The document discusses electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It covers various topics related to electric vehicle configuration and components, including traction motor characteristics, tractive effort and transmission requirements, and vehicle performance parameters like speed, gradeability, and acceleration. The document contains diagrams and illustrations of common electric vehicle configurations, components, and motor torque-speed profiles. It also provides examples of popular electric vehicles like the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV.
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 1 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdfDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an overview of vehicle mechanics concepts for electric and hybrid vehicles. It discusses Newton's laws of motion as they apply to vehicle kinetics. Forces acting on a vehicle include the tractive force from the propulsion unit to overcome road load forces of gravity, rolling resistance, and aerodynamic drag. Equations are presented for vehicle acceleration, velocity, distance, power and energy requirements based on assumptions of constant tractive force and level roadway. Maximum gradability and general cases of non-constant tractive force and variable roadway grade are also covered. The concepts are applied to the design of electric motor and battery sizing to meet performance goals like acceleration and maximum speed.
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
Module 3 electric propulsion electric vehicle technology pptDrCVMOHAN
The document discusses electric propulsion systems for electric vehicles. It describes how electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy to propel vehicles. Power converters supply electric motors with proper voltage and current, while electronic controllers command the power converter and control motor operation. Common types of electric motors used in electric vehicles include DC motors, induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. The document provides details on the operation and control of these different motor types.
1) The document discusses the history and development of electric vehicles including early prototypes in the late 19th century and modern electric vehicles emerging in the 1980s and 1990s.
2) It also covers the key forces acting on a vehicle in motion - tractive effort, rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and grading resistance - and provides the dynamic equations to calculate a vehicle's acceleration based on these forces.
3) Additionally, it examines the factors that influence rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag, such as tire material and pressure, vehicle shape, and speed.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
The document discusses different configurations for electric vehicles (EVs). It notes that early EVs converted internal combustion engine vehicles, which led to problems, while modern EVs are purpose-built. The key subsystems of a modern EV drive train are the electric motor propulsion system, the energy source, and auxiliary systems. The document then describes six possible EV configurations, including using a conventional drivetrain with gearbox and clutch, a single fixed gear transmission without clutch, integrated fixed gearing and differential, two separate motors with fixed gearing, direct drive with two motors and gearing, and two separate in-wheel motor drives.
Power electronics is one of the enabling technologies propelling the shift from conventional gasoline/diesel engine‐powered vehicles to electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. This chapter discusses the power electronics used in HEVs and PHEVs. However, the focus of the chapter is on the unique aspects of power electronics in HEVs and PHEVs.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 1 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdfDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an overview of vehicle mechanics concepts for electric and hybrid vehicles. It discusses Newton's laws of motion as they apply to vehicle kinetics. Forces acting on a vehicle include the tractive force from the propulsion unit to overcome road load forces of gravity, rolling resistance, and aerodynamic drag. Equations are presented for vehicle acceleration, velocity, distance, power and energy requirements based on assumptions of constant tractive force and level roadway. Maximum gradability and general cases of non-constant tractive force and variable roadway grade are also covered. The concepts are applied to the design of electric motor and battery sizing to meet performance goals like acceleration and maximum speed.
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
Module 3 electric propulsion electric vehicle technology pptDrCVMOHAN
The document discusses electric propulsion systems for electric vehicles. It describes how electric motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy to propel vehicles. Power converters supply electric motors with proper voltage and current, while electronic controllers command the power converter and control motor operation. Common types of electric motors used in electric vehicles include DC motors, induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors. The document provides details on the operation and control of these different motor types.
1) The document discusses the history and development of electric vehicles including early prototypes in the late 19th century and modern electric vehicles emerging in the 1980s and 1990s.
2) It also covers the key forces acting on a vehicle in motion - tractive effort, rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and grading resistance - and provides the dynamic equations to calculate a vehicle's acceleration based on these forces.
3) Additionally, it examines the factors that influence rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag, such as tire material and pressure, vehicle shape, and speed.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
The document discusses different configurations for electric vehicles (EVs). It notes that early EVs converted internal combustion engine vehicles, which led to problems, while modern EVs are purpose-built. The key subsystems of a modern EV drive train are the electric motor propulsion system, the energy source, and auxiliary systems. The document then describes six possible EV configurations, including using a conventional drivetrain with gearbox and clutch, a single fixed gear transmission without clutch, integrated fixed gearing and differential, two separate motors with fixed gearing, direct drive with two motors and gearing, and two separate in-wheel motor drives.
Power electronics is one of the enabling technologies propelling the shift from conventional gasoline/diesel engine‐powered vehicles to electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. This chapter discusses the power electronics used in HEVs and PHEVs. However, the focus of the chapter is on the unique aspects of power electronics in HEVs and PHEVs.
A brief introduction to the benefits of electric vehicles and how they are now becoming part of particular industries. GLH is a leading London Private Car Hire company. www.glh.co.uk
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles including their history and types. It discusses how the earliest electric vehicles emerged in the late 1800s and became popular in the early 1900s. It describes different types of electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It also discusses the key forces that affect electric vehicle power trains including rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and gradient forces due to road inclines.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
This document discusses the fundamentals of electrical drives. It begins by presenting the fundamental torque equation that relates the motor torque, load torque, moment of inertia, and angular velocity. It then discusses multi-quadrant operation of drives, defining sign conventions for speed and torque and describing the four quadrants of operation - forward motoring, forward braking, reverse motoring, and reverse braking. An example is given of a hoist system and how it operates in the different quadrants depending on the load and direction of motion. References for further reading are also provided.
The document discusses advancements in hybrid electric vehicles. It begins by covering the early history of electric vehicles and then focuses on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which use both an electric engine and a conventional internal combustion engine. The key benefits of HEVs are improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and better acceleration. There are three main types of hybrids - series, parallel, and combined. The document analyzes the SWOT of hybrid vehicles and concludes by discussing Toyota's popular Prius hybrid car.
This document provides information about electric vehicles. It lists the student names and course details in the header. The introduction discusses the history of electric vehicles from their invention in the 19th century to their decline with the rise of gasoline-powered cars. It then describes how electric vehicles work by taking electricity from the grid to charge batteries which power electric motors. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Finally, it defines and provides examples of three types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
Architectures of HEVs, series and parallel HEVs, complex HEVs .Plug-in hybrid vehicle, constituents of PHEV, comparison of HEV and PHEV; Fuel Cell vehicles and its constituents.
Conventional vehicles rely on basic principles of physics for performance. Rolling resistance from tires touching the road provides friction that both propels the vehicle and hinders its motion. Maintaining optimal tire pressure minimizes this resistance and improves fuel efficiency.
This document describes a project presentation on electric vehicles submitted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to electric vehicles, the history of electric vehicles, the need for electric vehicles, their components and parts like batteries, motors, controllers, differentials, and how power is delivered from the motor. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles, how they work, types of electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, a comparison with combustion vehicles, their cost effectiveness, positive environmental outcomes, and conclusions. It ends with references used for the project.
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
This document discusses electric vehicles and their key components. It begins by defining an electric vehicle as a vehicle powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from an externally chargeable battery. It then describes the major parts of a battery electric vehicle, including the charging port, power converters, traction battery, motor, and power electronics controller. The document also covers electric vehicle parameters like battery capacity, state of charge, range, energy consumption, and motor power. In summary, the document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their basic workings.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Everywhere DC motors are used in large applications, the use of drives are very necessary for the smooth running and operating of these motors. The DC motor drives are used mainly for good speed regulation, frequent starting, braking and reversing.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
IRJET- Enhancement in the Modelling of Braking System with Regenerative Metho...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an enhancement to the braking system modelling for an electric vehicle that utilizes regenerative braking with ultracapacitors. The system includes a brushless DC motor, battery, buck-boost converter, and ultracapacitors. During braking, kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy and stored in the ultracapacitors and battery via the buck-boost converter to improve energy recovery. The simulation was done in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ultracapacitor voltage, current and state of charge increase during braking, indicating successful energy storage and regeneration. This method improves fuel efficiency compared to traditional braking systems.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles including their history and types. It discusses how the earliest electric vehicles emerged in the late 1800s and became popular in the early 1900s. It describes different types of electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It also discusses the key forces that affect electric vehicle power trains including rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and gradient forces due to road inclines.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
Hello Folks,
I have shared my presentation on electric vehicles that i have prepared for my final year seminar and presented it to more than 300 peoples including HOD, Assistant professor, mechanical faculties. I took overall 10 minutes to elaborate every topic excluding Q&A session. In the modern era, the conventional vehicles are becoming obsolete gradually because of its hazardous emission and low efficiency. The Electric vehicles are the future. The contents of this ppt is gathered from the daily learning and some are taken directly from the company posts,
Any kind of discussion is open.
This document discusses the fundamentals of electrical drives. It begins by presenting the fundamental torque equation that relates the motor torque, load torque, moment of inertia, and angular velocity. It then discusses multi-quadrant operation of drives, defining sign conventions for speed and torque and describing the four quadrants of operation - forward motoring, forward braking, reverse motoring, and reverse braking. An example is given of a hoist system and how it operates in the different quadrants depending on the load and direction of motion. References for further reading are also provided.
The document discusses advancements in hybrid electric vehicles. It begins by covering the early history of electric vehicles and then focuses on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which use both an electric engine and a conventional internal combustion engine. The key benefits of HEVs are improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and better acceleration. There are three main types of hybrids - series, parallel, and combined. The document analyzes the SWOT of hybrid vehicles and concludes by discussing Toyota's popular Prius hybrid car.
This document provides information about electric vehicles. It lists the student names and course details in the header. The introduction discusses the history of electric vehicles from their invention in the 19th century to their decline with the rise of gasoline-powered cars. It then describes how electric vehicles work by taking electricity from the grid to charge batteries which power electric motors. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Finally, it defines and provides examples of three types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
Architectures of HEVs, series and parallel HEVs, complex HEVs .Plug-in hybrid vehicle, constituents of PHEV, comparison of HEV and PHEV; Fuel Cell vehicles and its constituents.
Conventional vehicles rely on basic principles of physics for performance. Rolling resistance from tires touching the road provides friction that both propels the vehicle and hinders its motion. Maintaining optimal tire pressure minimizes this resistance and improves fuel efficiency.
This document describes a project presentation on electric vehicles submitted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to electric vehicles, the history of electric vehicles, the need for electric vehicles, their components and parts like batteries, motors, controllers, differentials, and how power is delivered from the motor. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles, how they work, types of electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, a comparison with combustion vehicles, their cost effectiveness, positive environmental outcomes, and conclusions. It ends with references used for the project.
Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation:
Slide 1: Title
Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles"
Slide 2: Introduction
Briefly introduce the topic and its importance.
Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power.
Highlight their zero-emission nature.
Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline.
Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt.
Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery.
Mention examples like the Toyota Prius.
Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor.
Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times.
Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai.
Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters
Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility.
Discuss their role in last-mile transportation.
Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles
Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans.
Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas.
Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption.
Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers).
Slide 10: Government Incentives
Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption.
Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits.
Slide 11: Environmental Benefits
Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlight the positive impact on local air quality.
Slide 12: Cost of Ownership
Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles.
Mention savings on fuel and maintenance.
Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook
Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal.
Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology.
Slide 14: Conclusion
This document discusses electric vehicles and their key components. It begins by defining an electric vehicle as a vehicle powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from an externally chargeable battery. It then describes the major parts of a battery electric vehicle, including the charging port, power converters, traction battery, motor, and power electronics controller. The document also covers electric vehicle parameters like battery capacity, state of charge, range, energy consumption, and motor power. In summary, the document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their basic workings.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Everywhere DC motors are used in large applications, the use of drives are very necessary for the smooth running and operating of these motors. The DC motor drives are used mainly for good speed regulation, frequent starting, braking and reversing.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
types of the hybrid vehicle are discussed, series, parallel, complex, series-parallel, micro-hybrid, mild hybrid, full hybrid, and complex hybrid is discussed
IRJET- Enhancement in the Modelling of Braking System with Regenerative Metho...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an enhancement to the braking system modelling for an electric vehicle that utilizes regenerative braking with ultracapacitors. The system includes a brushless DC motor, battery, buck-boost converter, and ultracapacitors. During braking, kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy and stored in the ultracapacitors and battery via the buck-boost converter to improve energy recovery. The simulation was done in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ultracapacitor voltage, current and state of charge increase during braking, indicating successful energy storage and regeneration. This method improves fuel efficiency compared to traditional braking systems.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
The document discusses electrolytic processes and Faraday's laws of electrolysis. It defines electrolysis as a process where an electric current is passed through a substance to cause a chemical change through oxidation or reduction reactions. It describes some common industrial electrolytic processes like metal extraction and refining. Faraday's first law states that the mass of substance liberated during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed. The second law relates the mass of different substances liberated to their chemical equivalents when the same amount of electricity is used. It also defines related terms like electrochemical equivalent, atomic weight and formula weight.
IRJET - Design and Fabrication of an Electric BikeIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric bike. Some key points:
- The electric bike is powered by a lithium-ion battery which provides voltage to a DC motor. This allows the bike to run on electric energy as the primary source.
- It has several benefits over conventional vehicles like better fuel economy, lower emissions and less noise pollution.
- The main components are the battery, DC motor, controller, chain drive and throttle. The battery powers the motor through the controller. The motor turns the rear wheel through the chain drive.
- Speed and power can be varied through the controller and throttle similarly to a gas-powered motorcycle.
- Calculations are shown to select
This document discusses regenerative braking in electric vehicles. It begins by introducing regenerative braking and its importance for electric vehicles in conserving electrical energy. It then provides details on the components and design of a regenerative braking system, including using an induction motor, alternator, rectifier, battery, transformer and load. The document describes the block diagram and working of the system, where kinetic energy recovered during braking is used to charge the battery and power a light bulb load.
This document presents a dynamic simulation of a series motor driven battery electric vehicle (BEV) integrated with an ultracapacitor (UC). The simulation uses a battery-UC configuration that enables the use of a lower power rated converter, providing a better load profile for the battery and increased battery lifetime. A control algorithm focuses on single pedal driving with regenerative braking to improve efficiency. The algorithm determines whether the load is powered by the battery-converter or UC based on power demand. Simulation results show motor speed, UC state of charge decreasing during discharge and increasing during braking, and battery state of charge decreasing when powering the load. The configuration decreases system cost and the control scheme improves efficiency.
Iaetsd a new multilevel inverter topology for fourIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a new multilevel inverter topology for driving a four-pole induction motor. The topology uses four two-level inverters connected to the separated windings of the motor's stator to generate five voltage levels. This is done using a single DC link shared between the inverters. Sine triangular pulse width modulation is used to generate switching signals while avoiding common mode currents. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform for different modulation indices as well as the speed-torque characteristics of the induction motor driven by the proposed inverter topology. The topology reduces harmonics and improves efficiency compared to traditional multilevel inverter configurations.
The document discusses engine control and components of diesel-electric locomotives used in Indian Railways. It describes the traction system, basic components like the traction motor and excitation system. It also discusses the Alambagh loco shed, motive power directorate, and REMMLOT remote monitoring system.
Current mode controlled fuzzy logic based inter leaved cuk converter SVM inve...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Recent developments in intelligent control methods and power electronics have amended PhotoVoltaic (PV) based DC to AC converters related to AC drives. Interleaved cuk converter and inverter find their way in interconnecting PV and Induction Motor Drive (IMD). Simulation studies were done for closed loop InterLeaved Cuk Converter and Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive (ILCCIIMD) systems with conventional and intelligent controllers.
These studies were carried out using MATLAB simulink based models for ILCCIIMD. For production of DC- voltage in the input of the inverter, PV fed InterLeaved Cuk-regulator is recommended. Cuk-regulator is utilized for enhancing the output of the PV system. Closed loop Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional- Resonant(PR) and Fuzzy-Logic(FL) controlled ILCCIIMD systems are simulated and their outcome like dy- namic responses and torque ripple are related for an Electric Vehicle(EV) application. The proposed IL- CCIIMD system with FLC is found to have better dynamic characteristics and lesser torque ripple when compared to the system with conventional controller.
This document summarizes an energy management study of the 2015 BMW i8 plug-in hybrid sports car. Some key points:
- The BMW i8 features a 1.5L turbocharged gasoline engine and a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack.
- The 96 kW electric motor on the front axle works with a 164 kW gasoline engine on the rear wheels for a total output of 260 kW.
- Despite this performance, the i8 gets the equivalent of 94 mpg and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 5 seconds.
- The long, lightweight lithium-ion battery pack is located between the front and rear axles to keep the center of gravity low
Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronic...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a new integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles to optimize power train performance. The IPEI combines a bidirectional DC/DC converter, onboard battery charger, and DC/AC inverter. It is responsible for managing power flow during different operating modes like charging/discharging and traction/braking. The concept is designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show output waveforms and validate the design. Specifically, the speed, torque, voltage and current curves demonstrate the dynamic response during traction and braking modes. THD is also reduced from 6.94% using a PI controller to 3.10% with a fuzzy controller, showing improved performance.
This document describes a proposed integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The IPEI is designed to optimize power flow management for different operating modes like charging/discharging and traction/braking. It integrates a DC/DC converter, onboard battery charger, and DC/AC inverter to improve system efficiency and reliability while reducing component size and costs compared to other topologies. The document discusses the circuit design of the IPEI and its four operating modes. It also provides the dynamic modeling of the electric power train components like the battery and electric motor, as well as the control strategy design for the IPEI, which is analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
1) The document analyzes the efficiency of freight electric locomotives in different operating modes. It found that efficiency is much lower when locomotives operate at partial load, such as pulling empty trains.
2) It developed a Discrete-Adaptive Control system to increase efficiency by regulating the number of traction motors used based on tractive power needs. Computer simulations showed this approach could reduce energy consumption by 13%.
3) The control system aims to maximize locomotive efficiency by distributing tractive effort to an optimal quantity of traction motors and switching off redundant motors. When additional power is needed, more motors are used.
This document describes a project to generate electricity from speed breakers. It discusses three mechanisms - roller, rack and pinion, and crankshaft - that can convert the kinetic energy of vehicles passing over speed bumps into rotational motion. Graphs show the relationship between voltage generated, vehicle speed and weight. Advantages include using wasted energy and providing power for street lights. Challenges are low outputs and maintenance needs. Future work could aim for heavier vehicles and more efficient designs to increase power generation for rural electrification.
POWER HUMPS...... power generation using speed breakers!!!Maltesh4jn10me051
ABSTRACT
In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated by using zener diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump.
The generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.
This document discusses traction motors, which are electric motors that provide rotational torque, usually for converting into linear motion. Traction motors are used in electric rail vehicles. The document outlines key mechanical characteristics of traction motors such as robustness and small size. It also discusses important electrical characteristics like high starting torque and regenerative braking capability. Finally, it examines different types of traction motors including DC series motors and discusses factors driving increased global demand for traction motors.
This document discusses traction motors, which are electric motors that provide rotational torque, usually for converting into linear motion. Traction motors are used in electric rail vehicles. The document outlines key mechanical characteristics of traction motors such as robustness and small size. It also discusses important electrical characteristics like high starting torque and regenerative braking capability. Finally, it examines different types of traction motors including DC series motors and discusses factors driving increased global demand for traction motors.
Report on simulation and analysis of converters for electric vehiclesMAYANK ACHARYA
This document discusses the simulation and analysis of converters used in electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction to electric vehicles and why converters are needed. It then discusses the typical converter configuration used in EVs, including a rectifier, DC-DC boost converter, and inverter. It presents the specifications of a reference induction motor and simulates the open and closed loop speed control of the motor using an inverter. It also simulates the complete closed loop control of the converters together for electric vehicles and analyzes the results.
Fundamentals of vehicle, components of conventional vehicle and propulsion load; Drive cycles and drive terrain; Concept of electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle; History of hybrid vehicles, advantages and applications of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles, different Motors suitable for of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
This document describes an algorithm for analyzing the transient and steady states of a DC motor, including during braking operations. It discusses different types of braking for DC motors, including mechanical, rheostatic, plugging, and regenerative braking. The key advantages of electrical braking over mechanical braking are reducing wear on mechanical brakes and shorter stopping times. The document also presents the mathematical models used in the algorithm, including first-order and second-order differential equations, to analyze the motor's behavior during different operating conditions like braking with improved accuracy over first-order models.
Similar to VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 2 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdf (20)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
VTU - Electric Vehecles- Module 2 (Open Elective)PPT by Dr. C V Mohan.pdf
1. Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 1
Subject: ElectricVehicles
Module 2: Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
VTU – 18EE752
Complied
by
Dr. C.V. Mohan
EEE., Sir. MV IT.,
Bangalore
For VTU – 7th Semester Open Elective
Reference: Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel CellVehicles
by Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Sebastien E. G & Ali Emadi
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
2. Module-2
Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
Configuration of Electric Vehicles.
Performance of Electric Vehicles.
Traction Motor Characteristics.
Tractive effort and Transmission requirement.
Vehicle Performance, Tractive effort in normal driving.
Energy consumption Concept of Hybrid Electric Drive
Trains.
Architecture of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains.
Series Hybrid Electric Drive Trains.
Parallel hybrid electric drive trains.
1 2
3. Introduction
An Electric Vehicle, also called an EV, uses one or more electric motors for
propulsion instead of the traditional Petrol/Gasoline or Diesel.
First electric carriage was built in between 1832 and 1839 and the first
electric automobile was built in 1900 in the United States.
Types of ElectricVehicles
Battery ElectricVehicle
Hybrid ElectricVehicle
Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicle
Fuel Cell ElectricVehicle
Electric vehicles will play a center role in changing the environment and
economy around the globe in the next two decades.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 3
4. ElectricVehicle Concept
EV is a road vehicle based on modern electric propulsion
consisting of electric machines, power electronic converters,
electric energy sources and storage devices, and electronic
controllers.
EV is a broad concept, including BEV, HEV, FCEV, etc;
EV is not only just a car but a new system for our society’s
clean and efficient road transportation.
EV is an intelligent system which can be integrated with
modern transportation networks.
EV design involves the integration of art and engineering.
More advancements are to be done to make them affordable.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 4
5. ElectricVehicles for the 21st Century
Tesla Motors is a Silicon Valley automobile startup
company, which showed the 185 kW Tesla Roadster on
July 20, 2006.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 5
15. A Modern electric drive consist of three major subsystems namely
(i)Electric motor propulsion, (ii)Energy source and (iii) Auxiliary
Subsystem, Electric propulsion subsystem is comprised of a
vehicle controller, power electronic converter, electric motor,
mechanical transmission and driving wheels.
The energy source subsystem involves the energy source, the
energy management unit, and the energy refueling unit.
The auxiliary subsystem consist of the power steering unit, the
hotel climate control unit and auxiliary supply unit.
Based on the control inputs from the accelerator and brake pedals,
the vehicle controller provides proper control signals to the
electronic power converter, which functions to regulate the power
flow between the electric motor and energy source.
The backward power flow is due to the regenerative braking of
the EV and this regenerated energy can be restored to the energy
source, provided the energy source is reachable
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 15
16. EV Configuration
There are a variety of possible EV configurations due to the
variations in electric propulsion characteristics and energy sources,
as shown in Figure
Figure (a) shows the configuration of the first alternative, in which an
electric propulsion replaces the IC engine of a conventional vehicle
drive train.
It consists of an electric motor, a clutch, a gearbox, and a differential.
The clutch and gearbox may be replaced by automatic transmission.
The clutch is used to connect or disconnect the power of the electric
motor from the driven wheels.
The gearbox provides a set of gear ratios to modify the speed-power
(torque) profile to match the load requirement
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 16
17. Similar to the drive train in (b), the electric motor, the fixed
gearing, and the differential can be further integrated into a
single assembly while both axles point at both driving
wheels. The whole drive train is further simplified and
compacted.
With an electric motor that has constant power in a long
speed range, a fixed gearing can replace the multispeed gear
box and reduce the need for a clutch. This configuration not
only reduces the size and weight of the mechanical
transmission, but also simplifies the drive train control
because gear shifting is not needed
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 17
18. In Figure (d), the mechanical differential is replaced by using
two traction motors. Each of them drives one side wheel and
operates at a different speed when the vehicle is running
along a curved path.
In order to further simplify the drive train, the traction
motor can be placed inside a wheel. This arrangement is
the so-called in wheel drive. A thin planetary gear set may
be used to reduce the motor speed and enhance the motor
torque.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 18
19. By fully abandoning any mechanical gearing between the
electric motor and the driving wheel, the out-rotor of a
low-speed electric motor in the in-wheel drive can be
directly connected to the driving wheel. The speed control
of the electric motor is equivalent to the control of the
wheel speed and hence the vehicle speed. However, this
arrangement requires the electric motor to have a higher
torque to start and accelerate the vehicle.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 19
20. Traction Motor Characteristics
Variable-speed electric motor drives usually have the
characteristics shown in the above Figure.
At the low-speed region less than the base speed as marked
in Figure the motor has a constant torque.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 20
21. Traction Motor Characteristics
In the high-speed region higher than the base speed, the
motor has a constant power.
This characteristic is usually represented by a speed ratio x,
defined as the ratio of its maximum speed to its base speed
In low-speed operations, voltage supply to the motor
increases with the increase of the speed through the
electronic converter while the flux is kept constant.
At the point of base speed, the voltage of the motor reaches
the source voltage. After the base speed, the motor voltage is
kept constant and the flux is weakened, dropping
hyperbolically with increasing speed. Hence, its torque also
drops hyperbolically with increasing speed.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 21
22. Traction Motor Characteristics
Ffff
• In the above Figure shows the torque-speed profiles of a 60
kW motor with different speed ratios x (x=2, 4, and 6).
• Itis clear that with a long constant power region, the
maximum torque of the motor can be significantly
increased, and hence vehicle acceleration and gradeability
performance can be improved
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 22
23. Traction Motor Characteristics
However, each type of motor inherently has its limited
maximum speed ratio.
For example, a permanent magnet motor has a small x (<2)
because of the difficulty of field weakening due to the
presence of the permanent magnet. Switched reluctance
motors may achieve x >6 and induction motors about
x =4 or 2-3
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 23
24. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
The tractive effort developed by a traction motor on driven
wheels and the vehicle speed are expressed as
where Tm and Nm are the motor torque output and speed
in rpm, respectively, ig is the gear ratio of transmission, Io
is the gear ratio of final drive, ɳ t is the efficiency of the
whole driveline from the motor to the driven wheels, and
rd is the radius of the drive wheels.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 24
25. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
The use of a multigear or single-gear transmission depends
mostly on the motor speed-torque characteristics. If the
motor has a long constant power region, a single-gear
transmission would be sufficient for a high tractive effort
at low speeds. Otherwise, a multigear (more than two
gears) transmission has to be used
1
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 25
26. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
Figure 1 shows the tractive effort of an Ev; along with the
vehicle speed with a traction motor of x = 2 and a three-
gear transmission. The first gear covers the speed region of
a-b-c, the second gear covers d--e--f, and the third gear
covers g-f-h
1
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 26
27. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
2
3
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 27
28. Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement
Figure 2 shows the tractive effort with a traction motor of
x = 6 and a two-gear transmission.
The first gear covers the speed region of a-b-c and the
second gear d--e--f.
Figure 3 shows the tractive effort with a traction motor of
x = 6 and a single-gear transmission. These three designs
have the same tractive effort vs. vehicle speed profiles.
Therefore, the vehicles will have the same acceleration
and gradeability performance
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 28
29. Vehicle Performance
Basic vehicle performance includes maximum cruising speed,
gradeability, and acceleration. The maximum speed of a vehicle can
be easily found by the intersection point of the tractive effort curve
with the resistance curve (rolling resistance plus aerodynamic
drag), in the tractive effort vs. vehicle speed diagram shown in
Figures 4,5,6
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 29
30. Vehicle Performance
It should be noted that such an intersection point does not
exist in some designs, which usually use a larger traction
motor or a large gear ratio.
In this case, the maximum vehicle speed is determined by
the maximum speed of the traction motor as where Nm max is
the allowed maximum rpm of the traction motor and ig min is
the minimum gear ratio of the transmission (highest gear).
Gradeability is determined by the net tractive effort of the
vehicle, F,_.,1 (F,_•.,= F,-F,-Fw),, as shown in Figures 7,8,9.
At mid- and high speeds, the gradeability is smaller than the
gradeability at low speeds. The maximum grade that the
vehicle can overcome at the given speed can be calculated
by
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 30
31. Vehicle Performance
where F, is the tractive effort on the driven wheels, Fr, is
the tire rolling resistance, and Fw is the aerodynamic drag.
However, at low speeds, the grade ability is much larger.
Calculations based on
above equation will cause significance error; instead,
equation given below should be used
where d = (F1-Fw)I M ,g, which is called the vehicle
performance factor and f, is the tire rolling resistance
coefficient.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 31
32. Tractive effort in normal driving
Vehicle performance explains about the capability of the
vehicle with respect to speed , gradeability and
acceleration in turn power capacity of the power train at
normal driving conditions.
During most of the operation time, the power train
operates with partial load.
Actual tractive effort (power) and vehicle speed vary
widely with operating conditions, such as acceleration or
deceleration, uphill or downhill motion, etc.
It is difficult to describe the tractive effort and vehicle
speed variations in all actual traffic environments
accurately and quantitatively.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 32
33. Tractive effort in normal driving
Some drive cycles have been developed to emulate typical
traffic environments.
These drive cycles are represented by the vehicle speeds
vs. the operating time while driving on a flat road.
Some typical drive cycle are as follows
(a) FTP75 urban cycle
(b) FTP75 highway cycle,
(c) US06 cycle, (high-speed & high-acceleration drive cycle),
(d) J227a schedule B,
(e) J227a schedule C, and
(f) J227a schedule D.
The J227a series is recommended by the Society
Automotive Engineers in the U.S.A. and is applied in the
evaluation of Electric vehicle's and batteries.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 33
34. Tractive effort in normal driving
In a specific drive cycle, the tractive effort of a vehicle can
be expressed as
By above equation, the tractive efforts at any instant can
be calculated as show below fig 10. The operating points
of the tractive effort vs. the vehicle speed scatter over the
plane, and it show the operating area in which the power
train operates. This information is very helpful for power
train design.
Speed profile and tractive effort of different drive cycles
Fig 10 (a) FTP 75 Urban
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 34
35. Fig 10(b) FPT Highway
Fig 10(c) US 06 Cycle
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 35
36. Tractive effort in normal driving
Fig 10(d) J227 a Schedule B
Fig 10(e) J227 a Schedule C
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 36
37. Tractive effort in normal driving
Fig 10(f) J227 a Schedule D
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 37
38. Energy Consumption
In transportation, the unit of energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh)
rather than joule or kilojoule.
The energy consumption per unit distance in kWh/km is
generally used to evaluate the vehicle energy consumption.
However, for ICE vehicles the commonly used unit is a
physical unit of fuel volume per unit distance, such as
liters per 100 km (l/100 km).
The original energy consumption unit in kWh, measured at
the battery terminals is more suitable.
Energy consumption is an integration of the power output
at the battery terminals.
For propelling, the battery power output is equal to
resistance power and any power losses in the transmission
and the motor drive, including power losses in electronics.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 38
39. Energy Consumption
The power losses in transmission and motor drive are
represented by their efficiencies ηt and ηm, respectively.
Thus, the battery power output can be expressed as
When regenerative braking is effective on an EV, a part of
that braking energy — wasted in conventional vehicles —
can be recovered by operating the motor drive as a generator
and restoring it into the batteries.
The regenerative braking power at the battery terminals can
also be expressed as
The regenerative braking factor α is a function of the applied
braking strength and the design of the power train
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 39
40. Energy Consumption
The net energy consumption from the batteries is
The efficiency of a traction motor varies with its operating
point s on the speed–torque (speed–power) plane as shown
in Fig 11. where the most of the operating area exists. In
power train design, this area should overlap with or at least
be as close as possible to the area of the greatest operation.
Fig 11. Typical Motor efficiency characteristics
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 40
42. Concept of Hybrid Electric drive Trains
Basically, any vehicle power train is required to
(i) Develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle
performance.
(ii) Carry sufficient energy onboard to support vehicle driving
in the given range.
(iii) Demonstrate high efficiency, and Emit few environmental
pollutants.
Broadly, a vehicle may have more than one energy
source and energy converter (power source), such as a gasoline
(or diesel) heat engine system, hydrogen–fuel cell–electric
motor system, chemical battery–electric motor system, etc.
A vehicle that has two or more energy sources and
energy converters is called a hybrid vehicle. A hybrid vehicle
with an electrical power train (energy source energy
converters) is called an HEV.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 42
43. Concept of Hybrid Electric drive Trains
A hybrid vehicle drive train usually consists of two power
trains.
Fig 1. Conceptual illustration of Hybrid Electric drive Train
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 43
44. Concept of Hybrid Electric drive Trains
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 44
50. Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains
The architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as
the connection between the components that define the
energy flow routes and control ports
Traditionally, HEVs were classified into two basic types
series and parallel.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 50
51. Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
A series hybrid drive train is a drive train where two power
sources feed a single power plant (electric motor) that
propels the vehicle.
The most commonly found series hybrid drive train is the
series hybrid electric drive train shown in fig.3 The
unidirectional energy source is a fuel tank and the
unidirectional energy converter is an engine coupled to an
electric generator.
The output of the electric generator is connected to an
electric power bus through an electronic converter
(rectifier).
The bidirectional energy source is an electrochemical
battery pack, connected to the bus by means of a power
electronics converter (DC/DC converter).
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 51
53. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
The electric power bus is also connected to the controller of
the electric traction motor.
The traction motor can be controlled either as a motor or a
generator, and in forward or reverse motion.
This drive train may need a battery charger to charge the
batteries by a wall plug-in from the power network.
Series hybrid electric drive trains potentially have the
following operation modes:
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 53
54. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
1. Pure electric mode: The engine is turned off and the
vehicle is propelled only by the batteries.
2. Pure engine mode: The vehicle traction power only comes
from the engine-generator, while the batteries neither
supply nor draw any power from the drive train. The
electric machines serve as an electric transmission from
the engine to the driven wheels.
3. Hybrid mode: The traction power is drawn from both the
engine generator and the batteries.
4. Engine traction and battery charging mode: The engine-
generator supplies power to charge the batteries and to
propel the vehicle.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 54
55. Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid EV
5. Regenerative braking mode:
The engine-generator is turned off and the traction motor
is operated as a generator. The power generated is used to
charge the batteries.
6. Battery charging mode:
The traction motor receives no power and the engine-
generator charges the batteries.
7. Hybrid battery charging mode:
Both the engine-generator and the traction motor operate
as generators to charge the batteries.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 55
56. Series hybrid drive trains offer several advantages:
The engine is fully mechanical when decoupled from the
driven wheels. Therefore, it can be operated at any point
on its speed–torque characteristic map, and can potentially
be operated solely within its maximum efficiency region as
shown in fig.3
The efficiency and emissions of the engine can be further
improved by optimal design and control in this narrow
region. A narrow region allows greater improvements than
an optimization across the entire range. Furthermore, the
mechanical decoupling of the engine from the driven
wheels allows the use of a high-speed engine. This makes
it difficult to power the wheels directly through a
mechanical link, such as gas turbines or power plants, with
slow dynamics like the Stirling engine.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 56
57. Series hybrid drive trains offer several advantages:
2. Because electric motors have near-ideal torque–
speed characteristics, they do not need multigear
transmissions. Therefore their construction greatly
simplified and the cost is reduced. Furthermore,
instead of using one motor and a differential gear, two
motors may be used, each powering a single wheel.
3. Simple control strategies may be used as a result of
the mechanical decoupling provided by the electrical
transmission.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 57
58. Series hybrid drive trains Disadvantages:
1.The energy from the engine is converted twice
mechanical to electrical in the generator and electrical
to mechanical in the traction motor. The inefficiencies
of the generator and traction motor add up and the
losses may be significant.
2. The generator adds additional weight and cost.
3. The traction motor must be sized to meet maximum
requirements since it is the only power plant propelling
the vehicle.
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 58
63. Configuration of Parallel Hybrid EV
• A parallel hybrid drive train is a drive train in which the
engine supplies its power mechanically to the wheels like
in a conventional ICE-powered vehicle.
• It is assisted by an electric motor that is mechanically
coupled to the transmission
• The powers of the engine and electric motor are coupled
together by mechanical coupling, as shown in fig.5
• . The mechanical combination of the engine and electric
motor power leaves room for several different
configurations
Dr. CV MOHAN. EEE., Sir MVIT.,
Bangalore 63