Composting is the process of decomposing organic waste to create fertilizer, primarily focusing on compost's organic value free from chemicals. Essential factors for composting include maintaining temperature (45-65°C) and ensuring aeration, with methods such as windrow and bin composting employed for efficiency. The document also highlights the use of materials like cow dung and algal ponds in the composting process.

1. COMPOSTING

3. What is Composting
 Composting is nothing but the process of
decomposition of organic contents of the
waste material.
Waste material may be one which is not
having an economic value or another that is
remained after extracting the utility value of
imperishable objects.

5.  objective of composting is lying on the
utility of the compost.
The compost after formation is used as a
fertilizer in agricultural field.
The most important consideration of using
the compost in field is its organic value i.e
the now obtained fertilizer is devoid of
chemicals which is healthy than the
conventional fertilizers that are available in
the market.

6. 2 factors are essential for composting
1. Temperature
2. Areation or oxygenation
 First, an area should be selected for the
purpose of composting which should be
located in outskirt of habitation or more
particularly to the near of agricultural field for
convenience.
 The waste materials should be gathered to
undergo composting phenomenon.

7.  The waste materials should contain more
organic content.
 The phenomenon occurs during the process is
oxidation i.e it will oxygen for undergoing
chemical equations.
Since oxidation happens, factually heat, water
and Carbon dioxide will be released.
A higher temperature range of 45-65 C is
maintained so that microbial action happens
that include the population of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes.

8. • This rich temperature establishment is due to
the heat generation by thermophilic bacteria
and should be maintained for 3 days strictly.
• Since organic matter is more concerned factor,
cow dung/manure/slurry are mostly preferred
for this purpose.
• Apart from these, other waste materials
having less organic can be used by mixing with
above materials.

9. • Hatchery waste with broiler litter has been
adjudged as an effective compost means for
reducing salmonella and E.coli populations in
the manure.

10. Different composting methods
Windrow composting

11. • In windrow method, the composting materials
are put on the ground in a straight alignment.
• The height of the windrow may be of 2-3
meter.
• Since there is the concept of oxidation in this
event, aeration is necessary on periodical
basis.
• After making windrows, aeration is performed
by bottom blowing creating negative pressure
so that the stacked foul air will be removed
and fresh air will be returned.

12. • 2 types of blowing air to oxygenate happens.
1. Bottom blowing aeration, creates positive
pressure.
2. Bottom suction aeration, creating negative
pressure.

15. BIN COMPOSTING

16.  2 types of bins
1. Continuous vertical bins (most popular)
2. Horizontal bins
 The most used method for dead animal
composting is Bin method.

17. Use of microalgae in composting
• For this algal pond is built which provide
aeration.
• The contents of the pond are mixed at the rate
of 20cm per second by paddlers.

18. Moisture % Nitrogen
(kg/tonn)
Phosphorous
(Kg/tonn)
Pottasium
(Kg/tonn)
Fresh manure 75 13 4.5 3.6
Loose manure 64 11 6.0 7.3
Broiler manure 19 32 11 13.6
Broiler litter 14.5 13.0 10.5

19. animal L biogas/kg of
volatile solid
L biogas/day Methane % Heat
value(kcal/day)
Dairy cow
(500kg)
330 1200 70 6850
Fattening
pig(50kg)
630 180 65 900
Laying hen
(2kg)
450 11 70 62

20. THANK YOU