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Ch 4 power point 08 09

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Esther Herrera

This document provides a summary of chapter 4 on atomic structure: 1. It discusses early atomic theories from Democritus and Dalton, including Dalton's four postulates that atoms are indivisible, identical for a given element, combine in fixed ratios, and reactions involve rearrangement not destruction of atoms. 2. It describes the discovery of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. The nuclear model places the protons and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons orbiting. 3. Key terms are defined including atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. Isotopes are varieties of the same element that differ in neutron number.

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Ch. 4: Atomic Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.1 Defining the Atom ,[object Object],4.1 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction. Philosophers and scientists have proposed many ideas on the structure of atoms.
Early Models of the Atom ,[object Object],4.1 “ Everything is made up of a few simple parts called atomos.” Atomos means “uncuttable” in Greek. He envisioned atomos as small, solid particles of many different sizes and shapes. Democritus’s ideas were limited because they didn’t explain chemical behavior and they lacked experimental support. His ideas were rejected because Aristotle supported *the “earth, air, water, and fire” concept of matter. ,[object Object]
John Dalton, 1803 (1808?) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Early Models of the Atom ,[object Object],4.1 ,[object Object]
Early Models of the Atom ,[object Object],4.1 ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-i/matter/daltons-atomic-theory.php
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued…tutorvista comments
Sizing up the Atom ,[object Object],4.1 Iron Atoms Seen Through a Scanning Tunneling Microscope Anton van Leeuwenhuek (1632-1723) discovered the light microscope that can magnify up to 1000x. In 1931, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope. The limit to an electron microcope is 1,000,000x. In 1981, Gerd Benning and Heinrich Rohrer developed the atomic force microscope, the STM (scanning tunneling microscope) being one, that can magnify more than 1,000,000,000x.
4.1 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.1 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.2 Structure of the Nuclear Atom ,[object Object],4.2 Three kinds of subatomic particles are electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Subatomic Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4.2
Subatomic Particles ,[object Object],4.2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Subatomic Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],4.2 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Subatomic Particles ,[object Object],4.2
The Atomic Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4.2
The Atomic Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object],4.2 ,[object Object]
The Atomic Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4.2
4.2 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.2 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.2 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.3 Distinguishing Among Atoms ,[object Object],4.3
The Periodic Table—A Preview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4.3
The Periodic Table—A Preview ,[object Object],4.3 Period goes across
The Periodic Table—A Preview ,[object Object],4.3 Group, or family, goes down
Atomic Number ,[object Object],[object Object],4.3
Practice #1 (on worksheet)
Mass Number ,[object Object],[object Object],4.3
Isotopes ,[object Object],[object Object],4.3 ,[object Object]
 
Isotopic notation ,[object Object],[object Object],Mass number = p + n (in the nucleus) E A Z Element symbol Ex: An atom of carbon with 7 neutrons: An atom of lead with 125 neutrons: 13 C 6 207 Pb 82
Mass Number ,[object Object],4.3 How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does a gold atom have? The atomic number is 79. Therefore, there are 79 protons and 79 electrons. The mass number is 197, which is the total number of protons and neutrons. Therefore, 197-79= 118 neutrons.
Practice #2 (on worksheet)
Atomic Mass ,[object Object],[object Object],4.3 ,[object Object]
Atomic Mass ,[object Object],4.3 A weighted average mass reflects both the mass and the relative abundance of the isotopes as they occur in nature.
Atomic Mass ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],4.3 Silver is found in two isotopes with atomic masses 106.9041 and 108.9047 amu, respectively. The first isotope represents 51.82% and the second 48.18%. Determine the average atomic mass of silver. (106.9041)(.5182)= 55.398 (108.9047)(.4818)= 52.470 55.398 + 52.470 = 107.868 amu
4.3 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.3 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.3 Section Quiz ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What you need to know: Chapter 4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Ch 4 power point 08 09

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Editor's Notes

  1. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, an element is composed of only one kind of atom, and a compound is composed of particles that are chemical combinations of different kinds of atoms. a) Atoms of element A are identical. b) Atoms of element B are identical, but differ from those of element A. c) Atoms of elements A and B can physically mix together. d) Atoms of elements A and B can chemically combine to form a compound. Interpreting Diagrams How does a mixture of atoms of different elements differ from a compound?
  2. According to Dalton’s atomic theory, an element is composed of only one kind of atom, and a compound is composed of particles that are chemical combinations of different kinds of atoms. a) Atoms of element A are identical. b) Atoms of element B are identical, but differ from those of element A. c) Atoms of elements A and B can physically mix together. d) Atoms of elements A and B can chemically combine to form a compound. Interpreting Diagrams How does a mixture of atoms of different elements differ from a compound?
  3. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 101 OBJ: 4.1.1
  4. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 103 OBJ: 4.1.3
  5. In a cathode-ray tube, electrons travel as a ray from the cathode (-) to the anode (+). A television tube is a specialized type of cathode-ray tube.
  6. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 104 OBJ: 4.2.1
  7. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 107 OBJ: 4.2.2
  8. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 108 OBJ: 4.2.2
  9. Au is the chemical symbol for gold. Applying Concepts How many electrons does a gold atom have?
  10. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 112 OBJ: 4.3.1
  11. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 111 OBJ: 4.3.2
  12. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 116 OBJ: 4.3.3