This document provides information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the four main spheres (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere). It details the layers of the Earth's interior including the crust, mantle, and core. It explains how the lithosphere is composed of tectonic plates that move and interact at plate boundaries. It also discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and how they are formed by volcanic, pressure-related, and sediment-based processes respectively.

1. UNIT 6. EARTH’S
STRUCTURE

2. UNIT OBJECTIVES
 To learn what the Earth is like.
 To understand the Earth’s changes.
 To learn about the Earth’s dynamics and rock
formation.

3. A DESCRIPTION OF THE EARTH
LAYERS OF
THE
EARTH
BIOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
GEOSPHERE

4. THE RELIEF
LAND
RELIEF
SUBMERGED
RELIEF
The emerged
parts
(Continents and
islands)
Mountai
n ranges
Plains
Continent
al
platforms
Abyssal
plains
Ridges
Trenche
s
Oceanic extensions
with a continental
shelf.
The ocean floor.
Underwater
mountain
ranges
Deep narrow
depressions

7. ACTIVITIES
1. Match:
a) Biosphere 1-All the gases on the Earth
b) Atmosphere 2-It’s made of rocks
c) Hydrosphere 3-All the water on the planet
d) Geosphere 4-All the living things on the
planet
2. Complete the diagram

8. 3. Fill in the blanks:
a) The emerged zones of the geosphere are
called______ and________
b) ________ __________are formed by mountains
whicj lie along a large area.
c) _____________ are formed by flat areas.
d) The___________ __________ are areas at a lower
level that the landforms around them.

9. THE LAYERS OF THE
GEOSPHERE
THE CRUST
THE
MANTLE
THE CORE
-The outer
layer.
-Solid hard
rocks
Oceani
c crust
Continent
al crust
-The middle
layer.
-Malleable and
molten rocks
-The deepest layer.
-It’s made of iron
and nickel
Outer
core
Inner
core
Molten
rocks
Solid
rocks
It creates
the oceans
It creates the
continents

10. EARTH STRUCTURE

12. THE LITHOSPHERE
 It’s made up of solid rocks.
 It’s formed by the Earth’s crust and the upper part
of the mantle.
 Two types:
 Continental litosphere.
 Oceanic litosphere.
 The litosphere is not a continous layer.
 It’s divided into fragments called litospheric
plates (tectonic plates)
 Plate boundaries are
 Oceanic ridges
 Oceanic trenches
 Large mountain ranges

13. LITHOSPHERIC PLATES

14. ACTIVITIES
4. True or false? Correct them.
a) The Earth’s crust is made up of elastic rocks.
b) The earths’s crust can be continental or oceanic.
c) The mantle is the thinnest layer of the geosphere.
d) The core is made up of the outer core which is solid,
and the inner core which is molten.
5. Write the name of all the tectonic plates.
6. Write down the name of two continents which
are almost completely on a single plate.

15. THE EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
 The internal heat is called geothermal energy.
 It increases with depth.
 The convection currents:
 The hot rocks from the deep mantle rise to the
surface.
 The cold rocks from the upper mantle sink to the
deeper zones.

16. ACTIVITIES
7. Fill in the blanks:
The Earth’s internal energy is called______ _______
and it creases with______.
This energy produce some cyclic displacements
called_______ _______, in which very hot rocks from
the ______ mantle become less______ and they rise to
the________, while the rocks in the ______ mantle
which are ______ sink to the deeper zones.

17. ROCK FORMATION
TYPES OF ROCKS
MAGMATIC
METAMORPH
IC
SEDIMENTAR
Y
Volcanic
rocks
Plutonic
rocks
Lava solidifies
quickly on the
surface. Tiny
crystals.
Magma solidifies
slowly inside the
crust.Big crystals.
Formed
by
magma
Formed by
crushed rocks
by pressure
and
temperature
Formed by
atmospheric
and
hydrospheric
dinamics
- The sediments
accumulate and are
compressed.
- They can contain
fossils.

18. MAGMATIC ROCKS
 Examples of Volcanic: Basalt, Obsidian, Pumice
 Example of Plutonic: Granite, Diorite, Gabbro

19. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 Examples: Slate, Marble, Schist

20. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Examples: Sandstone, Limestone, Conglomerate

21. ACTIVITIES
8. Match:
a) They can contain fossils 1) Volcanic rocks
b) They cool down very quickly 2) Plutonic rocks
c) They have been exposed to 3) Sedimentary rocks
strong pressure and temperature 4) metamorphic rocks
d) They cool down very slowly
9. Answer the questions:
a) What rocks are formed by the action of inner dynamics of
Earth?
b) What rocks are formed by the action of the external
dynamics of Earth?
c) What is the name of the layers where sedimentary rocks
are usually found?
d) Where are plutonic rocks formed?

22. 10. Julia was walking in the country and she
picked up a rock. This rock was from part of a
Wall of rock where several layers could be seen.
She realized that the rock had the shape of a snail
on it. What type of rock was it? Explain your
anwer.
11. Which layer is it?
a) It’s the thickest layer of the geosphere.
b) It’s made up of molten metals.
c) It’s the coldest and thinnest layer.
d) This layer is made up of metals and it’s solid.
12. True or false? Correct them.
a) The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the
mantle.
b) Spain and China are located on the same tectonic
plate.

23. 13. Match:
a) Ridges 1) Large fragments of
lithosphere
b) Geosphere 2)Underwater mountain ranges
c) Lithosphere 3) The solid part of the Earth
d) Tectonic plates 4) Formed by the crust and
upper mantle.
14. Match:
a) Slate 1) Volcanic rocks
b) Sandstone 2)Metamorphic rocks
c) Granite 3) Sedimentary rocks
d) Pumice 4) Plutonic rocks