This document describes three types of anaerobic composting: the Bangalore method, Coimbatore method, and Chinese pit method. The Bangalore method involves layering organic refuse and night soil in trenches, covering with soil, and leaving undisturbed for 6-8 months. The Coimbatore method layers farm wastes in pits under shade for 1 month before turning and aerobic decomposition over 4 months. The Chinese pit method alternates layers of materials in pits, maintains a water layer, and turns the materials over 3 months to produce compost.
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Bio- composting is a natural process in which microorganisms are breaks the organic waste matter into valuable humus . Humus is rich in nutrients that are required by plants to their growth.
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Bio- composting is a natural process in which microorganisms are breaks the organic waste matter into valuable humus . Humus is rich in nutrients that are required by plants to their growth.
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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4. Anaerobic composting
• Decomposition occurs in absence of oxygen.
• Anaerobic microorganisms dominate.
• Produce intermediate compounds – methane, organic acids, hydrogen
sulphide etc.
• These substance have strong odour and some are toxic.
• Involves 3 groups of microorganisms:
• Methanobacteria
• Methanococcus
• Methanospirillum
5. • Bangalore method:
• Developed at IISc, Bangalore by Acharya in 1939.
• Composting substrate are not turned.
• Suitable in areas with scanty rainfall.
• Time involved in production of compost is much longer.
6. Steps:
• Trenches or pits of 1m depth, convenient length and breadth are dug.
• Organic refuse, night soil and urine are put in alternate layers.
• At first, 15 cm of organic refuse added at bottom of trench/pit.
• 5 cm layer of night soil is spread over refuse layer.
• Alternate layering is carried out until the pit is full.
• Now, these layers of wastes/pit are covered with 15 – 20 cm of refuse above the
ground level.
• Pit is left undisturbed (without turning) for 3 months – reduction in the volume of
wastes.
• Alternate layers of refuse and night soil are added again on top of reduced contents.
• Now the pit/trench is ultimately covered with a layer of soil in a dome shape – to
prevent entry of unwanted organisms in compost and also helps to prevent moisture
losses from compost.
• For initial 8 – 10 days, aerobic composting takes place while, anaerobic composting
takes place at a slower rate thereafter.
• Compost will be ready in six to eight months.
7. Nutrient composition of Bangalore composting method:
• Nitrogen = 1.5%
• Phosphorus = 1%
• Potassium = 1.5%
Advantages:
• Compost is protected from altering weather conditions
• Problems such as breeding of flies, moisture loss prevented
• No need of turning
• Protected from rains
Disadvantages:
• Long time for the stabilization of materials
• Need more load space
• Expensive to follow
8. Coimbatore method:
• Introduced by Manickam in 1967.
• Composting occurs mainly in trenches/pits under shade.
• In the initial stage of composting, anaerobic decomposition takes place and
it is followed by aerobic decomposition.
• Raw materials - Farm wastes (weeds, straw, leaves), Vegetable refuse,
Animal dung, water
• Pit size - Length: 3.6 m, Breadth: 1.8 m
9. Steps:
• A layer of farm wastes and vegetable refuse is spread at the bottom of the pit up to 15 - 20
cm
• A thin layer of wet cow dung (about 5 cm) is spread over the dry wastes.
• Water is sprinkled to make sure the materials are well moistened. The pit should have 50-
60% moisture to carry out the Coimbatore method of composting.
• This process of filling is continued until the mass reaches the height of 0.6 m above the
ground level.
• Now the mass is covered with a layer of mud to favor the anaerobic decomposition.
• Now the pit is left undisturbed for 1 month. Meanwhile, the mass gets flatten due to the
decrease in the volume of the mass (due to decomposition).
• Now a turning is given after removing the mud plastering over the heap.
• Hereafter aerobic decomposition takes place. Within 4 months of time process of
composting will be completed and the compost will be ready to use.
• Meanwhile, water can be sprinkled to maintain the moisture in the pit.
10. Chinese pit method:
• Composting is carried out in corner of field in circular or rectangular pits.
• Pits are filled layer by layer – each layer – 15 cm thick
• 1st layer – green manure
• 2nd layer – straw
• 3rd layer – animal dung
• Layers are alternated until the pit is full.
• Then it is plastered with mud.
• Water layer of 4 cm depth is maintained on surface – to create anaerobic conditions.
• First turning – 1 month after filling and superphosphate is added.
• 2nd turning – 2nd month
• 3rd turning – 2-3 weeks after 2nd turning
• Material allowed to decompose for three months.
• Produces about 8 tonnes of compost per pit.
11. References
• Misra RV, Roy RN and Hiroaka H. 2003. On-farm composting methods.
FAO Publications.
