Vehicle dynamics is the study of how a vehicle reacts to driver inputs based on classical mechanics. It examines attributes like body roll, bump steer, weight transfer, and ride quality. There are different types of engine power like indicated power (at the cylinder) and brake power (at the crankshaft). Automotive resistances that reduce usable power include rolling resistance, road gradient resistance, and air resistance. Tests are conducted to find properties like the center of gravity location, moments of inertia, and brake force distribution which enhance vehicle stability, steering control, and overall design.
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical, automobile engineering students.
SO learn, do study .
suggestions are welcome
This presentation is made as per Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere,Raigadh,Maharashtra. syllabus.
Useful for mechanical, automobile engineering students.
SO learn, do study .
suggestions are welcome
Review on Handling Characteristics of Road VehiclesIJERA Editor
Handling characteristics of vehicles are closely related to driving safety. Handling characteristics of road vehicles refer to its response to steering commands and to environmental inputs, such as wind gust and road disturbances that affect its direction of motion. Many traffic accidents are caused by undesired and unexpected handling behavior of vehicle. Hence it is necessary to understand the handling characteristics of vehicle. In this paper detail study is carried out related to handling characteristics of vehicles.
Behaviour of metals – problem for heat transfer from the automobile brakes sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract We know that, The Braking action is the use of a controlled force to reduce the speed or to stop a moving vehicle or to keep a vehicle stationary , when braking is applied, it develop friction which does the braking i.e. Kinetic energy which is converted into heat energy on the application of brake. The biggest question today is, while the driver is going to brake applied, this force is increasing by 8 times of as per horse power. For example, one vehicle has 100 hp, after the braking applied is going to reached 800 hp. Therefore, in terms of behavior of metals, some time frequent accident by means of dragging. Because, this heat is transferred through the surrounding air. The weight of the vehicle is divided on its axle, and retarding force acts on the point of road contacts towards the rear and the inertia force of gravity towards the font. Let F= retarding force, μ = coefficient of friction, W = weight of the vehicle, h = height of centre of Gravity of the vehicle from road. Therefore, F = μW (inertia force) and couple = μW × h Keywords: Braking action, horse power, inertia
Stability analysis of a Rigid Vehicle Modelsaeid ghaffari
The lateral stability of a two axle vehicle with open loop control will be studied in this project. A 3 dof model is adopted to evaluate the curvature gain and the root loci as a function of the vehicle speed V. Moreover, the dynamic response of the vehicle considering the step steer manoeuvre will be analysed according to the ISO norm. The side slip angle and the yaw rate are evaluated as a function of time, while the trajectory of the center of gravity G of the vehicle with respect to the inertial reference frame (OXY Z) is plotted during step steer maneuver. Inasmuch as the change of cornering stiffness on tires due to the different condition are small, we cannot see the difference between the trajectories, shedding light on the steering angles, however, we can understand what is happening in various conditions. In this study, both the effect of traction force on the front and rear axle and transversal load transfer on the front and rear axle are investigated.
*only the first 10 pages of the main project are presented here. If you are interested to go through the rest of this document please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Design and Analysis of Side Force Spring in McPherson Strut - PHASE 1tulasiva
To reduce the magnitude of lateral forces generated by cornering of vehicle on dampers due to buckling action which is caused by packaging issues occurred during the assembly of McPherson strut suspension system in passenger vehicle.
In order to achieve our desired results, the piercing points axis must reach as close with line of forces (Kingpin axis).
6 ijaems jul-2015-11-design of a drivetrain for sae baja racing off-road vehicleINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, the participation of the students in SAE BAJA is increasing year by year. The vehicle’s performance is highly dependent on the installation and appropriate use of Drivetrain components. Drivetrain includes powertrain (prime mover i.e. engine/motor) and transmission components (gearbox, shafts etc). Therefore, Drivetrain is also called as the driving force of any vehicle. The proper design of Drivetrain is thus a part and parcel for any vehicle. The lack of literature available for a optimize design of Drivetrain makes it a hard nut to crack for the students who don’t have any past experience. Thus there is a need for some source by which the students can learn to design the Drivetrain for SAE BAJA. The engine vibration is another aspect which is needed to be considered. NVH consideration is another deciding parameter in BAJA vehicle’s performance which if neglected could leads to lethal results. Therefore proper installation of engine mounts is required according to the need.
Thus, this segment aims at developing the Drivetrain for BAJA vehicles which can boost up the performance of the vehicle. Properly use of a powertrain and transmission components for a vehicle along with the calculations according to the need will be discussed in detail. This segment also aims at developing the conceptual understanding of the performance parameters of a BAJA vehicle among the student which will be helpful in their academic curriculum as well.
Analysis of the stability and step steer maneuver of a linearized vehicle mod...saeid ghaffari
Analysis of the lateral dynamics of the vehicle (stability and step steer manoeuvre) of a Linearized vehicle model with roll motion is done in this project. considering a high double wishbone suspension for front and a semi-trailing arm suspension for rear, firstly we derive the roll camber coefficient and camber stiffness benefiting from a multibody dynamics simulation (MSC ADAMS) validated with experimental values. On the other hand, cornering stiffness and aligning moment are computed through the tire diagrams using Carsim software. Root loci of the system with the objective of investigating the vehicle stability as a function of the vehicle speed is plotted with varying the speed V. Furthermore, a step steer manoeuvre will be performed in which the time history of the variables and the trajectory with respect to the rigid vehicle model will be compared. In the last part, the effect of suspension stiffness and damping variation on the vehicle stability will be examined.
*Only the first ten pages of the project is presented here; if you are interested to study the rest of this document, please do not hesitate to contact e via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
Review on Handling Characteristics of Road VehiclesIJERA Editor
Handling characteristics of vehicles are closely related to driving safety. Handling characteristics of road vehicles refer to its response to steering commands and to environmental inputs, such as wind gust and road disturbances that affect its direction of motion. Many traffic accidents are caused by undesired and unexpected handling behavior of vehicle. Hence it is necessary to understand the handling characteristics of vehicle. In this paper detail study is carried out related to handling characteristics of vehicles.
Behaviour of metals – problem for heat transfer from the automobile brakes sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract We know that, The Braking action is the use of a controlled force to reduce the speed or to stop a moving vehicle or to keep a vehicle stationary , when braking is applied, it develop friction which does the braking i.e. Kinetic energy which is converted into heat energy on the application of brake. The biggest question today is, while the driver is going to brake applied, this force is increasing by 8 times of as per horse power. For example, one vehicle has 100 hp, after the braking applied is going to reached 800 hp. Therefore, in terms of behavior of metals, some time frequent accident by means of dragging. Because, this heat is transferred through the surrounding air. The weight of the vehicle is divided on its axle, and retarding force acts on the point of road contacts towards the rear and the inertia force of gravity towards the font. Let F= retarding force, μ = coefficient of friction, W = weight of the vehicle, h = height of centre of Gravity of the vehicle from road. Therefore, F = μW (inertia force) and couple = μW × h Keywords: Braking action, horse power, inertia
Stability analysis of a Rigid Vehicle Modelsaeid ghaffari
The lateral stability of a two axle vehicle with open loop control will be studied in this project. A 3 dof model is adopted to evaluate the curvature gain and the root loci as a function of the vehicle speed V. Moreover, the dynamic response of the vehicle considering the step steer manoeuvre will be analysed according to the ISO norm. The side slip angle and the yaw rate are evaluated as a function of time, while the trajectory of the center of gravity G of the vehicle with respect to the inertial reference frame (OXY Z) is plotted during step steer maneuver. Inasmuch as the change of cornering stiffness on tires due to the different condition are small, we cannot see the difference between the trajectories, shedding light on the steering angles, however, we can understand what is happening in various conditions. In this study, both the effect of traction force on the front and rear axle and transversal load transfer on the front and rear axle are investigated.
*only the first 10 pages of the main project are presented here. If you are interested to go through the rest of this document please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Design and Analysis of Side Force Spring in McPherson Strut - PHASE 1tulasiva
To reduce the magnitude of lateral forces generated by cornering of vehicle on dampers due to buckling action which is caused by packaging issues occurred during the assembly of McPherson strut suspension system in passenger vehicle.
In order to achieve our desired results, the piercing points axis must reach as close with line of forces (Kingpin axis).
6 ijaems jul-2015-11-design of a drivetrain for sae baja racing off-road vehicleINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, the participation of the students in SAE BAJA is increasing year by year. The vehicle’s performance is highly dependent on the installation and appropriate use of Drivetrain components. Drivetrain includes powertrain (prime mover i.e. engine/motor) and transmission components (gearbox, shafts etc). Therefore, Drivetrain is also called as the driving force of any vehicle. The proper design of Drivetrain is thus a part and parcel for any vehicle. The lack of literature available for a optimize design of Drivetrain makes it a hard nut to crack for the students who don’t have any past experience. Thus there is a need for some source by which the students can learn to design the Drivetrain for SAE BAJA. The engine vibration is another aspect which is needed to be considered. NVH consideration is another deciding parameter in BAJA vehicle’s performance which if neglected could leads to lethal results. Therefore proper installation of engine mounts is required according to the need.
Thus, this segment aims at developing the Drivetrain for BAJA vehicles which can boost up the performance of the vehicle. Properly use of a powertrain and transmission components for a vehicle along with the calculations according to the need will be discussed in detail. This segment also aims at developing the conceptual understanding of the performance parameters of a BAJA vehicle among the student which will be helpful in their academic curriculum as well.
Analysis of the stability and step steer maneuver of a linearized vehicle mod...saeid ghaffari
Analysis of the lateral dynamics of the vehicle (stability and step steer manoeuvre) of a Linearized vehicle model with roll motion is done in this project. considering a high double wishbone suspension for front and a semi-trailing arm suspension for rear, firstly we derive the roll camber coefficient and camber stiffness benefiting from a multibody dynamics simulation (MSC ADAMS) validated with experimental values. On the other hand, cornering stiffness and aligning moment are computed through the tire diagrams using Carsim software. Root loci of the system with the objective of investigating the vehicle stability as a function of the vehicle speed is plotted with varying the speed V. Furthermore, a step steer manoeuvre will be performed in which the time history of the variables and the trajectory with respect to the rigid vehicle model will be compared. In the last part, the effect of suspension stiffness and damping variation on the vehicle stability will be examined.
*Only the first ten pages of the project is presented here; if you are interested to study the rest of this document, please do not hesitate to contact e via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
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Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
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Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
3. 2. INTRODUCTION
It is the study of how the vehicle will react to driver inputs on a given road. Vehicle dynamics is a
part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics.
Vehicles
• Wheels
• Motion
• Self-powered
Dynamics
• Greek “DYNAMIS”
• power
• Vehicle Ride and Handling
• Ride is associated with comfort and grip
• Handling is associated with path following
• Driving task has two components: Command and control
4. 2. ASPECTS OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely dynamic. These include:
1.Body flex
2.Body roll
3.Bump Steer
4.Bundorf analysis
5.Directional stability
6.Understeer, oversteer
7.Pitch
8.Roll
9.Yaw
10. Noise, vibration, and harshness
11. Ride quality
12. Speed wobble
13. Weight transfer and load transfer
6. 4. ENGINE POWER OUTPUT
Following types of powers are being quoted with reference to engines.
1. INDICATED POWER
The power developed inside the cylinder by combustion of gases is called indicate horsepower.Anindicating device an oscilloscope is used
to determine IP.
IP = pLANK/1000×kW
2. BRAKE POWER
The power available at the crankshaft (for onward transmission to drive the vehicle) is called thebrake power. Rating of automotive
engines is done m terms of BP. Brake power can be measured by dynamometer.
BHP = 2πNT/4500
where N is in rpm and T in kgf-m.
If N is in rps and T in Nm, then 4500 will be replaced by 1000 and power will be kW. Then it will be calculated by,
BP = 2πNT/1000
3. FRICTION POWER
A larger proportion of brake horsepower goes waste in overcoming various resistances in a movingvehicle. Rest of the Power is utilized to
propel the vehicle. This power which is utilized to propel thevehicle is known as drawbar horsepower (DHP).
FP = IP-BP
7. 4. TAXABLE HORSEPOWER
It is also used to categorize engines on a uniform basis. To illustrate, we consider a race event of auto
vehicles in which all types of vehicles ranging from mopeds, scooters, motorcycles, cars etc. are thep
participants. Question arises whether all these vehicles should run together, or they be grouped indifferent
categories.
THD = D^2N/2.5
5. DRAWBAR HORSEPOWER
A larger proportion of brake horsepower goes waste in overcoming various resistances in a movingvehicle.
Rest of the Power is utilized to propel the vehicle. This power which is utilized to propel the vehicle is
known as drawbar horsepower (DHP).
DHP = BHP - RESISTANCES
8. 5. AUTOMOTIVE RESISTANCES AND PROPULSIVE POWER
The brake horsepower available at the crankshaft of an automotive engine is not fully utilized to Speed up the vehicle much of it goes waste to overcome various
resistances which are given as under.
1. ROAD RESISTANCE
(A) ROLLING RESISTANCE
It mainly occurs due to the deformation of road and tyre, and dissipation of energy through impact.The rolling resistance depends upon,
• Mass of the vehicle
• Material of the road surface such as; asphalt, macadam, gravel, clay, wood or sand.
• Nature (quality) of the road surface such as poor, good, dry or wet.
• Material of the tyres
• Inflation of the tyres
The rolling resistance R, can be expressed by,
R r = C r mg
Where Cri is rolling resistance constant and m is mass of the vehicle. The value of Cr, depends upon the condition of tyre and road surfaces in contact..
(B) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCES
Another kind of road resistance is frictional resistance that includes resistance due to transmissionlosses also. Such losses are owing to
• Lower gear efficiencies in first, second, and top gears.
• Churning of oil in gearbox and the rear axle system.
• Adhesion of tyre which is about 65% of the total losses in chassis. The frictional resistance R can be approximated by
R f = 132.5 + 50.5 m
9. 2. ROAD GRADIENT RESISTANCE
Slope (Gradient) of the road has considerable effect on the
resistance to motion of the vehicle. The gradient resistance
depends upon
• mass of the vehicle
• slope of the Road on which vehicle is moving
The road gradient resistance Rg is expressed by
. R g = mg sin θ
3. AIR (or WIND) RESISTANCE
The air resistance faced by an automobile depends upon
• Speed of the vehicle
• Size and shape of the vehicle
• Speed of moving air
• Direction of wind with respect to direction of the vehicles motion
Ra is expressed by :
R a = C a AV^2
Gradeability of vehicle
Effect of Speed on Aur Resistance
10. 7. MEASUREMENT OF THE TEST VEHICLES
7.1 BENCH TESTS
(A) LOCATION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY
The location of centre of gravity of the test vehicle is determined in a longitudinal, lateral and verticaldirection. Below, the longitudinal
direction is called the x coordinate, the lateral direction y coordinate andthe vertical direction z coordinate. The location of centre of gravity in the x and y directions is
determinedby measuring the four wheel loads by means of wheel-load scales, onto which the vehicle is placed.
Alongside the overall weight of the vehicle determined in this way, the position of the centre of gravity in an x and y direction can be calculated with the known wheel base and
track width variables by productionof torque equilibria.
The height of the centre of gravity is determined by weight displacement
when lifting an axle. In thisprocess, the brakes are released and the
transmission is in neutral, through which the wheels can be freelyturned.
The efficiency lines of the axle loads pass through the wheel centre lines.
To detect the axle load of the axle which has not been lifted, two wheel-
load scales are used.
As a function of the inclination of the vehicle, the axle loads on the front
and rear axle change. The height h of the centre of gravity above the level
passing through the front and rear wheel centre linecan be calculated via
the torque equilibrium around the rear wheel centre line from the difference of
the axle loads and the angle of inclination of the vehicle in question
. H cog = (∆G.I)/[tan(a)
Measurement of the vehicle’s centre of gravity height H cog
11. (B) MOMENT OF INERTIA
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigidbody is a quantity that determines
the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about arotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed
for a desired acceleration. It dependson the body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more
torque tochange the body's rotation rate.
Now that the location of centre of gravity is known, the moments of inertia (MOI) around the longitudinal, lateral and vertical
axes can be measured. This is done by the vehicle oscillating aroundthe corresponding axes at the centre of gravity of the vehicle
against springs of a known stiffness. Bymeasurement of the oscillation time T, the moments of inertia can be calculated with
known spring stiffness.
To determine the moments of inertia around the lateral axis of the vehicle, the vehicle is placed on a cutting line transverse to
the direction of travel. The cutting line is aligned in such a way that theCentre of gravity of the vehicle in a horizontal position of
the vehicle is vertically above the cuttingline. In the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, springs on which the vehicle supports
itself via the auxiliary frame are clamped in at identical distances
Euler's theorem is used to calculate the moment of inertia of the vehicle/frame unit around the cuttingb line axis from the
frequency of the oscillations of this system:
,Frame from the overall moment of inertia around the cutting line Θy, total, the
moment of inertia of the vehicle alone around the cutting line axis.
Θ y,Veh = Θ y,total – Θ y,Frame
The second item having an influence on the moment of inertia around the lateral axis is the so-called
“Steiner ratio” of the vehicle.
. Θy,CoG = Θy,Veh -mVeh ∆h2
12. 7.2 BRAKE FORCE DISTRIBUTION
These measurements are done on the “ABS test bench” of the ika. The ABS test bench has four sets
of rollers driven independently of one another onto which the vehicle is placed. Thanks to a movable
frame for the rollers for the rear axle, the test bench can be adjusted to various wheel bases. All four
wheels are driven evenly via the rollers with a speed corresponding to a traction of 6.5 kph. The
reaction torque and thus the effective brake power up to a
maximum of 5 kN are measured by a force
transmitter interposed between the drive
unit support and the frame. A detection
roller measures the actual wheel speed in
order to switch the test bench off automa-
tically in the event of excessive slip
between the rollers and the wheel. A principal
diagram of the ABS test bench is shown in Figure. ABS Test Bench
14. 8. CONCLUSION
1. Enhance vehicle steerability and stability
Steerability is enhanced in normal driving condition.
Braking is involved only when the vehicle tends to instability
2. Precise steering control requires understanding of interaction between tyre and road.
Treated as disturbance to be cancelled out.
3. Vehicle state estimation uses interaction between tire and road as source of information.
Seen by observer as force that govern vehicle’s motion.
4. Vehicle dynamics are important to enable a good overall design of such a complex product
as a vehicle intended for mass production at affordable cost for the customers.
15. 9. REFERENCES
1. K.M. Gupta, “Automobile Engineering” by Umesh Publications, Third Edition, Page no. 78-84,
87-90,.
2. R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta, “ Theory Of Machines” by S. Chand Publications, Third Edition Page
no. 253-255.
3. K.M. Moeed, “Automobile Engineering” by Katson Publications, Revised Edition 2016, Page
no. 63-64.
4. J. J. Uicker; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms (3rd ed.).
New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195155983.
5. Marion, JB; Thornton, ST (1995). Classical dynamics of particles & systems (4th ed.).
Thomson. ISBN 0-03-097302-3.