This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
Fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehiclesA Reddy
The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
Electric cars are automobiles, which are powered by the electric engine and electric energy. The development of the electric vehicles is a very perspective and important process. Scientists and engineers managed to create electric engines which are no less effective than the ordinary engines used today. It is obvious that electric cars are more ecologically safe and require less energy for work. EVs provide fast acceleration by delivering power instantly to the wheels by providing high torque at low speeds; they give a feel of smooth and quick responsiveness (Technology).
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
Fundamentals of electric and hybrid vehiclesA Reddy
The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
Electric cars are automobiles, which are powered by the electric engine and electric energy. The development of the electric vehicles is a very perspective and important process. Scientists and engineers managed to create electric engines which are no less effective than the ordinary engines used today. It is obvious that electric cars are more ecologically safe and require less energy for work. EVs provide fast acceleration by delivering power instantly to the wheels by providing high torque at low speeds; they give a feel of smooth and quick responsiveness (Technology).
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Fuel enhancement of parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler motorcycle IJECEIAES
In this paper, design and simulation of a parallel hybrid electric twowheeler motorcycle (PHETM) by means of continuous variable transmission (CVT) is illustrated. For simulation, the parallel hybrid electric power train model type in MATLAB/ADVISOR is customized. The internal combustion engine (ICE) be supposed to drive at elevated efficiency areas, in order to attain enhanced fuel economy and a reduced amount of emission. Simultaneously, the ICE must not activate at values of low torque areas. For that reason, get better it whilst ICE is ON, a new energy control strategy is proposed. In the new strategy, the electrical machine absorbs the extra torque of the ICE. This article proposes a PHETM system to propel the vehicle efficiently with reduced amounts of emission on comparing witha conventional vehicle. This system includes two modes of operations for achieving the better results known as motoring mode and generating mode. The switching from one mode to other is based on the vehicle speed which is sensed in real time. A drive cycle is generated by running the vehicle in normal and slightly gradient condition and finally the results are compared.
Over 90% of traffic accidents are caused by driver error; the safety potential of self – drive is well understood. When traffic accidents become rare, a motorcycle is as safe as an SUV. Vehicle weights could fall to the point that pod-cars weighing less than the riders are the preferred choice in the city. Since 65% of U.S. vehicle miles travelled (VMT) are urban, the ramifications are enormous.
Free Powered Electric Vehicle_Designed by Pranav NavathePranavNavathe
In today’s world the rapid growth in automobile industry requested most accurate and high
performable vehicles, with pollution free and low cost in operation. The project free powered electric
vehicle is an automobile which works on the principle of generating electricity with the help of
synchronous electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel, boosting circuit which acts as a
free powering machine by restoring waste mechanical energy into useful electric work. This device
consists of one electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel in centre so that it connected
with motor and generator with belt pulleys. When an mechanical input is given to the generator with
help of stator its produces electricity later which is passed to motor as input so, motor rotates the
attached flywheel then the stored kinetic energy in the flywheel is utilized to multiply the rotations of
generator shaft to produce electricity with little effort on motor in this way cycle repeated and from
produced electricity some amount of electricity taken as output which is used for charging batteries,
accessories of the electric vehicle. Such that vehicle is propelled.
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO, Potential +/- Difference Inc.
Email 1: thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
Cell: 613.898.1131
Potential +/- Difference Inc. - Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Technology
Charging Ahead...
Updated Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration Innovation Presentation fo...Thane Heins
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO, Potential +/- Difference Inc. R&D
Ottawa, Canada
thaneh@potentialdifference.ca
613.293.1131
"Nothing is too wonderful to be true" ~ Michael Faraday
In this paper, we will study a four-wheel drive electric vehicle (4WDEV)with two control strategies: conventional direct torque control CDTC and DTC based on fuzzy logic (DTFC). Our overall idea in this work is to show that the 4WDEV equipped with four induction motors providing the drive of the driving wheels controlled by the direct fuzzy torque control ensures good stability of the 4WDEV in the different topologies of the road, bends and slopes. and increases the range of the electric vehicle. Numerical simulations were performed on an electric vehicle powered by four 15 kW induction motors integrated into the wheels using the MATLAB / Simulink environment, where the reference speeds of each wheel (front and rear) are obtained using an electronic speed differential (ESD). This can eventually cause it to synchronize the wheel speeds in any curve. The speed of each wheel is controlled by two types of PI and FLC controllers to improve stability and speed response (in terms of setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection and climb time). Simulation results show that the proposed FLC control strategy reduces torque, flux and stator current ripple. While the4WDEV range was improved throughout the driving cycle and battery power consumption was reduced.
Similar to Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V Mohan (20)
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V Mohan
1. Module 1
Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Complied
By
Dr. C V Mohan
EEE., Sir MVIT., Bangalore
For VTU – 6th Semester Professional Elective Content from
: Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric & FC Vehicle by
M.Ehsani,Yimin Gao & Ali Emadi
1
1
2. Introduction
An electric vehicle, also called an EV, uses one or more electric
motors for propulsion instead of the traditional fossil fuel.
First electric carriage was built in 1830s and the first electric
automobile was built in 1891 in the United States.
Types : Battery electricVehicle
Hybrid ElectricVehicle
Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicle
Fuel Cell ElectricVehicle
Electric vehicles will play a pivot role in changing the environment
and economy around the globe in the next two decades.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
2
1
5. ElectricVehicle Concept
EV is a road vehicle based on modern electric propulsion
consisting of electric machines, power electronic converters,
electric energy sources and storage devices, and electronic
controllers.
EV is a broad concept, including BEV, HEV, FCEV, etc;
EV is not only just a car but a new system for our society’s
clean and efficient road transportation.
EV is an intelligent system which can be integrated with
modern transportation networks.
EV design involves the integration of art and engineering.
More advancements are to be done to make them affordable.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
5
1
6. ElectricVehicles for the 21st Century
Tesla Motors is a Silicon Valley automobile startup company,
which unveiled the 185 kWTesla Roadster on July 20, 2006.
As of March 2008, Tesla has begun regular production of the
Roadster. Peak torque begins at 0 rpm and stays powerful at
13,000 rpm This makes the Tesla Roadster six times as
efficient as the best sports cars while producing one-tenth of
the pollution with a range of 220 miles.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
6
1
10. Primary Electric Power Train
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
10
1
11. Conceptual Illustration of general
EV Configuration
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr. C.VMohan
11
1
12. A Modern electric drive consist of three major subsystems
namely Electric motor propulsion,energy source and auxiliary,
Electric propulsion subsystem is comprised of a vehicle controller,
power electronic converter,electric motor,mechanical transmission
and driving wheels.
The energy source subsystem involves the energy source,the
energy management unit, and the energy refueling unit.
The auxiliary subsystem consist of the power steering unit, the
hotel climate control unit and auxiliary supply unit.
Based on the control inputs from the accelerator and brake
pedals, the vehicle controller provides proper control signals to the
electronic power converter, which functions to regulate the power
flow between the electric motor and energy source. The backward
power flow is due to the regenerative braking of the EV and this
regenerated energy can be restored to the energy source, provided
the energy source is receptive
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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13. EV Configuration
There are a variety of possible EV configurations due to
the variations in electric propulsion characteristics and
energy sources, as shown in Figure
Figure (a) shows the configuration of the first alternative, in which an electric
propulsion replaces the IC engine of a conventional vehicle drive train.
It consists of an electric motor, a clutch, a gearbox, and a differential. The
clutch and gearbox may be replaced by automatic transmission.
The clutch is used to connect or disconnect the power of the electric motor
from the driven wheels.
The gearbox provides a set of gear ratios to modify the speed-power (torque)
profile to match the load requirement
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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14. Similar to the drive train in (b), the electric motor, the fixed
gearing, and the differential can be further integrated into a
single assembly while both axles point at both driving
wheels. The whole drive train is further simplified and
compacted.
With an electric motor that has constant power in a long
speed range, a fixed gearing can replace the multispeed gear
box and reduce the need for a clutch. This configuration not
only reduces the size and weight of the mechanical
transmission, but also simplifies the drive train control
because gear shifting is not needed
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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15. In Figure (d), the mechanical differential is replaced by using
two traction motors. Each of them drives one side wheel and
operates at a different speed when the vehicle is running
along a curved path.
In order to further simplify the drive train, the traction
motor can be placed inside a wheel. This arrangement is
the so-called in wheel drive. A thin planetary gear set may
be used to reduce the motor speed and enhance the motor
torque.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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16. By fully abandoning any mechanical gearing between the
electric motor and the driving wheel, the out-rotor of a
low-speed electric motor in the in-wheel drive can be
directly connected to the driving wheel. The speed control
of the electric motor is equivalent to the control of the
wheel speed and hence the vehicle speed. However, this
arrangement requires the electric motor to have a higher
torque to start and accelerate the vehicle.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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17. Traction Motor Characteristics
Variable-speed electric motor drives usually have the
characteristics shown in the above Figure.
At the low-speed region less than the base speed as marked
in Figure the motor has a constant torque.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr. C.VMohan 17
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18. Traction Motor Characteristics
In the high-speed region higher than the base speed, the
motor has a constant power.
This characteristic is usually represented by a speed ratio x,
defined as the ratio of its maximum speed to its base speed
In low-speed operations, voltage supply to the motor
increases with the increase of the speed through the
electronic converter while the flux is kept constant.
At the point of base speed, the voltage of the motor reaches
the source voltage. After the base speed, the motor voltage is
kept constant and the flux is weakened, dropping
hyperbolically with increasing speed. Hence, its torque also
drops hyperbolically with increasing speed.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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19. Traction Motor Characteristics
Ffff
• In the above Figure shows the torque--speed profiles of a 60
kW motor with different speed ratios x (x=2, 4, and 6).
• Itis clear that with a long constant power region, the
maximum torque of the motor can be significantly
increased, and hence vehicle acceleration and gradeability
performance can be improved
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 19
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20. Traction Motor Characteristics
However, each type of motor inherently has its limited
maximum speed ratio.
For example, a permanent magnet motor has a small x (<2)
because of the difficulty of field weakening due to the
presence of the permanent magnet. Switched reluctance
motors may achieve x >6 and induction motors about
x =4 or 2-3
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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21. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
The tractive effort developed by a traction motor on driven
wheels and the vehicle speed are expressed as
where Tm and Nm are the motor torque output and speed
in rpm, respectively, ig is the gear ratio of transmission, Io
is the gear ratio of final drive, ɳ t is the efficiency of the
whole driveline from the motor to the driven wheels, and
rd is the radius of the drive wheels.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 21
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22. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
The use of a multigear or single-gear transmission depends
mostly on the motor speed-torque characteristics. If the
motor has a long constant power region, a single-gear
transmission would be sufficient for a high tractive effort
at low speeds. Otherwise, a multigear (more than two
gears) transmission has to be used
1
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr. C.VMohan 22
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23. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
Figure 1 shows the tractive effort of an Ev; along with the
vehicle speed with a traction motor of x = 2 and a three-
gear transmission. The first gear covers the speed region of
a-b-c, the second gear covers d--e--f, and the third gear
covers g-f-h
1
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 23
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25. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
Figure 2 shows the tractive effort with a traction motor of
x = 6 and a two-gear transmission.
The first gear covers the speed region of a-b-c and the
second gear d--e--f.
Figure 3 shows the tractive effort with a traction motor of
x = 6 and a single-gear transmission. These three designs
have the same tractive effort vs. vehicle speed profiles.
Therefore, the vehicles will have the same acceleration
and gradeability performance
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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26. Vehicle Performance
Basic vehicle performance includes maximum cruising speed,
gradeability, and acceleration. The maximum speed of a
vehicle can be easily found by the intersection point of the
tractive effort curve with the resistance curve (rolling
resistance plus aerodynamic drag), in the tractive effort vs.
vehicle speed diagram shown in Figures 4,5,6
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 26
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27. Vehicle Performance
It should be noted that such an intersection point does not
exist in some designs, which usually use a larger traction
motor or a large gear ratio.
In this case, the maximum vehicle speed is determined by
the maximum speed of the traction motor as where Nm max is
the allowed maximum rpm of the traction motor and ig min is
the minimum gear ratio of the transmission (highest gear).
Gradeability is determined by the net tractive effort of the
vehicle, F,_.,1 (F,_•.,= F,-F,-Fw),, as shown in Figures 7,8,9.
At mid- and high speeds, the gradeability is smaller than the
gradeability at low speeds. The maximum grade that the
vehicle can overcome at the given speed can be calculated
by
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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28. Vehicle Performance
where F, is the tractive effort on the driven wheels, Fr, is
the tire rolling resistance, and Fw is the aerodynamic drag.
However, at low speeds, the grade ability is much larger.
Calculations based on
above equation will cause significance error; instead,
equation given below should be used
where d = (F1-Fw)I M ,g, which is called the vehicle
performance factor and f, is the tire rolling resistance
coefficient.
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29. Tractive effort in normal driving
Vehicle performance explains about the capability of the
vehicle with respect to speed , gradeability and
acceleration in turn power capacity of the power train at
normal driving conditions.
During most of the operation time, the power train
operates with partial load.
Actual tractive effort (power) and vehicle speed vary
widely with operating conditions, such as acceleration or
deceleration, uphill or downhill motion,etc.
It is difficult to describe the tractive effort and vehicle
speed variations in all actual traffic environments
accurately and quantitatively.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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30. Tractive effort in normal driving
Some drive cycles have been developed to emulate typical
traffic environments.
These drive cycles are represented by the vehicle speeds
vs. the operating time while driving on a flat road.
Some typical drive cycle are as follows
(a) FTP75 urban cycle
(b) FTP75 highway cycle,
(c) US06 cycle, (high-speed & high-acceleration drive cycle),
(d) J227a schedule B,
(e) J227a schedule C, and
(f) J227a schedule D.
The J227a series is recommended by the Society Automotive
Engineers in the U.S.A. and is applied in the evaluation of
Electric vehicle's and batteries.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 30
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31. Tractive effort in normal driving
In a specific drive cycle, the tractive effort of a vehicle can
be expressed as
By above equation, the tractive efforts at any instant can
be calculated as show below fig 10. The operating points
of the tractive effort vs. the vehicle speed scatter over the
plane, and it show the operating area in which the power
train operates. This information is very helpful for power
train design.
Speed profile and tractive effort of different drive cycles
Fig 10 (a) FTP 75 Urban
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33. Tractive effort in normal driving
Fig 10(d) J227 a Schedule B
Fig 10(e) J227 a Schedule C
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34. Tractive effort in normal driving
Fig 10(f) J227 a Schedule D
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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35. Energy Consumption
In transportation, the unit of energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh)
rather than joule or kilojoule.
The energy consumption per unit distance in kWh/km is
generally used to evaluate the vehicle energy consumption.
However, for ICE vehicles the commonly used unit is a
physical unit of fuel volume per unit distance, such as
liters per 100 km (l/100 km).
The original energy consumption unit in kWh, measured at
the battery terminals is more suitable.
Energy consumption is an integration of the power output
at the battery terminals.
For propelling, the battery power output is equal to
resistance power and any power losses in the transmission
and the motor drive, including power losses in electronics.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 35
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36. Energy Consumption
The power losses in transmission and motor drive are
represented by their efficiencies ηt and ηm, respectively.
Thus, the battery power output can be expressed as
When regenerative braking is effective on an EV, a part of
that braking energy — wasted in conventional vehicles —
can be recovered by operating the motor drive as a generator
and restoring it into the batteries.
The regenerative braking power at the battery terminals can
also be expressed as
The regenerative braking factor α is a function of the applied
braking strength and the design of the power train
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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37. Energy Consumption
The net energy consumption from the batteries is
The efficiency of a traction motor varies with its operating
point s on the speed–torque (speed–power) plane as shown
in Fig 11. where the most of the operating area exists. In
power train design, this area should overlap with or at least
be as close as possible to the area of the greatest operation,
as mentioned in the previous section.
Fig 11. Typical Motor efficiency characteristics 37
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38. Concept of Hybrid Electric drive Trains
Basically, any vehicle power train is required to
i. Develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle
performance.
i. Carry sufficient energy onboard to support vehicle driving
in the given range.
i. Demonstrate high efficiency, and
ii. Emit few environmental pollutants.
Broadly, a vehicle may have more than one energy
source and energy converter (power source), such as a gasoline
(or diesel) heat engine system, hydrogen–fuel cell–electric
motor system, chemical battery–electric motor system, etc.
A vehicle that has two or more energy sources and
energy converters is called a hybrid vehicle. A hybrid vehicle
with an electrical power train (energy source energy
converters) is called an HEV.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 38
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39. Concept of Hybrid Electric drive Trains
A hybrid vehicle drive train usually consists of two power
trains.
Fig 1. Conceptual illustration of Hybrid Electric drive Train 39
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40. Concept of Hybrid Electric drive Trains
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 40
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41. Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains
The architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as
the connection between the components that define the
energy flow routes and control ports
Traditionally, HEVs were classified into two basic types
series and parallel.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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42. Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
Fig. 2
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43. Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
A series hybrid drive train is a drive train where two power
sources feed a single power plant (electric motor) that
propels the vehicle.
The most commonly found series hybrid drive train is the
series hybrid electric drive train shown in fig.3 The
unidirectional energy source is a fuel tank and the
unidirectional energy converter is an engine coupled to an
electric generator.
The output of the electric generator is connected to an
electric power bus through an electronic converter
(rectifier).
The bidirectional energy source is an electrochemical
battery pack, connected to the bus by means of a power
electronics converter (DC/DC converter).
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 43
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44. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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45. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
The electric power bus is also connected to the controller of
the electric traction motor.
The traction motor can be controlled either as a motor or a
generator, and in forward or reverse motion.
This drive train may need a battery charger to charge the
batteries by a wall plug-in from the power network.
Series hybrid electric drive trains potentially have the
following operation modes:
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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46. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
1. Pure electric mode: The engine is turned off and the
vehicle is propelled only by the batteries.
2. Pure engine mode: The vehicle traction power only comes
from the engine-generator, while the batteries neither
supply nor draw any power from the drive train. The
electric machines serve as an electric transmission from
the engine to the driven wheels.
3. Hybrid mode: The traction power is drawn from both the
engine generator and the batteries.
4. Engine traction and battery charging mode: The engine-
generator supplies power to charge the batteries and to
propel the vehicle.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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47. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
5. Regenerative braking mode:
The engine-generator is turned off and the traction motor
is operated as a generator. The power generated is used to
charge the batteries.
6. Battery charging mode:
The traction motor receives no power and the engine-
generator charges the batteries.
7. Hybrid battery charging mode:
Both the engine-generator and the traction motor operate
as generators to charge the batteries.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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48. Series hybrid drive trains offer several advantages:
The engine is fully mechanical when decoupled from the
driven wheels. Therefore, it can be operated at any point
on its speed–torque characteristic map, and can potentially
be operated solely within its maximum efficiency region as
shown in fig.3
The efficiency and emissions of the engine can be further
improved by optimal design and control in this narrow
region. A narrow region allows greater improvements than
an optimization across the entire range. Furthermore, the
mechanical decoupling of the engine from the driven
wheels allows the use of a high-speed engine. This makes
it difficult to power the wheels directly through a
mechanical link, such as gas turbines or power plants, with
slow dynamics like the Stirling engine.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan 48
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49. Series hybrid drive trains offer several advantages:
2. Because electric motors have near-ideal torque–
speed characteristics, they do not need multigear
transmissions. Therefore their construction greatly
simplified and the cost is reduced. Furthermore,
instead of using one motor and a differential gear, two
motors may be used, each powering a single wheel.
3. Simple control strategies may be used as a result of
the mechanical decoupling provided by the electrical
transmission.
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
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50. Series hybrid drive trains Disadvantages:
1.The energy from the engine is converted twice
mechanical to electrical in the generator and electrical
to mechanical in the traction motor. The inefficiencies
of the generator and traction motor add up and the
losses may be significant.
2. The generator adds additional weight and cost.
3. The traction motor must be sized to meet maximum
requirements since it is the only power plant propelling
the vehicle.
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51. Configuration of Parallel Hybrid EV
VISemester – ElectricVehicleTechnologies(PE) By:Dr.C.VMohan
Fig. 4
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53. Configuration of Parallel Hybrid EV
• A parallel hybrid drive train is a drive train in which the
engine supplies its power mechanically to the wheels like
in a conventional ICE-powered vehicle.
• It is assisted by an electric motor that is mechanically
coupled to the transmission
• The powers of the engine and electric motor are coupled
together by mechanical coupling, as shown in fig.5
• . The mechanical combination of the engine and electric
motor power leaves room for several different
configurations
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