This document discusses anaerobic composting techniques. It describes three main methods - the Bangalore method, Coimbatore method, and Chinese pit method. The Bangalore method involves layering organic residues in trenches without turning for 6-8 months, resulting in bulkier compost. The Coimbatore method uses turning after 2 months in pits for faster decomposition over 6-7 months. The Chinese pit method alternates layers in circular or rectangular pits with turnings after 1-2 months for compost in 3 months. Anaerobic composting eliminates pathogens and weeds but results in lower nutrient content than aerobic methods.
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Composting presentation of Amandeep Singh Marahar, Student of MGC Fatehgarh S...AmandeepSingh1590
I'm student of Mata Gujri College Fatehgarh Sahib, Sirhind (Punjab).
My district is Sangrur (Punjab),Teh - Dhuri, Village - Ghanaur kalan.
I'm Student of Masters of Fruit Science.
Mobile no. 6284235755
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Anaerobic composting
1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
BENGALURU.
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, HASSAN.
COURSE : COMMERCIAL COMPOST PRODUCTION
CMA 406 (0+5)
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Bhyrappanavar, Professor and Head Vivek. S
Dr. Jayaramaiah. R . Associate Professor ALH5089
Dr. Pramod. G, Asst. Professor IV Bsc (Ag)
Dr. Naveenkumar. B. T, Asst. Professor COA, Hassan.
Dept. Of Agronomy, COA Hassan.
3. COMPOSTING
• The process of decomposing the organic waste is called
composting.
• The decomposed material is called compost.
• It is essentially a microbiological decomposition of organic
residues collected from rural area or urban area.
• Composting can be carried out under both aerobic and
anaerobic condition.
4. Anaerobic composting
• In this decomposition occurs in the absence of oxygen or
under the limited supply of oxygen.
• Anaerobic microorganisms dominate.
• They produce the intermediate compounds like methane,
organic acids, hydrogen sulphide and other substances.
• These substances have strong odour and some are phytotoxic.
• It is a low temperature process.
5. Anaerobic Microbiology
• The anaerobic microbiology mainly involves three group of
microorganisms.
• They are –
Methanobacterium
Methanococcus
Methanospirillum
• In microbiology they are of different types such as Cocci,
Bacilli, Spirilli and sarcina.
6. Anaerobic Composting techniques
Bangalore Method:
• This method of composting was developed at IISc, Bangalore
by Acharya in 1939.
• Composting substrate are not turned.
• This method is suitable in areas with scanty rainfall.
• Time involved in production of finished compost is much
longer.
7. Steps Involved:
• Trenches or pits of 1m depth, convenient length and breadth
are dug.
• Organic residues and dung and urine soaked mud are put in
alternate layers.
• These layers are repeated in order at least 1.5-2m above
ground level.
• It is left exposed without covering for 15 days.
• Then it is plastered with earth or mud of 1cm thick.
• It takes about 6-8 months to get finished product.
• It is the bulkiest compost.
8. The size of the pit may be decided based on
number of cattle
No of cattle Length (m) Breadth (m) Depth (m)
2 – 5 6.5 1 1
6 – 10 8 1.2 1
11 – 20 10 1.4 1
>20 10 1.6 1
9. MERITS:
• Turning not required.
• Simple and easy to manipulate.
• Efficient use of moisture.
• High manure recovery.
• Pathogen and weed free manure.
DEMERITS:
• Long duration.
• Low nutrient recovery.
10.
11. Coimbatore method:
• Dig the pit of 1.2m width, 0.9m depth and 5 -7m length in a
shady place.
• Farm waste are spread on bottom of the pit.
• Apply the cow dung slurry and 1 kg of powdered bone meal
uniformly over it.
• Fill the trench in the same way until material rises 50 cm
above the ground level.
• Sprinkle the water at regular intervals.
• The material is taken out of the pit after 2 months.
• Water is sprinkled and thoroughly mixed.
12. • Then it is heaped under the shade and left undisturbed.
• Occasionally sprinkle the water over it.
• The compost will be ready in 6 – 7 months.
• Rate of decomposition is faster as the turnings are given.
• Nutrient content is high.
• Here anaerobic decomposition is followed by aerobic
fermentation.
13. Chinese pit method:
• Here composting is carried out in corner of the field in circular
or rectangular pits.
• The pits are filled layer by layer each layer being 15cm thick.
• First layer is of Green manure.
• Second later is of Straw.
• Third layer is of Animal dung.
• These layers are alternated until pit is full.
• Then it is plastered with the mud.
14. • The water layer of 4cm depth is maintained on suface.
• This creates anaerobic condition.
• First turning is given 1 month after filling and Superphosphate
is added.
• Second turning is given after second month.
• Third turning is given 2-3 weeks after second turning.
• The material is allowed to decompose for three months.
• It produces about 8 tonnes of compost per pit.
15. CONCLUSION
• Composting helps in the bioremediation of wastes.
• It provides inputs for Sustainable agriculture.
• Anaerobic composting helps in eliminating the weed seeds
and pathogens.
• The nutritive value is less compared to synthetic fertilizers.
• Compared to Aerobic decomposition the energy and CO2
released in Anaerobic decomposition is less.
16. COMPOST IS LIKE INFORMATION...
IT DOES NO GOOD UNLESS YOU SPREAD IT
