Vermicomposting is a process that uses earthworms to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer. It involves collecting organic materials like food waste and cow dung and layering them in a bin with soil and worms. The earthworms eat the organic matter and excrete nutrient-dense castings. After around 24 days, the raw materials are fully converted into vermicompost by the earthworms. Vermicompost is a valuable organic fertilizer that is rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and improves soil structure, fertility, and plant growth.
Organic matter.
They are substances which are added to the soil to restore the productive power of the soil
They add nutrients ,organic matter required for plants and soil microbes that improve the physio chemical properties of the soil
They also counter act the toxic effect of certain chemicals in the soil
Vermiculture is the scientific process of culturing of worms in producing vermicompost. Vermicompost is nutrient rich worm castes. Worm castes is excreted product of worms which obtain in provides organic/biodegradable as a food source for worms. These vermicomposting method is very perfect for producing biofertilizers. Advantages and Disadvantages are mentioned here.
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Vermiwash is a liquid fertiliser, a foliar spray, collected by passing water in a regulated way through a column of active live local earthworms being cultured in a container, being fed with cattle dung and straw.
ORGANIC FARMING : COMMON ORGANIC MANURES SMGsajigeorge64
A brief account of common organic manures - Bone meal, cow dung, poultry wastes, oil cakes, organic mixtures, compost and vermicompost, vermiwash , advantages and disadvantages of composting & vermicomposting.
Organic matter.
They are substances which are added to the soil to restore the productive power of the soil
They add nutrients ,organic matter required for plants and soil microbes that improve the physio chemical properties of the soil
They also counter act the toxic effect of certain chemicals in the soil
Vermiculture is the scientific process of culturing of worms in producing vermicompost. Vermicompost is nutrient rich worm castes. Worm castes is excreted product of worms which obtain in provides organic/biodegradable as a food source for worms. These vermicomposting method is very perfect for producing biofertilizers. Advantages and Disadvantages are mentioned here.
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Vermiwash is a liquid fertiliser, a foliar spray, collected by passing water in a regulated way through a column of active live local earthworms being cultured in a container, being fed with cattle dung and straw.
ORGANIC FARMING : COMMON ORGANIC MANURES SMGsajigeorge64
A brief account of common organic manures - Bone meal, cow dung, poultry wastes, oil cakes, organic mixtures, compost and vermicompost, vermiwash , advantages and disadvantages of composting & vermicomposting.
Symptoms of bacterial infection in plants are much like the symptoms in fungal plant disease.
They include
leaf spots,
blights,
wilts,
scabs,
cankers and a
soft rots of roots,
storage organs and fruit,
Symptoms of bacterial infection in plants are much like the symptoms in fungal plant disease.
They include
leaf spots,
blights,
wilts,
scabs,
cankers and a
soft rots of roots,
storage organs and fruit,
Farmers’ best friend, earthworm has been existent at least since the past 20 million years. Needless to say, they have been faithfully releasing the organic nutrients from the dead tissues back into the soil and thus making it available to the living organisms. They have an important roll in organic farming.
Earthworm Secret
Earthworms feed on the decaying organic matter and survive in soil. During digestion in the alimentary canal, all the organic waste gets transformed into natural fertilizer. The pH is neutral and it is an odorless organic matter. After digestion, the undigested food is excreted. There is a thin oily layer on the excreted material or casting which takes as much as two months to erode. In other words, the castings that are rich in plant nutrients are made available gradually since they are released slowly into the soil. Hence they last longer. These castings also contain microbes and hence the process of decomposition is continued through microbial action outside the body of the earthworms.
What is Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting
Biologically, it is defined as the process of turning organic debris into worm castings that play a crucial role in increasing the fertility of soil. These castings contain seven times more potash, five times more nitrogen and 1.5 times more calcium than what is found in the topsoil. In addition they have better moisture retention capacity, aeration, porosity and structure than the topsoil. The water absorption capacity of the soil is enhanced thanks to the burrowing action of the earthworm, and the organic content in the castings. Research has shown the castings to hold nine times their weight in water.
Objective of Vermicomposting Project
The main objective of vermicomposting project is to produce organic manure of exceptional quality for the organically starved soil. Agricultural wastes, wastes from dairy and animal farms are usually dumped into at places resulting in a foul mess. By vermicomposting these wastes, they are not only utilized efficiently but also help in making a value-added product.
Types of Earthworm and Classification
Study of earthworms was pioneered by Charles Darwin. Taking the cue, Barrett and George Oliver carried out an extensive study and demonstrated the benefits of earthworms in agriculture. Barrett was the first person to grow earthworms on a commercial scale.
Totally there are 386 different varieties of earthworms that have been identified that are broadly classified into 3 categories, viz. epigeic, endogeic and diageic. This classification is based on their feeding habits, habitat in soil strata, response to the soil conditions and defecation activities.
Epigeic
Thriving on soil surface, they convert the organic waste into humus very quickly.
They have a high metabolic activity but it lasts only for a limited period.
They need a huge amount of organic content as a part of their feed and thus ideal for commercial vermicompost project.
Although they a
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Bio- composting is a natural process in which microorganisms are breaks the organic waste matter into valuable humus . Humus is rich in nutrients that are required by plants to their growth.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. Vermicomposting is a process in which the
earthworms convert the organic waste into
manure rich in high nutritional content.”
Listen on to explore what is
vermicomposting and the process
involved in vermicomposting.
4. What is Vermicomposting?
Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by
using earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding
on biomass and excreting it in a digested form.
Vermiculture means “worm-farming”. Earthworms feed on the
organic waste materials and give out excreta in the form of
“vermicasts” that are rich in nitrates and minerals such as
phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and potassium. These are used
as fertilizers and enhance soil quality.
Vermicomposting comprises two methods:
Bed Method: This is an easy method in which beds of organic
matter are prepared.
Pit Method: In this method, the organic matter is collected in
cemented pits. However, this method is not prominent as it
involves problems of poor aeration and waterlogging.
6. Aim
To prepare vermicompost using earthworms and other biodegradable wastes.
Principle
This process is mainly required to add nutrients to the soil. Compost is a natural fertilizer
that allows an easy flow of water to the growing plants. The earthworms are mainly used
in this process as they eat the organic matter and produce castings through their
digestive systems.
The nutrients profile of vermicomposts are:
•1.6 per cent of Nitrogen.
•0.7 per cent of Phosphorus.
•0.8 per cent of Potassium.
•0.5 per cent of Calcium.
•0.2 per cent of Magnesium.
•175 ppm of Iron.
•96.5 ppm of Manganese.
•24.5 ppm of Zinc.
7. Materials Required
1.Water.
2.Cow dung.
3.Thatch Roof.
4.Soil or Sand.
5.Gunny bags.
6.Earthworms.
7.Weed biomass
8.A large bin (plastic or cemented tank).
9.Dry straw and leaves collected from
paddy fields.
10.Biodegradable wastes collected from
fields and kitchen.
8. Procedure
1. To prepare compost, either a plastic or a concrete tank can be
used. The size of the tank depends upon the availability of raw
materials.
2. Collect the biomass and place it under the sun for about 8-12
days. Now chop it to the required size using the cutter.
3. Prepare a cow dung slurry and sprinkle it on the heap for quick
decomposition.
4. Add a layer (2 – 3 inch) of soil or sand at the bottom of the tank.
5. Now prepare fine bedding by adding partially decomposed cow
dung, dried leaves and other biodegradable wastes collected
from fields and kitchen. Distribute them evenly on the sand
layer.
9. 6. Continue adding both the chopped bio-waste and partially
decomposed cow dung layer-wise into the tank up to a depth
of 0.5-1.0 ft.
7. After adding all the bio-wastes, release the earthworm species
over the mixture and cover the compost mixture with dry straw
or gunny bags.
8. Sprinkle water on a regular basis to maintain the moisture
content of the compost.
9. Cover the tank with a thatch roof to prevent the entry of ants,
lizards, mouse, snakes, etc. and protect the compost from
rainwater and direct sunshine.
10. Have a frequent check to avoid the compost from overheating.
Maintain proper moisture and temperature.
10. Result
After the 24th day, around 4000 to 5000 new
worms are introduced and the entire raw
material is turned into the vermicompost.
vermicompost
11. Advantages Of
Vermicomposting
The major benefits of vermicomposting
are:
1. Develops roots of the plants.
2. Improves the physical structure of the soil.
3. Vermicomposting increases the fertility and
water-resistance of the soil.
4. Helps in germination, plant growth, and crop
yield.
5. Nurtures soil with plant growth hormones such
12. Disadvantages of Vermicomposting
Following are the important disadvantages of
vermicomposting:
1. It is a time-consuming process and takes as long as six months
to convert the organic matter into usable forms.
2. It releases a very foul odour.
3. Vermicomposting is high maintenance. The feed has to be
added periodically and care should be taken that the worms are
not flooded with too much to eat.
4. The bin should not be too dry or too wet. The moisture levels
need to be monitored periodically.
5. They nurture the growth of pests and pathogens such as fruit
flies, centipede and flies.
13. •Vermicomposting turns the kitchen waste and other
green waste into dark, nutrient-rich soil. Due to the
presence of microorganisms, it maintains healthy
soil.
•Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly process that
recycles organic waste into compost and produces
valuable nutrients.
15. 1.Which of the following is a
commonly used earthworm species
for the vermicomposting process?
(a) Eisenia fetida
(b) Perionix excavatus
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
16. SOLUTION ; (c) BOTH (a) AND (b)
2.Vermicompost is used as a
biofertilizer because it is rich
in__________.
(a) Calcium
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) All of the above
17. SOLUTION; (d) ALL OF THE ABOVE
3.Which of the following are
the best worms used for
composting?
(a) Maggots
(b) Pink worms
(c) Red wigglers
(d) All of the above
18. SOLUTION; (c) RED WIGGLERS
4.The maximum temperature
required for vermicomposting
is_______.
(a) 20C to 25C
(b) 25C to 30C
(c) 30C to 35C
(d) 35C to 40C
19. SOLUTION; (c) 30C TO 35C
5.Which of the following is
true about vermicomposting?
(a) Composting using rats
(b) Composting using birds
(c) Composting using worms
(d) All of the above
