Vermicomposting is a method of using earthworms to convert organic wastes like crop residues into a nutrient-rich compost called vermicompost. Earthworm species like Eisenia foetida and Erudrilus evegeniae are commonly used. The earthworms physically aerate, crush, and mix the materials while chemically degrading and biologically stimulating decomposition. Vermicompost contains higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than traditional composts. The vermicomposting process involves layering organic materials and bedding in a pit or heap, maintaining suitable moisture, temperature, and aeration conditions for the earthworms to feed and produce castings, which
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Bio- composting is a natural process in which microorganisms are breaks the organic waste matter into valuable humus . Humus is rich in nutrients that are required by plants to their growth.
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Bio- composting is a natural process in which microorganisms are breaks the organic waste matter into valuable humus . Humus is rich in nutrients that are required by plants to their growth.
Vermitechnology means rearing of earthworms. earthworm is friend of farmer. earthworm is doing a great job and also produced a good organic manure is called vermicompost. vermicompost is a biofertilzer. which is enhancing soil qualities. This is explained earthworm biology, importance and preparation of vermicompost, vermiwash, panchgavya and their importance.
Vermiculture and Vermicomposting ppt/ slideshareBharath S R
1. VERMICULTURE
Vermis = worm, cultura = growth
Composting done with the help of earthworms is known as vermicomposting
The habitat, habits, nutrition,
reproduction of different
earthworms differ, hence the
need to select the proper species
for the given need
2. IMPORTANT ASPECTS
Habits & habitat
Found everywhere expect sandy soil and soil deficient in humus
Found in upper layers of slightly damp soil
One acre of land = 50,000 earthworms on an average
3. Nutrition
Feed on dead organic matter
Secretions of the intestinal tract release the plant nutrients in simple forms in the form of castings
Castings contain 5-11 times of available N, P and K
4. Organic wastages that is paper waste, garden waste, industrial waste contribute negative impact on the environment.
Vermicomposting method is fully utilized to manage the wastes towards a more sustainable approach.
The worms that are used in the vermicomposting are Eisenia foetida and Eudrillus euginae.
With the help of earthworms, organic waste is subjected to decomposition and compost is formed and it is good manure for growth of plant with a permissible NPK values.
5. PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING PROCESSES
The organic material present in the municipal wastes can be converted to stable from either aerobically or anaerobically.
In case of aerobic decomposition micro-organisms oxidized organic compounds to CO2, NO2 .& NO3.
Here carbon is used as source of energy and nitrogen is recycled. This is an exothermic reaction, hence temperature rises.
In case of anaerobic decomposition organic compounds while metabolizing nutrients breakdown by the process of reduction where CH4 & CO2 are released with small amount of energy.
This is an endothermic reaction where temperature doesn’t raise much.
6. Advantages of Vermicomposting:
• Least expensive method.
• It works relatively low temperature which is helpful.
• To destroy pathogens.
• It improves the pH of the soil. Earthworm is having characteristics of changing acidic or alkaline soil to neutral soil. Waste land can also be converted to fertile land.
• Vermicomposting increases the soil texture, soil aeration, fertility and soil moisture and reduces in the water requirement in long run.
• The optimal carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio is available in vermicomposting, which determines the quality of compost.
7.
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
Vermicomposting
1. VERMICOMPOST TECHNOLOGY
• An emerging technology for recycling of crop
residues and other organic solid wastes by the
utilization of earthworms to convert them into
vermicompost.
2. Vermicomposting:
• Vermis = worm, cultura = growth
• Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with
the use of earthworms, which generally live in soil, eat
biomass and excrete it in digested form.
• The end product of vermicomposting is vermicompost.
• It contains N (1.2-1.6%), P₂O₅ (1.8-2.0%) & K₂O (0.5-
0.75%)
• Earthworm consume large quantities of organic matter
and excrete soil as cast.
• VERMICULTURE: A Scientific method of breeding
and raising earthworms in controlled condition.
4. Earthworm is physically an aerator,
crusher, mixer, chemically a degrader and
biologically a stimulator in the
decomposer system.
5. Nutrient composition in
vermicompost:
S. No Nutrient Content
1 Organic carbon 9-17%
2 Total nitrogen 1.5-2.1%
3 Total phosphorus 1-1.5%
4 Total potassium 0.60%
5 Ca & Mg 22-70 me/100g
6 Available S 128-548 ppm
7 Copper 100ppm
8 Iron 1800 ppm
9 Zinc 50 ppm
6. Favourable conditions of Earthworms
in the composting materials:
• pH range between 6.5-7.5 (Neutral)
• Moisture- 60-70%
• Aeration- 50%
• Temperature- 18°C-35°C
10. Procedure:
• Mostly prepared in either pit or heap method in a
shady area in the farm.
• Dimensions: 10x4x2 feet
• 1st layer- bedding material of 1inch thick with soft
leaves
• 2nd layer- 9inch thick organic residues layer finely
chopped materials
• 3rd layer- Dung + water equal mixture of 2inches
layer
• Continue the layers up to ground level.
• Regular watering should be done.
11. Procedure: contd
• At the day of 24th, 4000 worms are introduced in to
the pit.(1m²- 2000 worms)
The temperature at the beginning may reach up to
66˚C. Hence introduction of the earthworms should
be done after 2-3 weeks.
After the heap cools down, holes should be dug and
50-100 earthworms should be dropped in each hole
• After a few days earthworms will begin consuming
the organic matter and leave rich castings behind.
12. Harvesting of the vermicompost
from the pit:
• Stop watering before 1 week of harvest.
• All the worms spread across the pit come in closer
and form balls in 2 to 3 locations in side the pit.
• Heap the compost by removing the balls.
• Then the material is sieved in 2mm sieve, the
material that passed through the sieve is called
vermicompost.
• Store the vermicompost in polythene bags.
15. Turn over:
• Turn over of the compost is 75%.
• The total material accommodated in the pit is
1000kg; the out turn will be 750kg.
Conversion rates:
• 1000 earth worms may convert 5kg waste
materials per day.
• 1000 worms weighs about a kilogram.
16. Application rate
• It can be applied in any crop at any stage, but it
would be more beneficial if mixed in soil after
broadcasting.
• The rate of application is as
Field crops 5-6 t/ha;
Vegetables 10-12 t/ha;
Flower plants 100-200 g/sq ft;
Fruit trees 5-10 kg/tree.
17. Advantages of vermicompost
• Vermicompost is a rich source of nutrients, vitamins,
enzymes, antibiotics and growth hormones. So it gives
disease resistance to plants.
• Nutrient content of vermicompost is higher than
traditional composts.
• It is a valuable soil amendment.
• Vermicompost harbors certain microbial populations
that help in N fixation and P solubilization.
• Its application enhances nodulation in legumes and
symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with the roots.
18. Advantages of vermicompost
• Superiority of vermicompost over other synthetic
growth media is more pronounced in plant nurseries.
• It can be used as rooting medium and for establishment
of saplings in nurseries.
• It improves taste, lusture and keeping quality of the
produce.
• It has immobilized enzymes like protease, lipase,
amylase, cellulase and chitinese which keep on their
function of biodegradation of agricultural residues in the
soil so that further microbial attack is speeded up.
• It does not have foul odour as is associated with
manures and decaying organic wastes.
