The document discusses different types and methods of composting. It describes compost as organic matter that is decomposed through the process of composting. Composting can occur aerobically or anaerobically and different microorganisms are involved at different stages of decomposition. Various methods for making compost are described, including the pit method, heap method, Indore method, and NADEP method. Factors that affect aerobic composting like oxygen, temperature, moisture, pH, and nutrients are also outlined. The key difference between aerobic and anaerobic composting is that aerobic supports faster decomposition while anaerobic can lead to emission of unpleasant gases and pathogens may remain.
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Bio- composting is a natural process in which microorganisms are breaks the organic waste matter into valuable humus . Humus is rich in nutrients that are required by plants to their growth.
Solid Waste Compost Plant - DCC Infra, Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials into dark substances. A Thai substance called humus is a wonderful conditioner for soil. Organic Waste Composter, Organic Waste Composting, Waste Composting Machine, Organic Waste Composter, Composting Machine, OWC Machines
Growing on Clay Soils; by Vegan Organic Network
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Compost:-
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called
composting .
Compost is rich in nutrients .It is used ,for example in gardens , landscaping ,
horticulture,urban , agriculture and organic farming .
Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming.
Composting:-
Composting is a natural process that turns organic material into a dark rich
substance.
By composting your organic waste you are returning nutrients back into the
soil.
Composting organisms require four important ingredients to work effectively
such as carbon,nitrogen, oxygen,water
Most efficient composting occur with an optimal carbon:nitrogen ratio of
about 30:1.
9. Microbiology of composting:-
Composting occurs by the activity of a mixed microbial community.
All microorganisms that have been said to be present during
composting ,bacteria and fungi have the highest population.
Two different groups of aerobic microorganism are involved in
composting :- the first group is the mesophilic organisms while the
second groups thermophilic organisms.
These organisms could be bacteria ,actinomycetes ,molds ,yeasts ,and
they dominate different phases of composting.
The composting process could start with a mesophilic stage where the
temperature lies between20-40 Degree Celsius.
Thermophilic stage (40-70) degree Celsius active decomposition takes
places compared with mesophilic stage.
During this stage , mesophilic organisms are killed or inactived and the
population and diversity of thermophiles and or thermotolerant
bacteria , actinomycetes and fungiincrease .
Second mesophilic stage (maturation stage)is also known as the curing
phase,comes after thermophilic stage,at this stage ,the compost is
matured.
10. Microorganisms in composting:-
Actinobacter:- necessary for breaking down paper products such as newspaper,bark etc.
Actinomycetes:- actinomycetes have been observed to have biodegradative activity ,they
secret wide range of extracellular enzymes.
They play an important role in degrading complex organics such as cellulose , lignin ,chitin and
proteins.eg:-Actinobifida chromogena.
Some lignocellulose degrading microorganisms are involved in composting .
Lignocellulose comprises polysacco, phenolic polymer,lignin.
Fungi:-molds and yeasts help that break down materials that bacteria cannot, especially lignin in
wood material.
Most fungi live in the outer layer of compost when temperature are high.eg:-Aspergillus fumigatus
Protozoa:- help consume bacteria ,fungi and mico-organic particulates.
Earthworms:- earthworms are the most important of the large physical decomposers in a
compost pile .
Erthworms ingest organic matter and digest it with the help of tiny stones in their gizzards.
The worm leave dark ,fertile castings behind .A worm can produce its weight in casting each day .
These castings are rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen , calcium , magnesium ,and
phosphorus .
11. Composting:-
WHAT CAN I COMPOST?
"Green” materials:
Grass clippings
Garden waste(except weed,seeds,
diseased plants).
Coffee grounds
Fruit and vegetable peelings
Egg shell,tea leaves.
“brown”materials:-
Leaves,straw
Yard debris
WHAT CAN’T I COMPOST?
Plastic,glass ,metal,non –
organic materials
Meat*,dairyoily products*,fatty
products*
*these materials can be composted
but risk attracting pests and
unwanted odors if not managed
properly .
Commercial compost facilities are
best suited to process these
materials.
12. Types of composting:-
Composting may be divided into two categories by
nature of decomposition process:-
Aerobic composting.
Anaerobic composting.
Aerobic composting:-This means to compost with
air.High nitrogen wastes (like grass clippings or other
material ) will grow bacteria that will create high
temperatures.organic waste will break down quickly
and is not prone to smell.
Aerobic microorganisms breaks down organic matter
and produce – carbon dioxide ,ammonia,heat,humus
etc.
Although aerobic composting produce intermediate
compounds such as organic acids ,aerobic
microorganism decompose them further.
This type of composting is high maintenance ,since it
will need to be turned every couple days to keep air in
the system and your temperature up.
Processing time is shorter .
Destroy many microorganisms that are human or plant
pathogens.
It is considered more efficient and useful than
anerobic composting for agricultural production.
13. Indore method
This method was developed by A.Howard and Y.D.WAD at institute of plant
industry,Indore India.
Urine soaked earth,scraped from cattle sheds is mixed with water and sprinkled over
the layer of wastes twice or thrice a day .
Layeringg process continued for about a fortnight .A thin layer of well decomposed
compost is sprinkled over top and the heap given a turning and reformed .
Old compost acts as inoculum for decomposing the material.
The heap is left undisturbed for about a month .Then it is thoroughly moistened and
given a turning .The compost is ready for application in another month.
size of pit:-
Breadth-6-8feet
Depth- 2-3 feet
length- 10 feet or more as per requirement
Raw material:-
Mix plant residues,weeds,sugarcane leaves,grass,wood ashes ,etc.
Animal dung,wood ashes ,water,urine soaked mud.
14.
15. Pit method
Site and pit dimension:-The site selected for the compost pit should be at
high level so that no rainwater gets in during the monsoon season;it should
be near to the cattle shed and a water source .
Access raw material.
By making the pit close to the crop waste,you can reduce the transport cost.
Not to do:- In region of low temperature .
In low rainfall
In high rainfall,water is collected in the pit .Hence the soil microorganisms
don’t get sufficient oxygen amount for activity as well as nutrients can be
washed out from rain.
17. Filling the pit
The material brought from cattle shed is spread evenly in the pit in layers 10-15
cm .on each layer is spread a slurry made with 4.5 kg dung ,3.5kg urine earth and
4.5 kg of inoculum taken from a 15 day –old composting pit .
Sufficient quantity of water is sprinkled over the material in the pit to wet it.
The pit is filled in this way ,layer by layer ,and it should not take longer than one
week to fill.
A temporary shed may be constructed over it to protect the compost from heavy
rainfall .
Turning:-The material is turned three times during the whole period of
composting ;the first time 15 days after filling the pit,the second after another 15
days and the third after another month .
At each turning,the material is mixed thoroughly , moistened with water and
replaced in the pit.
18. Advantages of pit method
Completely remove disagreeable
odor
Simple mechanism
Inexpensive
Easy to manipulate
No need of big attention
High temperature inside the pit
kills the pathogens
Disadvantages of pit method
Labor intensive
Time consuming
Cannot be practiced in high rainfall
regions.
Not enough aeration inside the pit.
19. Heap method
Sites and heap dimensions:- During
rainy seasons or in regions with
heavy rainfall ,the compost may be
prepared in heaps above ground
and protected by shed.
The basic Indore pile is about 2m
wide at the base ,1.5 m high and 2
m long .
The sides are tapered so that the
top is about 0.5m narrower in
width than the base .
20. Forming the heap
The heap is usually started with a 20 cm layer of carbonaceous material such as
leaves ,hay straw ,swadust ,wood chips .This is then covered with 10 cm of
nitrogenous material such as fresh grass ,weeds or garden plant residues ,fresh or
dry manure.
The pattern of 20 cm carbonaceous material and 10 cm of nitrogenous material is
followed until the pile is 1.5 m high and the material is normally wetted so that it
may feel damp but not soggy.
The pile is sometimes covered with soil or hay to retain heat and is turned at six –
and twelve- week intervals.In South Korea heaps are covered with thin plastic
sheets to retain heat and prevent insect breeding .
All materials may be mixed together in the pile if one is careful to maintain the
proper proportions . Shredding the material speeds up decomposition considerably
.
To hasten the process , the heap can be turned after a month . Depending on the
weather condition the compost will be ready by 2to 3 month.
21. NADEP method:-
This method facilitates a lot of composting through
minimum use of cattle dung.
Steps For NADEP method Of composting :-
selection of site:- The tank should be located
near cattle shed or farm site.
Size of pit:-The tank should be
10’(length)5’(breadth)3(height) in size.
Proper blocks and holes of 7 inches should be left on
all the four side of tank wall for the circulation of
air .
Plastering of inner wall and floor of tank should be
done by mixture of dung and mud .
22. Material required:-
Material farm residues- 1400-1500kg
Cattle dung – 90-100 kg
Dry sieved soil- 1750 kg
Water- 1500-2000 Litre
Method of filling tank-Slurry made of cow dung and water should be
sprinkled on the floor and the walls of tank.The filling of tank follows these
steps:-
1. -first layer- plant waste is filled up to height of 6 inches .This will take up at
least (100-120kg)of material .
2. Second layer- 4 kg of cowdung should now be mixed well in 125 to 150 litres
of water and sprinkled on the palnt waste in such a way that the material is
completely wet with it.More water will be required in summer for the wetting
3. Third layer – The wet cowdung sprinkled waste is cover with another 60 kg of
clean, filtered soil and water is sprinkled on it again.
23. NADEP method:-
In this way ,the tank is filled layer by layer up to 1.5 feet above the brick
level of tank.
Filled tank should be covered and sealed by 3 inch layer of soil (300-400kg).
It should also be pasted with a mixture of dung and soil.
Periodically the paste of cattle dung and water should be sprinkled to
maintain 15-20% moisture.
Second filling :-At this stage the process of first filling is repeated and again
sealed with mud and dung
After 20 days the plant residues contracts and goes down in the tank by 20-
25 inches.
Periodically the paste of cattle dung and water sprinkle to maintain
moisture 15-20%.
The entire tank is covered with a thatched roof to prevent excessive
evaporation moisture.
24.
25.
26.
27. Major factors affecting Aerobic
composting:-
Oxygen and aeration:-In aerobic composting oxygen is major limiting factor.The
growth of aerobic microbes is directly affected by the oxygen supply.lesser supply of
oxygen to compost pile can restrict the growth of aerobic microbes and leads toward
slower decomposition of raw organic material .proper aeration eliminates excessive
heat,water vapour and other gases trapped in the pile .The proper aeration in
composting can be achieved by controlling the particle size of raw material used in
composting and also with frequent turning of pile.
Temperature :- temperature is a major factor and it can be regulated by turnings
and aeration of compost.
Moisture :- the major role of moisture content in aerobic composting is to maintain
the metabolic activity of the microorganisms.proper Aerobic composting process the
moisture content should be 40-65 percent.
pH value:- optimum pH for proper microbial growth in composting pile is
recommended between 6.0 and 7.5 for most microbes.
Nutrients :- carbon ,nitrogen , phosphorus, potassium major nutrients in compost
carbon to nitrogen ratio(C:N)
Optimal -20:1( range from 20:1to 40:1)
28. Anerobic composting:-
I
In this decomposition occurs in the absence of oxygen or
under limited supply of oxygen .
Anerobic microorganisms dominate.
Produce intermediate compounds like methane,organic
acids ,hydrogen sulphide etc.
In anerobic composting four major stages takes place
such as:-
hydrolysis,acidogensis,acetogensis,methanogenesis.
Thesee substances have strong odour and some are
phytotoxic.
It is a low temperature process.so possibility of the
pathogens to remain into the compost.
Anerobic composting technique:- Bangalore method
Coimbatore method
29. Differences between anerobic and
aerobic compost:-
Anerobic compost
Decomposition:-In anaerobic
composting the composted material
held for periods of 6 months to a year
ensure to check proper decomposition
of material.
Pathogen suppression:-under anerobic
condition temperature never reaches
higher ,so the possibility of pathogens
to remain into the compost .
Emission of gases:- in anerobic
composting formation and emissions of
odour is more,due to closed system
Aerobic compost
In aerobic composting the complete
decomposition time is about 3 to 6
months.
Under aerobic condition compost pile
may attain a temperature upto 60 to
70 degree Celsius ,which is high
enough to kill pathogen present in
raw material.
In aerobic composting a frequent
supply of oxygen to heap helps to
reduce the chances of formation and
emissions of unpleasant gases.
30. Bangalore method :-
-This method is an anaerobic process, developed at the
Indian Institute of science , Bangalore by the late
Dr.C.N. Acharya in 1939.
This method is suitable for areas with scanty rainfall.
Compost is done in the trenches of 9.1m*1.8m*0.9m or
in the pits 6.1 m*1.8m*0.9m.
Steps:- trenches or pit about 1m deep are dug 1m in
breadth,and length of trenches can vary according to
the availability of land and the type of material to be
composted.
Organic residues and night soil are put in alternate
layers.The trench or pit is filled layer wise till the raw
material reaches about 50 cm above the surface.
Here 100% space of pit is used.
The pit is covered with 15-20cm thick layer of refuse
and plastered with a 2-5 cm layer of mixture of mud
and cowdung.
31. Method of filling pit :-
Plastering of pit prevents loss of moisture and fly nuisance.This method
effectively controls foul smell and kills pathogenic organisms.
C:N ratio of finished product drops to a value below 20:1 with no odour,
indicating that compost is ready to use.
Decomposition rate is slow it takes 6-8 months.
Labour requirement are less than for Indore method.
Well decomposed compost contain 0.8-1.0%N.
Merits- This method saves labour cost because there is no need of turning and
regular sprinkling of water.
Pathogen and weed free manure.
Simple and easy to manipulate.
Demerits- Long duration
Low nutrient recovery.
32. Coimbatore method :-
Developed by Manickam in 1967.
Composting is done in pits of different sizes depending on the waste material
available .
Filling of compost tank:-
First layer:- 15 cm – farm waste materials for eg :- maize stalks ,straw, cattle
shed wastes,wood powder.
Second layer:-
It is moistened with a suspension of 5-10kg cowdung in 20 to 25 litre of water
and 0.5 to 1.0 kg fine bone meal sprinkled over it uniformly.
Similar layers are laid one over the other fill the material rises 0.75 m above
the ground level
Top plastering:-
Top layer is plastered with met mud and left undisturbed for 8 to 10 weeks .
After 65-70 days plastering is then removed ,material moistened with water
,give a turning and made into a rectangular heap under shade .It is left
undisturbed for 3 months
33. Factors affecting anaerobic
composting:-
Temperature:- temperature is a major limiting factor in anaerobic
composting process . Optimum temperature considered for optimum growth
of mesophilic digester for biogas production is 35 degree Celsius.
pH:- pH is the second major factor that affect the processing of anaerobic
composting.optimum pH for anaerobic digester is considered between 6.8 to
7.2.However anaerobic decomposition process can tolerate a range of 6.5 up
to 8.0.
Substrate:- the initial substrate concentration directly influence the
anaerobic digestion and also methane gas production during anaerobic
decomposition is critically depends on initial substrate concentration.
Pathogens:- in anaerobic composting pathogens are major threats to
composting materia because there is not enough heat that can destroy the
pathogens.only way of eradication of pathogen during this process is
unavailability of oxygen that provides unfavorable condition to the pathogens
.
34.
35.
36.
37. Rapid composting methods:-
(shredding and frequent turning)
The Berkeley Rapid Composting Method:-
With this process compost can be made in 2 to 3 weeks.several important factors
essential for rapid composting :-
1. Material will compost best if it is between ½ to 1 inches in size.woody material should
be put through a grinder- for good Composting.
2. When pruning plants then cut material into small pieces with pruning shears .
3. Material to be composted should have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 30:1 – mixing equal
volumes of green plant materials and equal volumes of naturally dry plants material.
4. Materials ,which should not be added in composting pile – soil ashes from stove
,fireplace ,manure from carnivores animals.
5. Once a pile started ,do not add anything .
6. Moisture content of materials in the pile 50 %.
7. Heat – which is very important in rapist Composting,heat retention is better in bins
than open piles.
8. Compost piles needs to be turned to prevent pile from getting too hot.if it gets much
above 70 degree Celsius , microorganisms will be killed,whole process will have to start
from beginning.
38. The longer interval between turning it will take for long time for Compost to finish.
Covering of pile is necessary.as Composting near temperature drops and finally little or no heat is
produced then the compost is then ready to use.
Use of mineral nitrogen activators (North Dakota
state University hot Composting):-
Compost piles with a height of 6 feet are rasied.maximum size of the organic matter pieces should
be 6-9inches long.
If bins are constructed , dimensions of 5 *5*6feet – yield 150 cubic feet of compost .compost produce
in 4to 6 week time period.
Aerobic bacteria population high ,active 0.12 kg of actual nitrogenous fertilizer should be added per
cubic feet of dry matter.
Holes punched 4-5 into centre of the pile .this is done in stages ,phages.
Temperature should be high ,turn material every 3-4 days , decomposition faster in summer
Once compost formed no longer heat produced no smell then it is ready to use.
39. Use of effective microorganisms (EM)
EM based quick Composting
Since 1999 seven small scale organic fertilizer plants,using EM based
quick production process have been in operation in Myanmar.
Operated by WIGG ( women income generation groups).
A unit placed consists of 9 pits 6 ft*4ft*3ft enclosed by low walls and
covered with roof.
Raw materials:- cow dung – 2 portions ,rice husk- 1 portions,rice
husk- / charcoal – 1 portions,rice bran milled – 1 portions ,
accelerator- 33 litres of E M solution
Procedure :-
Firstly mix all ingredients , except accelerator .
Then make 0.5 ft layer of mixture in pit sprinkle accelerator over.
Repeat same procedure until the pit is full ,cover plastic sheet.
2-3 weeks later ,mix whole pit fertilizer is ready to us ea couple of
weeks later.
Impact- research has shown that inoculation EM culture to soil
plant ecosystem – can improve soil health growth yield , quality of
crops.