This document discusses reproduction in plants and animals. It covers asexual reproduction methods like budding and fragmentation as well as sexual reproduction involving gametes and fertilization. In plants, sexual reproduction can involve alternation of generations where spores form a gametophyte that produces gametes. Flowering plants use pollination and development of seeds and fruits. Animal reproduction is mostly sexual, involving gamete formation, internal or external fertilization, and embryonic and post-embryonic development. Some animals undergo metamorphosis during indirect development.

1. UNIT 4. THE
REPRODUCTION
FUNCTION

2. UNIT OBJECTIVES
 To learn what reproduction is.
 To study asexual and sexual reproduction in
plants.
 To understand the alternation of generations in
seedless plants.
 To learn about asexual and sexual reproduction
in animals.

3. STOP AND THINK
 What’s the life cycle?
 Why do we reproduce?
 Can we exist forever?

4. 1. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
It’s the ability of living things to create other living
beings similar or identical to them.
Types of
reproduction
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
-Only one individual.
-The descendants are
identical to the parent.
-Ex: Bacteria
-Two individuals produce
gametes. The union of
gametes produces the zygote
(new being)
-The descendants are a
mixture of both parents.
Ex: Mammals

5. OVUMSPERM
ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION:
It increases diversity.
ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION:
It produces many descendents
in short time.

7. CELLULAR DIVISION OR CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
 It’s the process where a mother cell produces
two or more daughter cells.
TYPES OF CELLULAR
DIVISION
BINARY
FISSION BUDDING SPOROGENESIS
The mother cell
divides into two
daughter cells of
identical size. Ex:
Bacteria, protozoa.
The mother cell
divides into two
daughter cells of
different size. Ex:
Yeast
The nuclei of mother
cell divides many
times and they form
spores. Ex: Fungi

12. ACTIVITIES
1. Answer the following questions:
a) What kingdom does yeast belong to?
b) How does it reproduce?
c) Give the name of a food in which yeast is used.

13. ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS
BUD FORMATION
or VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATION SPORES
The new plant
comes from buds in
roots, stems or
leaves grow from
the plant.
The new plant
comes from a
fragment of the
mother plant.
The new plant
comes from spores
(sporangia).
Ex: Moss and fern
Stolons Ex.Strawberries
Tubers Ex.Potatoes
BulbsEx. Onions
TYPES

14. BUD FORMATION
FRAGMENTATION
SPORANGIA

15. ACTIVITIES
2. Write the differences between bud
formation and fragmentation.
3. Match:
a) Budding 1. Strawberry
b) Fragmentation 2. A rose bush
c) Stolons 3. Bacteria
d) Binary fission 4. Yeast

16. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN
SEEDLESS PLANTS
 Spore asexual reproduction alternates with gamete
sexual reproduction. Ex. Ferns

17. 1. Spores are
formed in the
sporangia.
2.The spores
form the
gametophyte.
The
gametopphyte
produce
gametes.
3. The
fertilisation
produces the
zygote.
1
2
3
4
4. The development of the zygote produce a
sporophyte.

19. ACTIVITIES
4. Write the following characteristics in the
appropriate place:
-The offspring are all identical.
-It’s complex.
-Diversity increases.
- Many offspring in short time.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

20. 5. True or false? Correct them.
a) Asexual reproduction only takes place in plants.
b) Reproduction allows the perpetuation of species.
c) The offspring in sexual reproduction are identical to their
parents.
6. Complete.
Type of
reproduction
Number of
daughter cells
What daughter
cells are like
Examples

21. STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
SPERMATOPHYTES
1
2
3
4
5
6

22. THE FLOWER
It’s made up of sepals.
(Green leaves)
It’s made up of petals.
(Coloured leaves)
Male reproductive organ, with
stamens (formed by filaments and
anthers, where pollen grains are.
Female reproductive organ.
It’s made up of ovary, style
and stigma.

23. PARTS OF A
FLOWER

24. PARTS OF THE
FLOWER
FUNCTION
CALYX It protects the internal organs.
COROLLA It attracts animals for pollination.
ANDROECIUM Male reproductive organ.
Stamen: Anther It’s where pollen grain develops.
Stamen: Filament It holds the anther.
Pollen grains They contain the male gametes.
GINOECIUM Female reproductive organ.
Stigma It receives the pollen.
Style It connects the stigma and the
ovary.
Ovary It produces and contains the
ovules

25. ACTIVITIES
7. Label the parts of the flower.

26. 8. Match:
a)Stigma 1) It protects the internal organs
b)Anther 2) It receives the pollen grains
c) Corolla 3) It’s where pollen grains develops
d) Calix 4) It attracts insects for pollination

27. POLLINATION: The transfer of the pollen grains from
the anthers to the stigma.
To the same flower:
Self-pollination
To another flower:
Cross-pollination

32. ACTIVITIES
9. What’s the difference between self-pollination
and crossed-pollination?
In self pollination pollen grains go to the same
flower and in crossed pollination pollen grains go
to another flower.
10. What are the types of pollination? Give an
example of each one.

35. THE FORMATION OF THE SEED AND
THE FRUIT

37. ACTIVITIES
12. True or false? Correct them.
a) The ovary develops and forms the seed.
b) The zygote develops and forms the fruit.
c) The fertilisation is the union of the male and female
gametes.
d) The stigma connects the style and the ovary.
e) The androecium is the female reproductive organ.
f) The ginoecium is the male reproductive organ.
g) The filament holds the anther.

38. DISPERSION AND GERMINATION OF
SEEDS
THE FRUIT AND
THE SEED
Can be
dispersed
By the wind
By animals
By water
By expulsion
GERMINATION
Seed absorbs water and use
nutrients from endosperm.
The seed coat breaks: Cotyledons,
roots and stem grow.
A new plant is formed.
1
2
3

44. ACTIVITIES
13. What are the four types of seed and fruit
dispersion? Give an example of each one.
14. Answer these questions:
a) What are the cotyledons?
b) How are called the nutrients inside the seed?
15.Complete the sentences with these words:
pistil-fruit-cotyledons-nectar-stamen-calyx
a) The_______ is made up of green sepals.
b) The sweet _____attracts insects to facilitate pollination.
c) The_______ is the male reproductive organ.
d) The______ is the female reproductive organ.
e) The______ protects the seed.
f) The_____ are leaves which contains food reserves for the
new plant.

45. REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS
SEXUAL
It’s not usual.
Budding Fragmentation
Types
It grows a
bud on the
surface
and
creates a
new
individual.
Ex: Hydra
The parent
divides into
two fragments
and generate
new
organisms. Ex:
Planarians
ASEXUAL
It’s very common
Formation of gametes,
fertilisation, development of
zygote.

47. FORMATION OF GAMETES
They produce spermatozoa and ova.
UNISEXUAL
SPECIES
Females and males
have different
reproductive organs.
(Testicles and
ovaries)
Ex: A cat
HERMAPHRODITE
SPECIES
The same
individual
has female
and male
reproductive
organs.
Ex: A
snail

48. FERTILISATION
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
It occurs
outside of the
reproductive
system of the
female.
Ex: Fish
It occurs inside
of the
reproductive
system of the
female.
Ex:Terrestrial
animals

49. EXTERNAL
INTERNAL

50. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZYGOTE
Two stages
EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
POST-
EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
Until the
individual is born.
When the
individuals become
adult
OVIPAROUS
VIVIPAROUS
OVOVIVIPAROUS
Animal develops inside the
egg, in the environment.
Animal develops
inside the uterus
Animal develops inside the
egg, inside the female.
DIRECT: The
offspring is
similar to the
adult, but smaller.
INDIRECT: The
larva is different
to the adult. A
transformation
called
metamorphosis.

52. METAMORPHOSIS

53. ACTIVITIES
16. Complete:
a) The new plant created from a fragment from the
mother plant is called________________
b) The union of the spermatozoa and the ova outside the
female reproductive organ is called____________
c) The new-born individual becomes adult is
called____________
d) The seed’s embryo grows and develops, becoming a
new plant is called____________

54. 17. True or false? Correct them.
a) In sexual reproduction, two special cells called
spores, join together to create a cell called
embryo.
b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by budding.
c) Most animal species are hermaphrodites.
d) Metamorphosis occurs in direct post-embryonic
develipment.
e) After fertilisation, the ovary forms the seed and
the ovum forms the fruit.