This document discusses organic composting. It defines compost as organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as fertilizer. Compost is made by collecting plant materials like leaves and food scraps and letting them decompose with bacteria and fungi. There are two main types of composting - cold composting which is slower, and hot composting which is faster but requires more maintenance. The document also outlines various methods of composting including aerobic, anaerobic, vermicomposting, turned piles, aerated static piles, and in-vessel composting. Compost provides important nutrients and improves soil health.
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Composting presentation of Amandeep Singh Marahar, Student of MGC Fatehgarh S...AmandeepSingh1590
I'm student of Mata Gujri College Fatehgarh Sahib, Sirhind (Punjab).
My district is Sangrur (Punjab),Teh - Dhuri, Village - Ghanaur kalan.
I'm Student of Masters of Fruit Science.
Mobile no. 6284235755
This slide is all about compost . composting is the method to put life in the soil. It fertilizes the soil and provide a new growth to plants . it is a proper media for seedling and start cutting
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ORGANIC FARMING : COMMON ORGANIC MANURES SMGsajigeorge64
A brief account of common organic manures - Bone meal, cow dung, poultry wastes, oil cakes, organic mixtures, compost and vermicompost, vermiwash , advantages and disadvantages of composting & vermicomposting.
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
Solid Waste Compost Plant - DCC Infra, Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials into dark substances. A Thai substance called humus is a wonderful conditioner for soil. Organic Waste Composter, Organic Waste Composting, Waste Composting Machine, Organic Waste Composter, Composting Machine, OWC Machines
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Organic compost
1.
2. Organic compost
Represented To:
Dr. Abdulrahman
Represented By:
Muhammad Shahzad Alam
BAGF14E301
Department of Agronomy
University college of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
4. Compost
“Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed
and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment”.
•Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming.
•End product of the decomposition of organic matter.
7. Introduction
Organic Compost is usually made by gathering plant
material, such as leaves, grass clippings, and
vegetable peels, into a pile or bin and letting.
It decompose as a result of the action of aerobic
bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.
Composting is an ancient agriculture technology
going back to biblical time that still has importance in
modern agriculture.
8. Conti…
Compost enables dairymen and livestock owners to
reduce the volume of manure leaving their operation.
provides a source of nutrients and organic matter for
surrounding farms.
11. Cold composting
•Cold composting is one of the easiest forms of
composting.
•Many beneficial nutrients in cold compost remain
uncompromised by high temperatures.
• The process is slower.
•Once established, the cold composting bins will provide
you with a continuous supply of lawn and garden food.
13. Hot composting
• A hot pile requires enough high-nitrogen materials to
get the pile to heat up.
• Microbial activity within the compost pile is at its
optimum level, which results in finished compost in a
much shorter period of time.
• It requires some special equipment, as well as time
and diligence.
14. Conti…
Temperatures rising in a hot-compost pile come from
the activity of numerous organisms breaking down
organic matter.
18. 1. Aerobic composting
• This means to compost with air.
• Organic waste will break down quickly and is not
prone to smell.
• This type of composting is high maintenance, since it
will need to be turned every couple days to keep air in
the system and your temperatures up.
19. Conti…
• It is also likely to require accurate moisture
monitoring.
• This type of compost is good for large volumes of
compost.
21. 2. Anaerobic composting
• This is composting without air.
• Anaerobic composting is low maintenance since
you simply throw it in a pile and wait a couple
years.
• Compost may take years to break down.
• Anaerobic composts create the awful smell most
people associate with composting.
• The bacteria break down the organic materials into
harmful compounds like ammonia and methane.
23. 3. Vermicomposting
• This is most beneficial for composting food waste
with worms.
• Oxygen and moisture are required to keep this
compost healthy.
• This is medium maintenance compost since you need
to feed your worms and monitor the conditions.
25. Methods of composting
Four method are useful for on-farm composting.
The passively aerated static pile method
The aerated static pile method
The turned pile method.
The in-vessel method.
26. Turned pile method.
• A unit pile is about 5(l)
×1(w) ×1(h) m3 in size.
• Straw is stacked in layers of
20 cm height, 1 m width, and
5 m length to form a pile.
• The pile is sprinkled with
water (Plate 1) for adequate
moisture content, followed by
addition of a FYM layer 5
cm high.
1. Compost pile in preparation
27. 2. The pile is covered with a
plastic sheet after attaining
the desired height
• And the sprinkling of a
few handfuls of urea
(100-200 g).
• EM solution is
sprinkled to accelerate
aerobic decomposition.
28. • The pile is turned after
two weeks (Plate 3)
and then again after
another week.
• Normally, the
compost is ready two
weeks later when the
heap has cooled down
and the height of the
pile has fallen to about
70 cm.
3.The pile is being turned
30. Aerated Static Pile
Composting
In aerated static pile composting, organic waste is
mixed together in one large pile instead of rows.
To aerate the pile, layers of loosely piled bulking
agents (e.g., wood chips, shredded newspaper) are
added so that air can pass from the bottom to the top
of the pile.
The piles also can be placed over a network of pipes
that deliver air into or draw air out of the pile.
Air blowers might be activated by a timer or a
temperature sensors.
32. In-vessel composting
In-vessel composting generally describes a group of
methods that confine the composting materials within
a building, container, or vessel.
In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or
plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow
and temperature can be controlled, using the
principles of a "bioreactor".
33. Conti…
Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried
tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under
pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through
a biofilter, with temperature and moisture conditions
monitored using probes in the mass to allow
maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition
conditions.
35. Application of Compost
Five to seven tons of compost per acre is a generally
acceptable rate of application for field dispersal.
Intensive garden situations can use up to 10 tons per
acre.
36. 18 in
For a developed field, compost integration should be
no deeper than eight inches.
8 in
37. Compost should
be applied in the
spring prior to
planting
Midseason as an
amendment side
dress
And in fall prior
to cover
cropping
Compost should be applied 3 times…
39. Conti…
Recycles waste material on site.
Adds large amounts of humus to soil.
Increases soil fertility and stabilizes elements such as
nitrogen.
Hugely increases biological activity in soil.
Creates outlet for potentially harmful excess of raw
manure in animal based agriculture.
Compost is a wonderful example of alchemy,
changing waste material into vitally important
materials.
40. Conclusion
In organic cropping systems, compost provides a
primary source of nutrients for the crop.
In conventional cropping systems, compost provides
a supplementary nitrogen source that compliments
fertilizer nitrogen to provide a more sustainable
farming system.
Compost enables dairymen and livestock owners to
reduce the volume of manure leaving their operation
and provides a source of nutrients and organic matter
for surrounding farms.