1) Biology is the science that studies living organisms, including their ability to reproduce, feed/metabolize, and respond to stimuli.
2) Living things are organized in levels from atoms to tissues to organs to systems to whole organisms. Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and organ systems combine to form complete living organisms.
3) There are two main types of cells - eukaryotic cells with nuclei and prokaryotic cells without. The human body contains many types of specialized cells organized into four main tissues: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
We used this presentation after students investigated what happened when mixing vinegar and baking soda. Students researched what happened and reported to the class. This was a follow-up to clarify a few points.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
We used this presentation after students investigated what happened when mixing vinegar and baking soda. Students researched what happened and reported to the class. This was a follow-up to clarify a few points.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY is the study of the structure of the
body and of the relationship of its constituent
parts to each other.
In regional anatomy a geographical study is
made and each region, e.g., arm, leg, head,
chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of
structures common to all regions such as bones,
muscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on.
From this study it follows that a number of
different systems exist.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
Under the microscopeCORE273 Summer2019What is Biology.docxouldparis
Under the microscope
CORE273 Summer2019
What is Biology?
Biology is a word derived from the Greek words bios, meaning “life”, and logos meaning “study”.
Therefore biology is defined as the science and study of life and living organisms.
An “organism” is a living entity consisting of one cell (bacteria) or several cells (plants, animals, fungi).
https://www.ntnu.edu/biology/about-us/what-is-biology
2
Characteristics of Living things
Made of different molecules than non-living things.
Carbon atoms form bonds with other atomic elements.
Molecules result: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Require energy and raw materials.
Intake of above molecules offers energy and building blocks of cells.
Have a metabolism.
Breaks down/builds up molecules into/from atoms (respectively).
Living things will grow, reproduce, and evolve.
Characteristics of Living things
Respond to their environment and maintain homeostasis.
Necessary to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
Systems present in any organism must respond to internal/external stimuli.
Make adjustments to compensate for stress on other systems.
Negative Feedback Loops
Controlled Variable is the factor being monitored.
Sensors keep “tabs” on if these factors are at their “set points”.
Control Center gathers information and determines appropriate actions.
Effectors are activated by control center to carry out necessary response.
Characteristics of Living things
All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
A single cell is the smallest unit exhibiting all characteristics of life.
Often divided by internal structural organization:
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound “nucleus” and have few “organelles” (i.e.; bacteria)
Eukaryotic cells do have a membrane bound nucleus and many organelles with different functions (i.e.; plants, animals, fungi)
Inside our human Cells
Nucleus is the “brain”; directs activities via DNA.
DNA molecules contain our genetic information.
Organelles are “little organs”
Ribosomes: produce proteins.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: produces proteins via ribosomes that are on membrane.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: produces primarily lipids; no ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus: refines, ships, and packages products from both endoplasmic reticula.
Mitochondria: “powerhouse”. Produces energy in the form of ATP molecules.
Cells of the body
While the internal structure remains fairly similar between cells of the body, cells can differ in external structure.
The form (shape/size) of a cell will greatly influence it’s overall function.
Neurons are long and thin for fast communication between cells.
Muscle cells have special segments that shorten to allow the tissue to contract.
Tissues of the body
Groups of similar cells come together to form tissues.
There are four primary types of tissues:
Epithelial: covers body cavities, lines organs, and surfaces.
Glandular epithelium secretes products.
Connective: supports and connects.
Loose, d ...
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 6 | TissuesBiswarup Majumder
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Biology is available in PDF format which you can download easily. Here is the most accurate and detailed Biology NCERT solutions for Class 9th CBSE textbook for free of cost.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next solution. Thanks.
High quality research requires high ethical standards. Learn about Research Ethics basics in the UK and NewZealand. These guidelines are likely to apply to most European and American institutions with the exception of the Treaty of Waitangi.
This 3-page document contains definitions and examples of offences and defenses in English Common Law and applies to Commonwealth countries like the UK, NZ and Australia. Useful for beginner Law and Forensic Psychology students.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPTS
BIOLOGY MADE SIMPLE
“If you can’t explain it simply enough, you didn’t understand it well enough” (Albert Einstein)
2. What is Biology?
Biology is the science that studies everything that is alive, or put more academically, Biology is the science that
studies living organisms.
Living organisms are those that can do the following 3 things:
1) Reproduce:
Ability to generate other living organisms similar to themselves. This function is important for the perpetuation of
the species since the lifespan of living organisms is limited. The ability to reproduce resides in the nuclei of the
cells, in the DNA.
2) Feed:
Ability to metabolize - that is, to extract, transform and use - the energy from nutrients in the environment in
order to grow and perform vital functions. The process of metabolism involves the creation (anabolism) and
destruction (catabolism) of substances. During anabolism the living being obtains substances with which it builds
its own molecules to grow. Anabolism consumes energy. During catabolism the products obtained in the previous
stage are destroyed releasing energy to maintain vital functions.
3) Relate to the environment:
Ability to receive stimuli and react to them.
3. The Organization of Life
(or levels of organization)
Living organisms (or beings) are like buildings. If
you want to construct a building you need bricks.
Many bricks put together with mortar form a wall,
several walls will form a room, several rooms will
form an apartment and several apartments will form
a building.
Likewise, many buildings form a district, many
districts form a city, many cities form a country,
many countries form continents, and they all form
the Earth.
Now back to living organisms: The bricks are the
atoms. Several bricks with mortar are a
molecule, a whole wall is a tissue, the room is an
organ, the apartment is a system (or group of
organs) and the building is the living organism
(that is, you!).
You and others form a population, the population
in their environment (or ecosystem) is called a
community, and everything put together is the
Earth and the atmosphere or biosphere. Nice.
Source: www. worldpress.com
4. From an Atom to a Tom
If you chop something many, many, maaany times, there will come a time when you cannot make it any smaller
and this is called “atom”. Atom means “not divisible” [or “can’t be made any smaller”]. That was true for a long
time until someone spoiled it with the development of the electron microscope that showed that atoms are made
of 3 particles: a nucleus made of protons and neutrons, and orbiting particles called electrons. It’s pretty much like
the Earth and the Moon but often with several Moons.
Imagine you are chopping off a can of soft drink and a ring made of gold. The can is made of aluminium and the
ring, well..., of gold. Aluminium and gold are substances (more fancily known as “elements”). The smallest you
could make the can would be an atom of aluminium and the smallest you could make the ring would be an atom of
gold. Put differently, an atom is the smallest possible piece of an element that retains all the properties of that
element.
There are a bit over 100 elements but only 6 of them make up most of what exists on Earth. The acronym
CHNOPS stands for Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. The acronym goes from
most to least common of the most common elements (hope you got that). Put several elements (atoms of one
type) together and you’ll have a compound (molecule). Examples of compounds (or molecules) are water (2
hydrogens + 1 oxygen) and salt (1 sodium + 1 chloride).
Cells are made of many different molecules. Cells of the same kind form tissues. For example cells with stretchy
fibres inside form a tissue called the muscle. Cells with lots of calcium form a tissue called the bone. An organ like
the stomach is made of several tissues (muscle, epithelial and nerve tissues). A system is made of several organs
working towards the same end. For example the heart, arteries, veins, the thorax, and specific nerves form the
cardio-vascular system. Put all the systems together (cardio-vascular, respiratory, gastro-intestinal, etc.) together
and you’ve got an organism (or a being, and they often have names like Mary or Tom. This explains the silly
header of this section: From an atom to a Tom...).
5. Classification of Cells
We already know what it means to be alive: To be able to reproduce, feed, and relate to the environment.
Knowing this, we can say that the cell is “the smallest living thing” or that the cell is ” the smallest unit of
life “
There are 2 types of cells based on whether their nucleus has a membrane (eukaryotic cells) or not
(prokaryotic cells). Animal cells (that is, human cells) are eukaryotic. Below are 2 images of an animal
cell.
All living organisms are made of cells. One kind of cell makes one kind of tissue. Only bone cells can make
bone tissue, only muscle cells can make muscle tissue, etc. Our bodies have many different kinds of cells
because we have many different kinds of tissues. Tissues are groups of cells all doing the same job.
Animal cell for beginners Animal cell for pros
6. Classification of Tissues
There are 4 major kinds of tissues: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue.
The job of the epithelial tissue is to shield the body and protect it from injury and infection. The skin
and the lining of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, bronchi, etc. are made of
epithelial tissue.
Connective tissue supports our bodies like an internal scaffold. Bone, cartilage, and fatty tissues are
types of connective tissues. The blood is a special type of connective tissue. It is a liquid tissue.
Nerve tissue is the information network of our bodies. Nerves send information from one part of our
body to another. Nerve cells, or neurons, have many short thin branches (dendrites) and one long fat
branch (axon) that connect one cell to another.
Muscle tissue can contract and relax. There are 3 types of muscle tissue: Striated, smooth, and cardiac.
The striated muscle tissue is attached to the bones and allows us to move whenever we want to, that’s
why it is also called voluntary muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue makes involuntary muscles move.
Involuntary muscles move on their own and we could not make them move if we wanted to. These
muscles are inside hollow organs - like the intestine- behind the epithelium. Cardiac muscle tissue is the
type of tissue that makes our heart pump.