The document discusses the composition and structure of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and volume, and discusses the basic components of atoms including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains how elements are made up of atoms with distinct numbers of protons, and how atoms can bond to form compounds. The periodic table is introduced as a way to organize the elements based on their atomic structure.

2. Composition of Matter

3. Matter is anything having mass and volume. The Study of matter and how it changes CHEMISTRY Mass- the amount /quantity of matter in an object Mass is measured with a balance ,unit is grams mass is related to weight but isn’t the same thing. weight is dependent upon gravity. mass never changes Volume- anything that takes up space, unit L, cm 3 , mL is Everything is made of matter.

4. IS AIR MATTER? Does air have mass? Does air have volume? YES, to both, so air is matter yes

5. NO IS HEAT MATTER? Does heat have mass? Does heat have volume? no, to both, so heat is not matter

6. NO IS LIGHT MATTER? Does light have mass? Does light have volume? No, to both, so light is not matter

7. IS EMOTION MATTER? Does emotion have mass? Does emotion have volume ? No, to both, so emotion is not matter. NO

8. ELEMENTS Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simple kinds of matters. Examples: O, N, H,

9. ELEMENTS Natural elements = 92 Man-made elements = 11 Total elements = 103 96% of all living things is made of only 4 elements C arbon (18%), H ydrogen (10%) O xygen (65%) N itrogen (3%) C H O N

10. Compounds Compound a pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements. H 2 0 Molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds Chemical Bonds: 1. Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Example: H 2 0 = water 2. Ionic bonds are formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Example: NaCl = Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)

11. Vocabulary ATOM -An atom is the smallest unit that maintains the characteristics of an element Nucleus - The center of the atom, contains protons and neutrons Electron Cloud –Region surrounding the nucleus containing the electrons

12. The Atom

13. The Atom

14. Protons Neutrons Nucleus

15. http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Rapids/1111/adamsfamsong.htm Chorus: They are so small. (Snap, snap) They’re round like a ball. (Snap, snap) They make up the air. They’re everywhere. Can’t see them at all. (Snap, snap) 2nd Verse: Together they make gases, And liquids like molasses, And all the solid masses, The Atoms Family Chorus: They are so small. (Snap, snap) They’re round like a ball. (Snap, snap) They make up the air. They’re everywhere. Can’t see them at all. (Snap, snap) Chorus: They are so small. (Snap, snap) They’re round like a ball. (Snap, snap) They make up the air. They’re everywhere. Can’t see them at all. (Snap, snap) 1st Verse: They’re tiny and they’re teeny, Much smaller than a beany, They never can be seeny, The Atoms Family. 3rd Verse: Neutrons can be found, Where protons hang around; Electrons they surround The Atoms Family.

16. The Nucleus Proton- A positively charged sub-atomic particle (+). The number of protons is the same as the atomic number The atomic mass Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom . Li 3 7 The atomic mass The Atomic Symbol

17. The Nucleus Neutrons –A sub-atomic particle in the nucleus --Neutron do not have a charge (0) To calculate the number of neutrons in an element… The atomic mass - The atomic number The number of neutrons Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom . Li 3 7 The atomic number The atomic mass The atomic symbol

18. The Atom

19. The Electron Cloud Electrons- The number of electrons equals the number of protons Sub-atomic particle with a negative charge (-) Valence Electrons The outer most electrons Valence electrons are responsible for bonding

20. Bohr Model The first shell can have 2 electrons The second shell can have 8 electrons

21. Shells and the Electron Cloud 16

23. The Periodic Table The Periodic Table first discovered in 1869 by Dmitry I. Mendeleyev, is an arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by increasing number of atomic number . Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom.

24. Periodic Table Nonmetals : are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metalloids are elements that form a bridge between metals and nonmetals. Nonmetals Metals Metals Nonmetals Metalloids

26. Periodic Table Groups- Arranged by the number of valence electrons Groups are the vertical rows (1-18) .Determine the number of electrons in the outshell. Each group has similar bonding properties Periods -Arranged by increasing atomic weight Periods have the same number of shells. Periods are the horizontal rows (1-7).Determine how many energy shell that elements have Example:Group 1…1 valence electron Group 2…2 valence electrons Group 3…3 valence electrons Example: Period 1…1 valence shell Period 2…2 valence shells Period 3…3 valence shells

28. Periodic Table Periods go across on the periodic table Periods have the same number of “shells” 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

29. Periodic Table Groups go down on the periodic table Elements in the same group, have the same number of valence electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7

30. Noble Gas All the elements of Group 18, the noble gases , have full valence shells. This means they do not need to react with other elements to attain a full shell, and therefore much less reactive than other groups. Helium is the most inert among the noble gas. 18

31. Halogens In Group 17, known as the halogens , elements are missing just one electron each to fill their shells. Therefore, in chemical reactions they tend to acquire electrons (the tendency to acquire electrons is called electronegativity ). This property is most evident for fluorine (the most electronegative element of the whole table

32. THE PERIODIC TABLE the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom , molecule , or other physical structure The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom .

33. In the center is the nucleus and surround it is the electrons

34. Electron Configuration of Oxygen

35. Electron configuration of Scandium

36. Let’s look at a few elements… Hydrogen 1= Proton 1= electron

37. Let’s look at a few elements… Helium 2=protons 2=neutrons 2=electrons

38. Let’s look at a few elements… Lithium 3=protons 4=neutrons 3=electrons

39. Let’s look at a few elements… Fluorine 9=protons 10=neutrons 9=electrons

40. Let’s look at a few elements… Argon 18=protons 22=neutrons 18=electrons

41. Animation of element arrangement http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Krypton.gif

43. Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions Cations (positively-charged ions) and anions (negatively-charged ions) are formed when a metal loses electrons, and a nonmetal gains those electrons. The electrostatic attraction between the positives and negatives brings the particles together and creates an ionic compound, such as sodium chloride. A metal reacts with a nonmetal to form an ionic bond. You can often determine the charge an ion normally has by the element’s position on the periodic table : Read more: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/positive-and-negative-ions-cations-and-anions.html#ixzz12tgqJuZm

47. Possible number of electrons in shells Rules for diagram SHELL ELECTRONS 1 2 2 8 3 4 16 32

48. Resources http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson36.htm (e configuaration) http://www.ausetute.com.au/econfig.html (e configuration) http://education.jlab.org/atomtour/ (note) http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/3-atoms.htm http://www.micromountain.com/sci_diagrams/at_struct/at_struct_pages/naanim.html (Na structure)