Unit 1: The atoms
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1. Matter is everything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of tiny particles called atoms. 2. A body is matter that has defined limits, while a material system has undefined limits. Examples are a ball vs clouds. 3. All matter, whether a single atom or much larger, is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms can combine to form molecules and different types of pure substances like elements and compounds.
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2. It describes the discovery of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. The nuclear model places the protons and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons orbiting.
3. Key terms are defined including atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. Isotopes are varieties of the same element that differ in neutron number.
some basic concepts of chemistry class 11 study material pdf download
Chemistry, as a subject, explores the composition, structure, properties, and transformations of matter. In Class 11, students are introduced to foundational concepts that form the basis for understanding more complex chemical phenomena. These concepts include:
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
Science-8-week-5.pptx
1. The document discusses the early theories of the structure of atoms from ancient Greek philosophers to the modern atomic model.
2. It describes the discoveries of subatomic particles like the electron by J.J. Thomson and the nucleus by Ernest Rutherford through experiments.
3. Later scientists like Niels Bohr, James Chadwick, and Erwin Schrodinger further refined the model, with Bohr proposing electron shells and orbits, Chadwick discovering the neutron, and Schrodinger explaining electron probability clouds.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE PDF.docx
Atoms are too small to see even with a powerful microscope and too light to be weighed even on the most sensitive balance. The history of the discovery of the structure of an atom is fascinating but a complicated subject. Only 100 years ago, scientists believed that atoms were solid, indestructible particles. Since then many great scientists had contributed brilliantly to give us the today’s model of an atom. Over the centuries, many philosophers and scientists tried to develop a model of the atom.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE PDF.docx
All matters are in nature is made up of only a few elements. The elements exist as atoms and/or molecules. Molecules of an atom are made up of atoms of the same type. Compounds contain two or more elements. Thus, the molecules of compounds contain atoms of different elements.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE PDF.pdf
All matters are in nature is made up of only a few elements. The elements exist as atoms and/or molecules. Molecules of an atom are made up of atoms of the same type. Compounds contain two or more elements. Thus, the molecules of compounds contain atoms of different elements.
https://thegeneralscience.com/atomic-structure-pdf/
The atom (handouts)
1. Theories of atomic structure have evolved over millennia from ancient Greek philosophers to modern scientific experiments. John Dalton proposed atoms as the basic building blocks of matter in 1803 based on laws of chemical combination.
2. In the early 20th century, experiments revealed atoms have smaller subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 established that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, with electrons in orbits around the nucleus.
3. Niels Bohr's 1913 model visualized electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun, which explained atomic spectra. Later models like Erwin Schrödinger's 1926
Chapter 4 atomic structure
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 on atomic structure:
1) It describes early atomic theories from Democritus and Dalton, including Dalton's postulates that atoms are indivisible and atoms of different elements have different properties.
2) Modern research has shown atoms are composed of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. Experiments by Thomson, Millikan, Rutherford and others led to discoveries about these particles and the nuclear model of the atom.
3) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons. Atomic mass is an average that takes isotopic abundance into account. The periodic table organizes elements based on repeating atomic properties.
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Atoms molecules chemical bonds and carbohydrates lipids
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Chemical Bases of Life-Chapter Number #30-mcgraw-hill-higher-education, from ...
Chemical Bases of Life-Chapter Number #30-mcgraw-hill-higher-education, from ...
some basic concepts of chemistry class 11 study material pdf download
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More from Mónica
Temas 1 -2 Estructura y dinámica de la Tierra
El documento describe los métodos para estudiar la estructura interna de la Tierra, incluyendo métodos directos como observación de rocas y sondeos, e indirectos como mediciones gravimétricas y sísmicas. Explica que la Tierra tiene una corteza, manto y núcleo, y que la teoría actual integra un modelo dinámico y uno geoquímico. Finalmente, introduce la teoría de la tectónica de placas, donde la litosfera se divide en placas que se mueven e interactúan en sus bordes.
Unit 5 Nervous and endocrine systems
The nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate and coordinate the body's interactions with the environment and maintain homeostasis. The nervous system uses electrical signals conducted through neurons to transmit information quickly. The endocrine system uses hormones secreted by glands to regulate processes more slowly. Disruptions to these systems can cause diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, bulimia/anorexia, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, and gigantism.
Tema 9 Estructura de los ecosistemas
El documento describe las adaptaciones de los seres vivos a los factores ambientales y las relaciones entre organismos dentro de los ecosistemas. Explica que las especies se adaptan a factores como la disponibilidad de agua, temperatura, luz y oxígeno a través de mecanismos morfológicos y fisiológicos. También describe las poblaciones como grupos de organismos que interactúan y las comunidades como conjuntos de poblaciones que conviven en un hábitat, estableciendo relaciones entre ellas como mutualismo, depredación y competencia
Temas 6 y 7 Genética mendeliana y humana
El documento resume los principios básicos de la genética de Mendel, incluyendo las tres leyes de la herencia de Mendel y cómo explican la transmisión de caracteres hereditarios a través de las generaciones. También describe conceptos clave como los alelos, los genotipos, los fenotipos y la determinación del sexo, así como anomalías en la herencia como la herencia ligada y la influencia del sexo.
Unit 4 Circulatory and excretory systems
This document provides an overview of the circulatory and excretory systems. It begins with standards and an index of topics to be covered, including the circulatory system, blood composition and circulation, the heart, blood vessels, and illnesses of the circulatory system. It also discusses the lymphatic system, excretory system, kidneys, urinary tract, urine formation, and illnesses of the excretory system. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels, as well as the nephron in the kidney.
Temas 14-15 LA NUTRICIÓN Y RELACIÓN EN ANIMALES
En 3 oraciones:
El documento resume los sistemas de nutrición y digestión en animales, describiendo la evolución de la digestión desde intracelular en organismos simples hasta extracelular en animales complejos, con órganos digestivos diferenciados. Explica los procesos de ingestión, digestión, absorción y egestión en diferentes filos, así como la estructura y función del aparato digestivo y glándulas anexas en vertebrados. También resume los jugos digestivos segregados y sus enzimas respectivas.
Tema 1. Tectónica de placas
Este documento resume la teoría de la tectónica de placas. Explica que la corteza terrestre está dividida en placas litosféricas que se mueven, creando y destruyendo la corteza oceánica en las dorsales y fosas respectivamente. También describe la deriva continental de Wegener y cómo la teoría de placas resolvió las deficiencias de su teoría original al explicar los mecanismos de movimiento de los continentes. Finalmente, resume el ciclo de Wilson que describe cómo se abren y cierran los océan
Tema 9 Histología vegetal y animal
Este documento describe los principales tipos de tejidos vegetales y animales. En las plantas se describen los tejidos meristemáticos, parenquimáticos, de sostén, conductores, protectores y secretores. En los animales se describen los tejidos epiteliales, conectivos, musculares y nerviosos, haciendo énfasis en los tejidos conectivos como conjuntivo, adiposo, cartilaginoso, óseo, sanguíneo y linfático. Se detallan las características celulares y funcionales
Temas 12 - 13. NUTRICIÓN, RELACIÓN Y REPRODUCCIÓN EN PLANTAS
Este documento resume las funciones de nutrición, relación y reproducción en las plantas. Explica que las plantas obtienen nutrientes del suelo a través de las raíces y los transportan por el xilema hacia otras partes de la planta gracias a la transpiración y tensión-cohesión. Realizan la fotosíntesis en los cloroplastos para producir su propio alimento. Se reproducen sexualmente y se relacionan con el medio a través de hormonas como las auxinas y citoquininas que regulan su crecimiento y desarrol
Proyecto de ciencias
El documento describe cómo construir un volcán de papel maché en 3 pasos: 1) usar una botella de agua como base y envolverla con cartulina para darle forma cónica, 2) empapar tiras de papel en una mezcla de harina, agua y pegamento y aplicar varias capas sobre la cartulina hasta darle una forma rugosa, y 3) dejar secar, pintar y decorar el volcán para que parezca realista.
UF6 FUNCIÓN D ERELACIÓN
Este documento describe la función de relación en el cuerpo humano. Explica que los receptores captan los estímulos internos y externos y envían esa información a los centros de coordinación que coordinan las respuestas. Las respuestas se ejecutan a través del sistema nervioso, que es rápido, y el sistema endocrino, que es más lento. También describe los diferentes tipos de receptores, como el sistema nervioso, los órganos de los sentidos y el sistema locomotor.
UF5 2. APARATOS PARA LA NUTRICIÓN II
Este documento describe el aparato circulatorio y excretor del cuerpo humano. Explica que la sangre transporta sustancias por los vasos sanguíneos impulsada por el corazón. Describe los componentes de la sangre, los vasos sanguíneos, el funcionamiento del corazón, la circulación sanguínea y el sistema linfático. También explica que los riñones, las vías urinarias y otros órganos eliminan desechos del cuerpo a través de la orina, el sudor y la respiración.
UF5 aparatos para la nutrición I
El documento resume el funcionamiento del aparato digestivo y respiratorio en humanos. El aparato digestivo transforma los alimentos en nutrientes a través de la digestión mecánica, química y absorción. El aparato respiratorio toma oxígeno del aire y elimina dióxido de carbono a través de la inspiración, intercambio gaseoso en los pulmones, y espiración. Ambos sistemas cumplen funciones vitales de nutrición y respiración en seres humanos de manera coordinada.
UF4. Nutricion y alimentacion
Este documento trata sobre la alimentación y la nutrición. Explica que la nutrición es el proceso por el cual el organismo obtiene materia y energía de los alimentos ingeridos. Los diferentes tipos de nutrientes incluyen agua, sales minerales, glúcidos, lípidos y proteínas. También describe la pirámide de alimentos adaptada a la dieta mediterránea y las recomendaciones calóricas diarias para chicas y chicos. Finalmente, ofrece consejos sobre hábitos nutricionales saludables como
UF3 La salud y la enfermedad
Este documento describe los conceptos clave de la salud y la enfermedad. Explica que la salud se define como un estado de bienestar físico, mental y social, y que está influenciada por factores biológicos, ambientales y de estilo de vida. También describe los tipos de enfermedades, las vías de transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas, y cómo el organismo se defiende contra las enfermedades a través de la inmunidad innata y adquirida. Por último, explica cómo las vacunas, sueros y medic
Unit 7 Earth's dynamics
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and related geological phenomena. It discusses the three main types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries form trenches and mountains, divergent boundaries form ocean ridges and create new lithosphere, and transform boundaries involve lateral plate movement. Plate tectonics theory holds that plate interactions cause volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The document also examines earthquakes, seismic risk maps, and volcanoes, defining key terms and risks associated with each.
Unit 6 Earth's structure
This document provides information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the four main spheres (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere). It details the layers of the Earth's interior including the crust, mantle, and core. It explains how the lithosphere is composed of tectonic plates that move and interact at plate boundaries. It also discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and how they are formed by volcanic, pressure-related, and sediment-based processes respectively.
Unit 5 Ecosystems
This document provides an overview of ecosystems and ecological concepts. It defines key terms like ecosystem, biotope, biocenosis, abiotic and biotic factors. It describes trophic levels, food chains and webs. It also explains different relationship types within ecosystems like competition, predation, parasitism and mutualism. Finally, it introduces different biomes and their characteristic climates and locations around the world. The objectives are to learn how ecosystems function and the interactions between living and nonliving components within specific biomes globally.
Unit 4 The reproduction function
This document discusses reproduction in plants and animals. It covers asexual reproduction methods like budding and fragmentation as well as sexual reproduction involving gametes and fertilization. In plants, sexual reproduction can involve alternation of generations where spores form a gametophyte that produces gametes. Flowering plants use pollination and development of seeds and fruits. Animal reproduction is mostly sexual, involving gamete formation, internal or external fertilization, and embryonic and post-embryonic development. Some animals undergo metamorphosis during indirect development.
Unit 3 The interaction function
The document discusses the interaction function in organisms. It describes how organisms detect stimuli through receptors, coordinate responses through nervous or endocrine systems, and carry out responses through effectors. Specifically:
1) Organisms detect environmental changes and stimuli through receptor organs like eyes, ears, and skin.
2) The nervous system captures signals rapidly and coordinates responses through neurons, while the endocrine system produces hormones to trigger slower, longer-lasting responses.
3) Effectors then carry out the responses through actions like muscle movement, secretions, and behavior changes.
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Unit 1: The atoms
- 1. UNIT 1: THE ATOMS
- 8. Can be Found in nature as Found in nature as