This document provides information on mortars used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of sand, cement and water that is used as a binding agent between bricks or blocks. It discusses the requirements for a good mortar mix, including workability, strength, bond strength and durability. It also covers the different materials used in mortar such as sand, cement and additives. Mix proportions, water-cement ratios and methods of mixing mortar are also outlined.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Plastering Process (Cement/Masonry/Finishing Layer)Zelkhan
Plastering process which involve plastering on brick walls. This paper explains the mono plastering process which involve only 1 layer of plaster, rather than the usual 3 layer of plaster.
If you find these presentation to be beneficial, I would like to welcome you to donate, and support my work in Cement & Concrete Industry. Donation can be made using the following currency/medium:
Bitcoin Address: 36rb4YnbDZsXcCu7i1aXRVvy31j3GoM9YY
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What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
Brickwork & Plastering are two important aspect of construction process. What are the methods to be followed during brick work & plastering & what are the important materials.
Plaster is one of the most popular kinds of wall interior finish. Even though it originated in the mid-17th century, even today Plaster of Paris is used extensively. This compound can be used to stylize and mould any shape to decorate your homes in varied style, ranging from Victorian to French designs.
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them.[1][2] Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
In this slide there is a brief discussion about Types , Making & examples of bricks & also plastering
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
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different plaster wall finishes
how are plaster walls constructed
cement plaster finish types
different types of plaster finishes
types of interior plaster
types of plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
types of plaster ceiling finishes
types of plaster ceilings
types of plaster of paris
plaster supply stores
one of the important activities in construction work is brickwork. this presentation gives a brief outlook of brickwork masonry and plastering and waterproofing.
Plastering Process (Cement/Masonry/Finishing Layer)Zelkhan
Plastering process which involve plastering on brick walls. This paper explains the mono plastering process which involve only 1 layer of plaster, rather than the usual 3 layer of plaster.
If you find these presentation to be beneficial, I would like to welcome you to donate, and support my work in Cement & Concrete Industry. Donation can be made using the following currency/medium:
Bitcoin Address: 36rb4YnbDZsXcCu7i1aXRVvy31j3GoM9YY
EgoPay: elkhana2u@gmail.com
Perfect Money: U6071834 (USD)
Thanks.
What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
Brickwork & Plastering are two important aspect of construction process. What are the methods to be followed during brick work & plastering & what are the important materials.
Plaster is one of the most popular kinds of wall interior finish. Even though it originated in the mid-17th century, even today Plaster of Paris is used extensively. This compound can be used to stylize and mould any shape to decorate your homes in varied style, ranging from Victorian to French designs.
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them.[1][2] Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
In this slide there is a brief discussion about Types , Making & examples of bricks & also plastering
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
plastering contractors near me
interior plastering techniques
plastering walls
how to do plastering
pool plastering companies near me
plastering walls techniques
plastering drywall
plastering ceilings
types of plaster wall construction
types of plastering techniques
types of plaster ceiling finishes
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different kinds of plaster
interior plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
different types of plaster walls
types of plastering techniques
types of interior plaster
plaster types and uses
different kinds of plaster
types of plaster ceiling finishes
different plaster wall finishes
how are plaster walls constructed
cement plaster finish types
different types of plaster finishes
types of interior plaster
types of plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
types of plaster ceiling finishes
types of plaster ceilings
types of plaster of paris
plaster supply stores
one of the important activities in construction work is brickwork. this presentation gives a brief outlook of brickwork masonry and plastering and waterproofing.
Plastering type-
lime
cement
Gypsum
Plaster of paris(application)
Pointing-
Purpose & type
Morter-
preperation and type
Painting and vernishes
Type and application
White washing
Detempering
Oil paint
Wall cladding-
Material and method
Wall prepering
Glazing work
Concrete -
The most used construction material.
In here a brief about its -
Ingredients
Grades
Production &
Properties
are discussed with appropriate pictorial presentation making it quite simpler for understanding.
Quality of construction material and durability of homebuiltify
Quality is an important factor in construction process. It depends upon the material used in construction process which ultimately affects the durability of home.
Stabilized mud block (SMB) or pressed earth block is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks. If the blocks are stabilized with a chemical binder such as Portland cement they are called compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB) or stabilized earth block (SEB).
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The power point presentation is all about plaster of paris (pop) and its information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, tools, application, finishing, defects, market forms and its market rate.
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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3. Below are some web sites that may be useful
for students studying construction:-
• www.ibstock.co.uk Bricks and related sites.
• www.bca.ogr.uk British Cement Association
• www.buildingdesign.co.uk Building design services
• www.igltd.co.uk IG steel lintels.
• www.catnic.co.uk Catnic lintels.
• www.constuction-index.com Manufacturers
• www.mortar.org.uk Mortar industry association.
• www.insulation-installers.co.uk Directory and related links.
• www.trada.co.uk Timber research
• www.tra.org.uk Timber trussed rafter
• www.hse.gov.uk Health & Safety Executive.
• www.ucatt.org.uk Union of Construction Allied Trades & Technicians.
• www.cskills.org.uk ConstructionSkills.
• www.sheffield.gov.uk Planning application
information.
• www.ebuild.co.uk Self-build / land for sale etc.
5. Characteristics of Materials
General purpose mortar can consist of:
• Sand.
• Ordinary Portland cement.
• Water.
• Plasticiser.
• Retarder.
• Accelerator.
• Pigments or colouring agents.
6. Requirements of a Mortar Mix
• The main requirement of a good mortar mix is
workability.
• Bricklayers require a mortar mix which is
described as ‘fatty’. This means it hangs on the
• trowel without being sticky, it spreads easily and
it does not stiffen too quickly or too slowly.
• The mortar should meet other requirements to
ensure that it retains its strength and
• durability during the life of the brickwork or block
work.
7. These requirements include:
• Adequate compressive strength.
• Adequate bond strength between mortar and bricks.
• Durability – resistance to frost and chemical attack.
• Joints sealed against wind-driven rain.
• An attractive appearance.
• The ability of the mortar to meet these requirements will
depend upon:-
• The materials specified for the mix.
• The workmanship of the bricklayer.
• The protection of the materials and brickwork against
adverse weather.
8. SAND
Used to create the ‘bulk’ for mortar. There are two main
types of sand used for construction purposes.
WASHED BUILDING Sand (FOR MORTARS)
Pure, clean sand – has had all impurities ‘washed out’ :
e.g. soils / silts / clays etc.
GRIT Sand
Larger grain sand – used in the production of concrete
works.
SILVER sand very fine sand – used for brushing into the
joints on block paving.
9. Sand used for mortars should
pass through a 5mm sieve.
• Poorly graded sands, with single-size
aggregates, contain a greater volume of air, and
will
• require a greater amount of binding agent to fill
in the spaces between each grain and make
• the mortar workable. Mortar made from poorly
graded sand will be weaker and is more
• likely to shrink, leaving cracks into which rain
can penetrate.
11. The Silt Test for Sand
• To carry out the test, a 250ml measuring cylinder should
preferably be used.
• Fill the cylinder approximately up to the 50ml mark with a
salt/water solution (one teaspoonful of salt to 750ml of
water).
• Pour in the sand until the level is up to the 100ml mark.
• Add more salt solution until it reaches the 150ml level.
• Shake the mixture well.
• Stand the cylinder on a level surface and tap it until the
top of the sand is level.
• Leave the cylinder to stand for three hours.
• Measure the volume of the silt layer, and the volume of
sand.
12. To calculate the percentage silt
content, the following formula is
used:
13. SPECIAL CEMENTS
• As previously discussed cement is mostly made from
Limestone, Shale and Gypsum. It is used as the ‘binding
agent’ in mortars and concrete.
• The most widely used cement was developed in 1824 by
John Aspdin, using a limestone called Portland Stone.
This commonly used cement is known as Ordinary
Portland (O.P.) cement.
• O.P. cement is mainly used for concrete mixes but may
be used for bricklaying. If used for bricklaying, to make
the mortar more workable, it would require you to add a
………………………………………
• Over the years the development of cement has created
different types, for different purposes.
14. Types Available
• MASONRY cement
• O.P. cement with a Plasticiser or an Air-entraining Agent included.
Produces a ‘fatty’ mortar with high workability suitable for brickwork,
blockwork, stonework and rendering.
• SULPHATE RESISTING cement
• Sulphates are corrosive elements found naturally in the ground.
Sulphate crystals can enter walls below ground, or walls retaining
ground and attack O.P. cement. This attack takes the form of
causing the cement to expand causing cracking and splitting of the
masonry.
• RAPID HARDENING cement
• Chemical additives make this type of cement set and harden in half
the time of O.P. cement.
15. • PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE cement
• Finely ground O.P. cement and granulated blast furnace slag
(waste). Slower rate of setting than O.P. cement therefore not
generating the same amount of heat. Useful for very thick concrete
walls, slabs or mass-filled foundations. Greater resistance to heat,
seawater and acids.
• HIGH ALUMINA cement
• Made from Chalk and Bauxite – black in colour. Develops high
strength in 24 hours. Great heat produced during hardening which
can seriously affect its strength. Must be sprayed with water for 24
hours. Ideal for ‘emergency work’.
• WHITE cement
• Special selection of ingredients – used in the manufacture of pre-
cast concrete products, reconstructed stone, renderings and for the
production of cement paints.
• COLOURED cements
• By mixing chemically inert pigments with white or O.P. cement.
Cement strength slightly reduced, so compensate by adding an
extra 10% to the mix.
16. MORTAR ADDITIVES
• As previously discussed there are PLASTICISERS and
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS produced in either liquid or
powder form.
• Lime can also used for this purpose, but as mentioned
earlier, lime is a very hazardous material to work with.
• Bricklaying sand can be purchased with a desired
amount of lime already added. It is crucial that this type
of sand is kept covered from rain at all times.
• ACCELERATORS
• Added to a mortar mix to speed up the setting
process. Ideal for work in cold climates.
• RETARDERS
• Opposite to Accelerators – slow down the setting
process. Used in pre-mixed mortars.
17. • WATERPROOFERS
• Chemical (liquid or powder) added to mortar.
Used in rendering or work below ground.
• ANTI-FREEZERS
• Supposedly allows mortars to be used when
temperatures fall close to freezing.
• COLOURING PIGMENTS / AGENTS
• To colour mortar – in powder form - very
expensive – tends to ‘bleach’ over time –needs
care when ‘batching’.
• NOTE: All additives can weaken mortars.
Should not be used below ground level.
18. Mix Proportions
• The crudest method is gauging
the materials by the shovel-full.
The amount on the shovel can
vary according to the material,
e.g. shovels of sand are often
greater than shovels of
aggregate.
19. A slightly more accurate method is to use
a bucket to measure the materials. As
each bucket full is the same size, it will
have the same volume.
21. Dry-Silo Mortar System
• The modern equivalent of the traditional weight
batching mixer is the dry-silo mortar system that
is becoming very popular. The system involves
the delivery of a large stand-alone silo that is
charged with the correctly constituted mix
materials in a dry state.
• The correct amount of water for a mix is
automatically measured and added each time by
a trained operator.
22. Machine mixing
• In general terms, this should be between
two and three minutes.
• On no account should the mix be allowed
to stay in the machine longer because the
materials will start to segregate.
23. Hand mixing
• This should take as long as required to ensure
that all the particles have been completely
integrated together. A high degree of agitation is
required when hand-mixing, to ensure that any
added plasticiser etc has the necessary effect.
• Mixed mortar should never be ‘retempered’ or
‘knocked up’ with added water because this
dilutes the cement/lime element of the mortar
which will result in a weaker mix.
24. Typical Mortar Mixes
• Mortar is a mixture of the following
materials in different combinations:
• Sand, cement and water.
• Sand, lime and water.
• Sand, lime, cement and water.
• Sand, cement, plasticiser and water.
25. • In site practice terms, it is possibly the
least understood and most abused
material on the building site.
• The design strength of the mortar should
be determined mainly by the strength of
the brick or block to be bedded on it. The
mortar strength should roughly match that
of the brick or block and in no case
should it be stronger than it.
27. Pre-mixed Mortars
Advantages
• No space required for the mixer and storage of materials.
• Less transportation plant and smaller labour force required.
• Quality control of the materials is the responsibility of the ready-mix
supplier.
• Economic for medium volume requirements.
• Consistency of colouring is easier to achieve.
Disadvantages
• Part loads are uneconomical, so the system may not be suitable for
small works.
• Waiting time for delivery may cause delays.
• More expensive than site mixing, so it is important to order the correct
amount to avoid wastage.
• If the mortar is supplied by site mixing methods it can be delayed or
halted to compensate for any delays due to inclement weather,
whereas mortar supplied pre-mixed may not have this flexibility.
28. Mixing Mortar by Hand on Site
• Using a shovel, repeatedly turn the ingredients into a pile
making sure that all the materials are thoroughly mixed
together.
• Form a hole or indentation in the middle of the pile of dry
mix.
• Add water to the mix. The amount of water should be
approx. 0.6 of the weight of cement (see water cement
ratios).
• The materials are mixed with the water from the middle
until all the water has been incorporated into the mix.
• The materials are then turned repeatedly until the mix is a
fatty workable mass.
• The mix is now ready for use.• Adding more water to the
mix will make the mortar easier to lay but it will reduce
the strength by up to 30%.
30. Mixing Mortar Using Mechanical
Mixers on Site
• Mixers can be powered by:
• • Petrol.
• • Diesel.
• • Electricity.
31. Procedure for mixing using
mechanical mixers
• Set up the mixer according to the manufacturer’s
instructions, or those of the site supervisor.
• Ensure that the correct power supply is available.
• Ensure sufficient materials and equipment are available.
• Carry out all safety checks and start mixer.
• Add the required water.
• Add the pre-gauged materials, adding the sand content
first.
• Add more water if required.
• Allow the materials to mix thoroughly for approximately
three minutes; never longer as segregation may occur.
• Turn out the mixed materials into a container or
wheelbarrow.
• When work is complete, clean out the mixer.
32. Water/cement ratio
• The strength of mortar can be affected by
the ratio of the weight of water in the mix
to the weight of the cement.
• Water/cement ratio = Weight of water in
the mix
• Weight of cement in the mix
33. • If a mortar mix has 50kg of cement, and
the total water does not exceed 25 litres
• (1 litre = 1kg), the ratio will be:
• 25kg Divided by 50kg
• = 0.5
34. Example:
• If the ratio of a mix is specified as 0.45,
then the quantity of water required for
each 25kg bag of cement added to the
mix will be:
25 x 0.45 = 11.25 litres (11.25kg)
35. EFFLORESCENCE
• Sometimes, especially new brickwork, can be
seen to have a white ‘fur’ / dust deposit on
the face. This unsightly effect is known as
Efflorescence.
• It is caused by ‘mineral salts’ trapped in the
materials used to make the brick / block etc.
• Whilst the bricks are dry these ‘salts’ are inert
but when water strikes the wall they can dissolve
and cause the staining. Eventually these salts
will completely dissolve but the effect on new
walling can be very disturbing.
36. • Even though efflorescence has no
damaging effect to a structure it may deter
prospective buyers.
• Not all bricks contain these salts so it is
imperative that whilst bricks are stacked
on site they are kept from contact with the
ground as salts in the ground could enter
the bricks.
• Efflorescence can also appear on the
mortar joints. This could be caused by
the sand initially containing impurities
or poor site storage of sand
37.
38. WORK IN COLD WEATHER
• Building materials are quite capable of withstanding
effects from bad weather and low temperatures. It is
usually a poor design fault that causes materials to fail
e.g. walls being constantly wet.
• If materials are constantly saturated their pore
structures are virtually filled with water. When water
freezes it attempts to expand and if the materials are
unable to resist the stresses they will break down.
(SPALLING)
• This effect is known as Frost Damage.
• Building materials should be kept as dry as possible,
before use, and after construction.
39. • Mortars are particularly vulnerable
(contain water in the mix), before they
have set, as once frozen they will be
unable to set. The mortar will be
permanently damaged
• Bricklaying should be stopped when a
falling air temperature reaches 3
degrees Celsius
40. Remember
• WALLS DRY – cover with a waterproof
sheet – polythene can create dampness
underneath – think about the wind?
• WALLS WARM – cover with HESSIAN
sheeting – use insulation slabs.
• SAND DRY & WARM – keep covered –
store inside if possible – use hot air
blowers.
41. JOINTING & POINTING
When bricks have been laid to form a wall,
the surplus mortar is scraped flush with
surface of the brick face. This type of
surface finish is called
Flush Finish.
42. Why Point
• The main purpose of any joint finishing is to
improve the wall’s resistance to rain or the
ingress of water through the joint, as well as
enhancing the appearance of the wall.
• This is achieved by packing mortar into the
joints so that it has close contact with surface of
the brickwork.
• Jointing up brickwork is a critical part of building
face work, and it should not be hurried.
43. • One of the most important aspects of jointing up
brickwork is to avoid smudging or staining the
surface of the bricks.
• Timing is probably the most important aspect of
jointing up. The correct time to joint-up will be
determined by the suction rate of the bricks
being used and the weather conditions when the
bricks were laid.
• The consistency of the mortar is also crucial as
to when pointing takes place. If the mortar is too
wet, the joint will not be crisp and the mortar
may be dragged out from between the bricks.
44. JOINTING
• The term used for ‘finishing off’ mortar
joints, of the brickwork, before the
mortar hardens. (as the work proceeds)
52. TO RE-POINT AN EXISTING
PROPERTY
• Carefully remove old mortar, to a depth of
10mm, trying not to damage the surrounding
bricks.
• The old mortar must be removed ‘squarely’
off all the brick arrisess.
• Use a sharp plugging chisel or hand grinder.
• Wear the appropriate P.P.E. and consider
other people.
• Remove all traces of old or loose mortar and
brush joints well, to remove dust. Work from
the top, downwards.
53. • Mix mortar to specified mix and
workability. ( 1:4 )
• Use a fine water spray to dampen joints
for a small area (0.5 square metres)
• Using pointing trowel and hawk, force
mortar fully into joints and neatly finish
off.
• Protect pointing from weather, until set.