The document provides an overview of the historical development of atomic models from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum theory. It discusses early theories proposed by Empedocles, Democritus, and Aristotle. It then outlines key contributions from alchemists, Boyle, Priestley, Lavoisier, Cavendish, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Moseley, and Chadwick that led to modern atomic structure including the discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The document also defines important atomic concepts like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and how to determine the number of each subatomic particle in an atom.