitudinal and lateral load transfer, tractive effort and forces, weight transfer, and the relationship between road loads and tractive resistance. It also provides examples of vehicle dynamic field tests. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of key vehicle dynamics concepts and metrics.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
- There are more electric vehicle charging points in Japan (40,000) than petrol stations (less than 35,000), including points in private homes and 3,000 rapid chargers.
- Automakers like Nissan, GM, and industry experts note that expanding charging infrastructure is important to support continued electric vehicle market growth.
- Charging options include residential chargers, public chargers for charging while parked, and fast chargers. Some companies are exploring battery swapping to enable quick replacement.
- Many countries have set targets to phase out gasoline vehicles and increase electric vehicle adoption, including Britain banning new gas/diesel cars by 2040 and India aiming for all new vehicles to be electric by 2030.
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 2 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdfDrCVMOHAN
The document discusses electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It covers various topics related to electric vehicle configuration and components, including traction motor characteristics, tractive effort and transmission requirements, and vehicle performance parameters like speed, gradeability, and acceleration. The document contains diagrams and illustrations of common electric vehicle configurations, components, and motor torque-speed profiles. It also provides examples of popular electric vehicles like the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV.
The document summarizes the fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehicles. It discusses three phases in the history of electric vehicles from the late 1890s to present day. It also covers vehicle propulsion, braking forces like rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. Key concepts explained include traction force, resistance forces, and the dynamic equation of vehicle motion.
This document provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles and their components. It discusses how hybrid vehicles combine two power sources, such as gasoline/electric. It also summarizes the characteristics of conventional vehicles, vehicle performance factors like speed and acceleration, vehicle resistance forces, and the characteristics of vehicle power sources and transmissions.
عرض تقديمي لتصميم طريق وكيفية ابعاد الطريقssuser09e10f
This document discusses road-vehicle performance and its impact on highway engineering and design. It covers the following key points:
- Vehicle capabilities like acceleration/braking and human factors like reaction time form the basis of roadway design guidelines.
- Tractive effort and resistance are opposing forces that determine vehicle performance. The three major sources of resistance are aerodynamic, rolling, and grade.
- Aerodynamic resistance increases with speed squared and power required increases with speed cubed. Rolling resistance depends on factors like tire and surface properties. Grade resistance depends on road slope.
- Maximum tractive effort is limited by the coefficient of road adhesion and weight transfer during acceleration or braking. Braking performance is important
1) The document discusses the motion and dynamic equations for vehicles based on Newton's second law. It covers forces acting on a vehicle like rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and grading resistance.
2) The total driving resistance force is the sum of these forces and is equal to the tractive force required at the drive wheels.
3) The dynamic equation of vehicle motion equates the total tractive effort to the total tractive resistance force and can be used to determine acceleration.
Vehicle aerodynamics and refinements ppt.pptxkathitnaik96
This document discusses vehicle aerodynamics and refinements. It covers topics such as aerodynamic forces like drag, drag reduction techniques, stability in crosswinds, noise reduction, underhood ventilation, and cabin ventilation. It provides details on each topic with sections on things like the sources of drag, techniques to reduce drag, the impact of crosswinds on stability, the main sources of aerodynamic noise, optimizing underhood airflow, and designing effective cabin ventilation systems.
1. The document describes various forces that affect the motion of vehicles including friction between surfaces, air resistance, and gravitational forces.
2. It outlines the specific forces involved when coasting, accelerating, braking, driving on ice, climbing/descending hills, and turning corners. These include engine force, friction, gravity, and centripetal force.
3. Newton's second law relates the net force on an object to its mass and acceleration. Forces on planes, trains, and cars provide forward acceleration according to this law until opposing forces are balanced.
The document discusses vehicle aerodynamics and the forces involved. It introduces concepts like drag, lift, and side forces caused by air flow over a moving vehicle. Drag opposes the vehicle's motion and is made up of skin friction, induced, and pressure drag. Lift and side forces can cause rolling, pitching, and yawing moments. The key aerodynamic forces of drag, lift, and side forces are defined using equations that relate them to air density, velocity, vehicle area, and coefficient values. Reducing aerodynamic drag improves fuel efficiency and vehicle design.
Traction is the force that allows a vehicle to move forward or backward on a surface. It is the result of friction between the tires and the ground. Traction is important for vehicle safety and performance, as it affects acceleration, braking, and cornering.
The theory predicts that failure occurs when the maximum tensile stress reaches a critical value. This critical value is determined by the same factors as in shear, namely the friction angle and the cohesion of the material.
The Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope in traction is a plot of the tensile stress versus the normal stress acting on the material. The slope of the envelope still represents the friction angle, while the intercept on the tensile stress axis represents the tensile strength of the material.
factors affecting
Tire type
Surface conditions
Vehicle weight
Driving style
Road grade and slope
Temperature
tire pressure
L0 Mobile Equipment Power RequirementsDon W. Lewis
The document discusses the power requirements for mobile construction equipment. It covers topics such as calculating the power needed to overcome rolling resistance and grade resistance, which determine the total power required. It also discusses available power from diesel engines and factors like torque, horsepower, and rim pull. Performance charts published by equipment manufacturers allow estimating the machine's ability to perform under different job conditions based on the estimated total resistance.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles including their history and types. It discusses how the earliest electric vehicles emerged in the late 1800s and became popular in the early 1900s. It describes different types of electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It also discusses the key forces that affect electric vehicle power trains including rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and gradient forces due to road inclines.
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical, automobile engineering students.
SO learn, do study .
suggestions are welcome
Vehicle dynamics is the study of how a vehicle reacts to driver inputs based on classical mechanics. It examines attributes like body roll, bump steer, weight transfer, and ride quality. There are different types of engine power like indicated power (at the cylinder) and brake power (at the crankshaft). Automotive resistances that reduce usable power include rolling resistance, road gradient resistance, and air resistance. Tests are conducted to find properties like the center of gravity location, moments of inertia, and brake force distribution which enhance vehicle stability, steering control, and overall design.
The document discusses the various resistances that affect the power required to propel a vehicle, including air resistance, rolling resistance, and grade resistance. It provides formulas to calculate each resistance and the total resistance acting on a vehicle based on factors like its speed, weight, road/wind conditions. It also discusses how to calculate the engine power and torque required based on the total resistance and transmission efficiency of converting engine power to tractive effort at the wheels.
This document proposes a design for a speed bump that can generate electricity from the kinetic energy of passing vehicles. It introduces different mechanisms considered - spring coil, rack-pinion, crank-shaft, roller. Spring coil and rack-pinion mechanisms are discussed in detail. The design uses a rack-pinion mechanism to convert up-and-down motion into rotational motion, which turns a generator to produce electricity. Test results show increased voltage output with higher vehicle speed and load. Benefits include low-cost electricity production without traffic obstructions.
This document provides an introduction and overview of automobiles. It defines an automobile and describes its main components like the frame, engine, transmission system, and wheels. It then summarizes the early history of automobile development from 1769 to the 1900s. Next, it discusses the brief history of automobiles in India from the 1930s to present day. The document concludes by describing the classification, parts, performance and power characteristics of automobiles.
This document describes a mechanism for generating electricity from speed breakers. It discusses two methods - a spring coil mechanism and rack pinion mechanism. When vehicles pass over the speed breaker, the mechanical energy is used to compress air which drives an electrical generator via a turbine. The document provides details on the dimensions and materials used, calculations for spring deflection, and the working principles of the air turbine and generator. It also presents test data on voltages generated for different vehicle speeds and loads and discusses the merits and demerits of the system. The conclusion states that this is an economical way to produce low-cost electricity, especially at locations with frequent vehicle movement.
Resistances to vehicle motion include aerodynamic drag, gradient resistance from inclines, rolling resistance from flexing tires and road surfaces, and inertia forces during acceleration and braking. A gearbox is needed to reduce the high rotational speed of the engine to slower wheel speeds required for starting, stopping, and slower travel while increasing torque. Gears provide increased torque through speed reduction to help overcome resistances when starting from a stop, and shift to faster gears as speed increases to handle higher loads without overstressing components.
The document discusses selecting equipment for earthmoving projects based on analyzing the mechanical capabilities of machines and the properties of materials to be handled. It emphasizes that the contractor must choose equipment that can economically relocate and process bulk materials. Key factors in the decision process include the task properties of the material, and matching the machine's abilities. The engineer must calculate required power by considering rolling resistance and grade resistance to determine if a machine is suitable.
This document discusses vehicle dynamics and tools used to assess vehicle dynamics. It begins with an introduction defining vehicle dynamics as the study of how a vehicle reacts to driver inputs based on classical mechanics. It then outlines several key aspects of vehicle dynamics including body flex, roll, bump steer, stability, and understeer/oversteer. The document also discusses engine power output metrics like indicated power and brake power. It concludes by examining automotive resistances like rolling resistance, frictional resistance, gradient resistance, and air resistance that reduce the propulsive power of a vehicle.
The document summarizes a student project presentation on designing a wind-powered car. It includes the names of the presenting students and their professor. It then discusses the concept of using wind turbines and transmission mechanisms like gears to convert wind energy to mechanical energy to power the car. Diagrams show the planned vehicle design and powertrain layout. Calculations are included to analyze the power generated by the wind turbines at different speeds and how it compares to the power consumption of the car. The document concludes with discussions of results and the scope for further improvements to the design.
This document provides an overview of power management and energy storage systems for electric vehicles. It discusses various types of energy storage technologies used in electric vehicles including batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels. It also describes energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles including rule-based and optimization-based approaches. Finally, it presents a case study on the design of a hybrid electric vehicle and battery electric vehicle, including simulations and validation of the energy storage system and energy management strategy.
This document discusses electric propulsion units used in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It describes three main types of electric motors used: induction motors, permanent magnet brushless DC motors, and switched reluctance motors. For each motor type, the document covers basic operating principles, control methods, and applications in electric and hybrid vehicles. It also discusses losses in traction motors and inverters, as well as efficiency maps.
This document discusses sizing various components of electric vehicles, including:
- Sizing power electronics based on switching technology and ripple capacitor design.
- Selecting between energy storage technologies like lead-acid batteries, nickel-based batteries, sodium-based batteries, and flywheels.
- Matching the electric drive system to the internal combustion engine, transmission, and gearing.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
UNIT-I-EV.pptx
1. 20EE603PE-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
CONTENT
Impact of different transportation technologies on
environment and energy supply
Air pollution and global warming
History of hybrid electric, electric and fuel cell vehicles
Vehicle motion and Dynamic equations for the vehicle
Vehicle power plant, transmission characteristics and
Vehicle performance including Braking performance
Fuel economy characteristics of internal combustion
engine
2. GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is a result of the “greenhouse effect” induced by
the presence of carbon dioxide and other gases, such as methane,
in the atmosphere.
Natural disasters command our attention more than ecological
disasters because of the amplitude of the damage they cause.
.
Figure CO2 emission distribution from 1980 to 1999
4. History of hybrid electric, electric and fuel
cell vehicles
History of Electric Vehicles
• The first electric vehicle was built by Frenchman Gustave Trouvé in
1881.
• The first commercial electric vehicle was Morris and Salom’s
Electroboat. This vehicle was operated as a taxi in New York City by a
company created by its inventors.
• The most significant technical advance of that era was the invention of
regenerative braking by Frenchman M.A. Darracq on his 1897 coupe.
This method allows recuperating the vehicle’s kinetic energy while
braking and recharging the batteries, which greatly enhances the driving
range.
• the most significant electric vehicles of that era was the first vehicle ever
to reach 100 km/h. It was “La Jamais Contente” built by Frenchman
Camille Jenatzy. Note that Studebaker and Oldsmobile first started in
business by building electric vehicles.
5. • In 1945, three researchers at Bell Laboratories invented a device
that was meant to revolutionize the world of electronics and
electricity: the transistor. It quickly replaced vacuum tubes for
signal electronics and soon the thyristor was invented, which
allowed switching high currents at high voltages.
• During the 1960s and 1970s, concerns about the environment
triggered some research on electric vehicles. However, despite
advances in battery technology and power electronics, their range
and performance were still obstacles.
• The modern electric vehicle era culminated during the 1980s and
early 1990s with the release of a few realistic vehicles by firms
such as GM with the EV1 and PSA with the 106 Electric.
• The early 1990s that electric automobiles could never compete
with gasoline automobiles for range and performance.
7. • The tractive effort, Ft, in the contact area between tires of the
driven wheels and the road surface propels the vehicle forward.
• While the vehicle is moving, there is resistance that tries to stop
its movement. The resistance usually includes tire rolling
resistance, aerodynamic drag, and uphill resistance.
• To provide time measurements in terms of the current time and data as
opposed to a counter value.
• According to Newton’s second law, vehicle acceleration can be as
where V is vehicle speed,
ΣFt is the total tractive effort of the vehicle,
ΣFtr is the total resistance,
Mv is the total mass of the vehicle, and
δ is the mass factor, which is an effect of rotating
components in the power train
8. VEHICLE RESISTANCE
• Vehicle resistance opposing its movement includes rolling
resistance of the tires, as rolling resistance torque Trf and Trr,
aerodynamic drag, Fw, and grading resistance Mv g sin α
Rolling Resistance
Tire deflection and rolling resistance on a (a) hard and (b) soft road surface
9. • The moment produced by the forward shift of the resultant
ground reaction force is called the rolling resistant moment as
Tr = Pa
• To keep the wheel rolling, a force F, acting on the center of the
wheels, is required to balance this rolling resistant moment. This
force is expressed as
where rd is the effective radius of the tire and
fr = a/rd is called the rolling resistance coefficient.
• The rolling resistant moment can be replaced equivalently by a
horizontal force acting on the wheel center in the opposite
direction of the movement of the wheel.
• This equivalent force is called rolling resistance with a magnitude
of
where P is the normal load, acting on the center of the rolling wheel.
10. • When a vehicle is operated on a slope road, the normal load, P,
should be replaced by the component, which is perpendicular to
the road surface.
where α is the road angle .
• The rolling resistance coefficient, fr, is a function of the tire
material, tire structure, tire temperature, tire inflation pressure,
tread geometry, road roughness, road material, and the presence
or absence of liquids on the road.
• The rolling resistance coefficient of passenger cars on concrete
road may be calculated from the following equation:
11. Where;
V is vehicle speed in km/h, and
f0 and fs depend on inflation pressure of the tire.
• In vehicle performance calculation, it is sufficient to consider
the rolling resistance coefficient as a linear function of speed.
For the most common range of inflation pressure, the following
equation can be used for a passenger car on concrete road:
• This equation predicts the values of fr with acceptable
accuracy for speeds up to 128 km/h.
12. Rolling Resistance Coefficients
Conditions Rolling resistance coefficient
Car tires on concrete or
asphalt
0.013
Car tires on rolled gravel 0.02
Tar macadam 0.025
Unpaved road 0.05
Field 0.1–0.35
Truck tires on concrete or
asphalt
0.006–0.01
Wheels on rail 0.001–0.002
13. Aerodynamic Drag
A vehicle traveling at a particular speed in air encounters a force resisting
its motion.
This force is referred to as aerodynamic drag. It mainly results from two
components: shape drag and skin friction.
14. Shape drag:
The forward motion of the vehicle pushes the air in front of it.
However, the air cannot instantaneously move out of the way
and its pressure is thus increased, resulting in high air pressure.
In addition, the air behind the vehicle cannot instantaneously
fill the space left by the forward motion of the vehicle.
This creates a zone of low air pressure. The motion has
therefore created two zones of pressure that oppose the motion
of a vehicle by pushing it forward and pulling it backward. The
resulting force on the vehicle is the shape drag.
15. Skin friction:
Air close to the skin of the vehicle moves almost at the
speed of the vehicle while air far from the vehicle remains
still.
In between, air molecules move at a wide range of
speeds. The difference in speed between two air molecules
produces a friction that results in the second component of
aerodynamic drag.
Aerodynamic drag is a function of vehicle speed V,
vehicle frontal area Af, shape of the vehicle, and air
density ρ.
Aerodynamic drag is expressed as
16. Where;
• CD is the aerodynamic drag coefficient that characterizes the
shape of the vehicle and is the component of wind speed on
the vehicle’s moving direction, which has a positive sign when
this component is opposite to the vehicle speed and a negative
sign when it is in the same direction as vehicle speed.
19. • To simplify the calculation, the road angle, α,
is usually replaced by grade value when the
road angle is small.
• To simplify the calculation, the road angle, α,
is usually replaced by grade value when the
road angle is small.
20. The tire rolling resistance and grading resistance together are
called road resistance, which is expressed as
When the road angle is small, the road resistance can be
simplified as
22. • Rolling resistance of front and rear tires Frf and Frr,
• Rolling resistance moment Trf and Trr,
• Aerodynamic drag F ,
• Grading resistance Fg (Mv g sinα), and
• Tractive effort of the front and rear tires, Ftf and Ftr. Ftf is zero for
a rear-wheel-driven vehicle,
• Ftr is zero for a front-wheel-driven vehicle.
• The dynamic equation of vehicle motion along the longitudinal
direction is expressed by
Where;
dV/dt is the linear acceleration of the vehicle along the
longitudinal direction and Mv is the vehicle mass.
The first term on the right-hand side is the total tractive effort
and the second term is the resistance.
23. By summing the moments of all the forces about point R (center of
the tire–ground area), the normal load on the front axle Wf can be
determined as
the normal load acting on the rear axle can be expressed as
L
dt
dV
Mh
gh
M
h
R
T
T
gL
M
W
g
g
v
rr
rf
b
v
f
sin
cos
For passenger cars, the height of the centre of application of
aerodynamic resistance,
hw, is assumed to be near the height of the centre of gravity of the
vehicle, hg. Equations can be simplified as
dt
dV
M
h
r
gf
M
F
F
L
h
g
M
L
L
W v
g
d
r
v
g
g
v
b
f
cos
cos
24.
dt
dV
M
h
r
gf
M
F
F
L
h
g
M
L
L
W v
g
d
r
v
g
g
v
a
r
cos
cos
where rd is the effective radius of the wheel.
Rewritten as
g
d
r
t
g
v
b
f
h
r
F
F
L
h
g
M
L
L
W 1
cos
And
g
d
r
t
g
v
a
r
h
r
F
F
L
h
g
M
L
L
W 1
cos
where Ft=Ftf + Ftr is the total tractive effort of the vehicle and Fr is the
total rolling resistance of the vehicle. The first term on the right-hand side
of is the static load on the front and rear axle when the vehicle is at rest
on level ground. The second term is the dynamic component of the
normal load.
25. The maximum tractive effort that the tire–ground contact can support (any small
amount over this maximum tractive effort will cause the tire to spin on the
ground) is usually described by the product of the normal load and coefficient of
road adhesion μ or referred to as frictional coefficient.. For a front-wheel-driven
vehicle,
g
d
r
t
g
v
b
f
t
h
r
F
F
L
h
g
M
L
L
W
F 1
cos max
max
And
L
h
L
r
h
f
L
g
M
F
g
d
g
r
b
v
t
/
1
/
cos
max
where fr is the coefficient of the rolling resistance. For a rear-wheel-driven
vehicle,
g
d
r
t
g
v
a
r
t
h
r
F
F
L
h
g
M
L
L
W
F 1
cos max
max
26. and
L
h
L
r
h
f
L
g
M
F
g
d
g
r
a
v
t
/
1
/
cos
max
In vehicle operation, the maximum tractive effort on the driven wheels, transferred
from the power plant through transmission, should not exceed the maximum values
that are limited by the tire–ground cohesion.
Otherwise, the driven wheels will spin on the ground, leading to vehicle instability.
27. Vehicle Power Plant and Transmission Characteristics
Two limiting factors to the maximum tractive effort of a
vehicle.
• Maximum tractive effort that the tire–ground contact can
support and
• Tractive effort that the power plant torque with given
driveline gear ratios can provide.
The smaller of these two factors will determine the
performance potential of the vehicle.
For on-road vehicles, the performance is usually limited by
the second factor. In order to predict the overall performance
of a vehicle, its power plant and transmission characteristics
must be taken into consideration.
33. For vehicular applications, the ideal performance
characteristic of a power plant is the constant power
output over the full speed range. Consequently, the
torque varies with speed hyperbolically.
Electric motors, however, usually have a speed–torque
characteristic that is much closer to the ideal.
Generally, the electric motor starts from zero speed. As it
increases to its base speed, the voltage increases to its rated
value while the flux remains constant. Beyond the base
speed, the
34. Transmission Characteristics
For a four-speed gearbox, the following relationship can be
established
3
4
1
gg
g
g
i
i
K
where ig1, ig2, ig3, and ig4 are the gear ratios for the first, second,
third, and fourth gear, respectively
38. Figure. Tractive efforts of a gasoline engine vehicle with four-gear
transmission and an electric vehicle with single-gear transmission
39. Hydrodynamic Transmission
• Hydrodynamic transmissions use fluid to transmit power in the form of torque and
speed and are widely used in passenger cars. They consist of a torque converter and
an automatic gearbox.
Major advantages of hydrodynamic transmission
•When properly matched, the engine will not stall.
•It provides flexible coupling between the engine and the driven wheels.
•Together with a suitably selected multispeed gearbox, it provides torque–speed
characteristics that approach the ideal.
Figure Schematic view of a torque converter
40. Disadvantages of hydrodynamic transmission
• Low efficiency in a stop–go driving pattern and its complex construction.
The performance characteristics of a torque converter are
speed
input
speed
output
sr
C
Torque
Input
Torque
Output
tr
C
Torque
Input
Speed
Input
Torque
Output
Speed
Output
c
3. Efficiency
1. Speed ratio
2. Torque ratio
41. 4. Capacity factor (size factor)
Torque
Speed
tc
K
• The capacity factor, Kc, is an indicator of the ability of the converter to
absorb or transmit torque, which is proportional to the square of the rotary
speed.
• The purpose of determining the combined performance of the engine
and the converter, an engine capacity factor, Ke, is
e
e
e
T
n
K
where ne and Te are engine speed and torque
43. The engine shaft is usually connected to the input shaft of the torque
converter
c
e K
K
…
Engine capacity factor, Ke
Capacity factor of the torque converter, Ktc
Converter speed ratio, Csr
Torque ratio, Ctr
The output torque and output speed of the converter are then given by
tr
e
tc C
T
T
sr
e
tc C
n
n
• Ttc and ntc are the output torque and output speed of the converter
44. Figure .Tractive effort–speed characteristics of a passenger car with automatic
transmission
With the gear ratios of the gearbox, the tractive effort and speed of the vehicle
can be calculated by
r
i
i
C
T
F t
g
tr
e
t
0
)
/
(
377
.
0
)
/
(
30 0
h
km
i
r
C
n
s
m
i
i
r
C
n
V
t
sr
e
g
sr
e
45. Continuously Variable Transmission
A continuously variable transmission (CVT) has a gear ratio that can be varied
continuously within a certain range, thus providing an infinity of gear ratios.
The transmission ratio is a function of the two effective diameters:
'
1
2
D
D
ig
where D1 and D2 are the effective diameters of the output pulley and input
pulley, respectively
46. Figure. Tractive effort of a gasoline engine-powered vehicle with multispeed
transmission and its resistance
47. Figure. Tractive effort of an electric motor-powered vehicle with single-speed
transmission and its resistance
48. Maximum Speed of a Vehicle
The tractive effort and resistance equilibrium can be expressed as
2
0
2
1
cos V
A
C
gf
M
r
i
i
T
f
D
a
r
v
d
t
g
p
The maximum speed of the vehicle can be written as
)
/
(
30 min
0
max
max s
m
i
i
r
n
V
g
d
p
where npmax and ig min min are the maximum speed of the engine (electric
motor) and the minimum gear ratio of the transmission, respectively.
49. Gradeability
• Gradeability is usually defined as the grade (or grade angle) that
the vehicle can overcome at a certain constant speed, for instance,
the grade at a speed of 100 km/h (60 mph).
• For heavy commercial vehicles or off-road vehicles, the
gradeability is usually defined as the maximum grade or grade
angle in the whole speed range.
The tractive effort and resistance equilibrium can be written as
gi
M
V
A
C
gf
M
r
n
i
i
T
v
f
D
a
r
v
d
t
g
p
2
0
2
1
'
2
0
2
1
r
v
f
D
a
r
v
d
t
g
p
f
d
g
M
V
A
C
gf
M
r
i
i
T
i
50. Where
g
M
F
F
d
v
t
g
M
V
A
C
r
i
i
T
v
f
D
a
d
t
g
p 2
0
2
1
is called the performance factor.
The gradeability of the vehicle can be calculated as
2
2
2
1
1
sin
r
r
r
f
f
d
f
d
51. Acceleration Performance
The acceleration performance of a vehicle is usually described by its
acceleration time and the distance covered from zero speed to a certain high
speed (zero to 96 km/h or 60 mph, for example) on level ground.
Newton’s second law, the acceleration of the vehicle can be written as
g
M
F
F
F
dt
dV
a
v
f
t
)
(
2
1
'
2
0
r
v
f
D
a
r
v
d
t
g
p
f
d
g
g
M
V
A
C
gf
M
r
i
i
T
where δ is called the mass factor
The mass factor can be written as
'
2
2
2
0
2
1
r
M
I
i
i
r
M
I
v
p
g
d
v
52. where Iw is the total angular moment of the wheels and
Ip is the total angular moment of the rotating components
associated with the power plant.
Calculation of the mass factor, δ, requires knowing the values of
the mass moments of inertia of all the rotating parts.
The mass factor, δ, for a passenger car would be estimated using
the following empirical relation:
2
0
2
2
1
1 i
ig
where δ1 represents the second term on the right-hand side of equation.
with a reasonable estimate value of 0.04.
δ2 represents the effect of the power plant-associated rotating parts, and has a
reasonable estimate value of 0.0025.
55. the acceleration time, t’, and distance, Sa’ from low speed V1 to high speed V2 can
be written, respectively, as
2
1 2
0
2
1
/
v
v
f
D
a
r
v
d
t
g
p
v
a dV
V
A
C
gf
M
r
i
i
T
V
M
t
2
1 2
0
2
1
/
v
v
f
D
a
r
v
d
t
g
p
v
a dV
V
A
C
gf
M
r
i
i
T
M
S
Figure. Acceleration time and distance along with vehicle speed for a gasoline engine
powered passenger car with four-gear transmission
56. Figure. Acceleration time and distance along with vehicle speed for an
electric machine powered passenger car with single-gear transmission
57. Braking Performance
A well-designed regenerative braking system not only improves vehicle
efficiency but also potentially improves braking performance
Braking Force
The braking force can be expressed as
d
b
b
r
T
F
This maximum braking force limited by the adhesive capability can be
expressed as
58. Cross Compiler
A Compiler converts source code into machine instructions
Visual Basic or C compiler
Cross compiler or Cross assembler
MPLAB IDE
MPLAB C Compiler