- Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel), and sometimes admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as the concrete hardens.
- Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials due to its versatility and ability to be formed into various shapes. It can be mixed to meet different strengths and needs.
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS LOUIS WAYNE
This document provides information on various civil engineering materials including timber, sand, aggregate, mortar, and concrete. It discusses the types, properties, requirements and uses of each material. Timber types include hardwood and softwood. Sand is classified as fine, medium, and coarse. Aggregates can be natural or artificial, and are classified by size as fine or coarse aggregates. Mortar types include cement mortar, lime mortar, light weight mortar, fire resistant mortar, and mud mortar. Concrete types depend on mix design and include regular concrete, high strength concrete, self-consolidating concrete, and others. Each material has important applications in construction.
This document discusses mortars and plasters used in building construction. It defines mortars as mixtures used for joining bricks and stones, typically consisting of aggregates like sand and a binding material like lime or cement. It describes the different types of traditional mortars used in ancient structures like the pyramids of Egypt. It also outlines the key functions, properties, classifications, and uses of mortars and plasters. The document provides details on the preparation and curing of different types of mortars like lime, cement, and gauged mortars. It concludes with a section on sand and its classification according to origin and composition.
Building Materials & Construction Module - 5Abhilash B L
To recognize good construction materials based on properties, Characteristics, Location, Activities according to IS standards for wall finishes like Plastering, painting and finishing
This document discusses common building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, requirements and types are outlined. Stone, brick, lime and cement are described as traditional materials while metal, timber, sand and aggregates are described as both natural and artificial options. The document also briefly introduces concrete, describing its ingredients, types, requirements and common uses in construction.
Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to bind bricks, blocks, and stones together. It provides strength and stability to walls. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binding material like cement or lime, and water. The binding material determines the mortar type, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, or gypsum mortar. Mortars can also be classified based on density or special purpose, including fire resistant, sound absorbing, or chemical resistant mortars. The proper selection of mortar type depends on factors like durability, weather conditions, and intended use.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS LOUIS WAYNE
This document provides information on various civil engineering materials including timber, sand, aggregate, mortar, and concrete. It discusses the types, properties, requirements and uses of each material. Timber types include hardwood and softwood. Sand is classified as fine, medium, and coarse. Aggregates can be natural or artificial, and are classified by size as fine or coarse aggregates. Mortar types include cement mortar, lime mortar, light weight mortar, fire resistant mortar, and mud mortar. Concrete types depend on mix design and include regular concrete, high strength concrete, self-consolidating concrete, and others. Each material has important applications in construction.
This document discusses mortars and plasters used in building construction. It defines mortars as mixtures used for joining bricks and stones, typically consisting of aggregates like sand and a binding material like lime or cement. It describes the different types of traditional mortars used in ancient structures like the pyramids of Egypt. It also outlines the key functions, properties, classifications, and uses of mortars and plasters. The document provides details on the preparation and curing of different types of mortars like lime, cement, and gauged mortars. It concludes with a section on sand and its classification according to origin and composition.
Building Materials & Construction Module - 5Abhilash B L
To recognize good construction materials based on properties, Characteristics, Location, Activities according to IS standards for wall finishes like Plastering, painting and finishing
This document discusses common building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, requirements and types are outlined. Stone, brick, lime and cement are described as traditional materials while metal, timber, sand and aggregates are described as both natural and artificial options. The document also briefly introduces concrete, describing its ingredients, types, requirements and common uses in construction.
Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to bind bricks, blocks, and stones together. It provides strength and stability to walls. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binding material like cement or lime, and water. The binding material determines the mortar type, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, or gypsum mortar. Mortars can also be classified based on density or special purpose, including fire resistant, sound absorbing, or chemical resistant mortars. The proper selection of mortar type depends on factors like durability, weather conditions, and intended use.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
Building materials elements of civil engineeringPriyank Bhimani
The document discusses various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes properties and composition of common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. It provides details on manufacturing processes, types and qualities required for stones, bricks and lime to be suitable for construction purposes. The mechanical and physical properties of construction materials are also outlined.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects such as bricks, stones, aggregates, cement, and concrete. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks and describes the different types of bricks used. It also discusses the characteristics, classification, and uses of stones as a building material. The qualities, types, and uses of aggregates and cement are outlined. Concrete is introduced as a composite material made by mixing aggregates, sand, cement, and water.
The document describes various physical properties of common building materials including concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, cast iron, steel, aluminum, wood, and plastic. For each material, the document outlines the material type and ingredients, strengths, weaknesses, and common applications. Concrete is described as a mixture of cement, water, and small stones that is strong in compression but can crack with temperature changes. Reinforced concrete uses steel bars embedded in concrete to provide strength in both compression and tension.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aRai University
The document discusses different types of building materials used in construction, including bricks and stones. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks, as well as the various types of bricks used. The characteristics, classification, and common uses of building stones are also outlined. Bricks and stones are widely used construction materials due to their availability, durability, and load-bearing capacity. Proper selection depends on factors like material composition, strength, resistance to weathering, and placement in the structure.
This document discusses various building materials and construction topics, including characteristics of good building stones, common stones used in building like granite and sandstone, different rock types used for construction, properties of lime, types of mortar, characteristics of mud and adobe bricks, functions of foundations, and types of paints. It provides details on materials like bamboo, their properties and uses in construction. The document is a compilation on building materials and construction topics by Prof. Senthil Mani of MIDAS.
This document provides an overview of common building materials used in construction such as stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and describes the manufacturing processes for some of these materials. It then outlines the typical phases of constructing a building, from digging the foundation to completing the walls, floors, and exterior facade.
Building mortars are mixtures used for jointing bricks, stones, and blocks. They are made by adding water to a mixture of fine aggregates like sand and a binding material such as cement, lime, or gypsum. Mortars are used in brick/stone masonry joints and plastering to bind units together, provide structure strength and durability, and form a protective weather-resistant layer between masonry courses. Common types include cement mortars, lime mortars, and clay/mud mortars.
The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. It then discusses the purposes of aggregates, which include providing strength, weight, and being economically viable. It also discusses how aggregates are used in concrete, roads, and railways. The document further classifies aggregates according to their formation as natural or artificial, and according to their size as fine or coarse aggregates. It provides details on the types and properties of different aggregates.
This document provides information on building technology related to mortars, plasters, and unit masonry. It defines mortars and plasters, and describes different types of cement mortars, plasters, and their uses. It also defines key terms related to unit masonry such as bed, course, and wythe/tier.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Mortar is a construction material used to bind masonry blocks like stone, brick, and cinder blocks. Historically, early mortars were made of mud and clay while modern mortars typically contain sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Different types of mortars include polymer cement mortar, Portland cement mortar, lime mortar, pozzolana mortar, and firestop mortar. Each type has different properties related to strength, permeability, flexibility, and fire resistance.
The document provides an overview of concrete basics, including the materials used to make concrete, properties of concrete in different states, common concrete tests to measure workability and strength, and factors that affect the strength and durability of hardened concrete. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates, and sometimes admixtures, and its workability and strength can be tested using slump and compression tests.
Ppt ar 8521 building materials and construction ivRamanan Subbiah
This document discusses concrete and cement materials. It provides details on:
- The composition of concrete including cement paste, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. Concrete gains strength over time as the cement cures.
- Historic examples of large unreinforced concrete structures from ancient Rome.
- The various tests used to evaluate the quality and properties of concrete and cement, including compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability, consistency, setting time, heat of hydration, and chemical composition.
- The specifications and requirements for 53 grade cement used in construction.
Cement mortar is a mixture used for masonry construction, such as between bricks. It binds the materials together and provides strength, stability, and durability to building structures. There are different types of mortars including lime, cement, surkhi, and mud mortars. Mortar hardens when it sets, forming an aggregate structure. Concrete is similar but contains coarse aggregates like gravel or stone, in addition to the binding materials, sand, and water. The document discusses the ingredients, mixing, curing, and testing of concrete, including its compressive strength and workability. Aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture and affect its properties.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
The document discusses Socrata, a Seattle-based software company that builds tools to make data more useful and accessible through open data and APIs. It provides data and analytics to help governments and organizations improve transparency, engage citizens, and make data-driven decisions. Socrata has a global presence and works with various governments, non-profits, and organizations worldwide to publish their data.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
Building materials elements of civil engineeringPriyank Bhimani
The document discusses various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes properties and composition of common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. It provides details on manufacturing processes, types and qualities required for stones, bricks and lime to be suitable for construction purposes. The mechanical and physical properties of construction materials are also outlined.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects such as bricks, stones, aggregates, cement, and concrete. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks and describes the different types of bricks used. It also discusses the characteristics, classification, and uses of stones as a building material. The qualities, types, and uses of aggregates and cement are outlined. Concrete is introduced as a composite material made by mixing aggregates, sand, cement, and water.
The document describes various physical properties of common building materials including concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, cast iron, steel, aluminum, wood, and plastic. For each material, the document outlines the material type and ingredients, strengths, weaknesses, and common applications. Concrete is described as a mixture of cement, water, and small stones that is strong in compression but can crack with temperature changes. Reinforced concrete uses steel bars embedded in concrete to provide strength in both compression and tension.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aRai University
The document discusses different types of building materials used in construction, including bricks and stones. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks, as well as the various types of bricks used. The characteristics, classification, and common uses of building stones are also outlined. Bricks and stones are widely used construction materials due to their availability, durability, and load-bearing capacity. Proper selection depends on factors like material composition, strength, resistance to weathering, and placement in the structure.
This document discusses various building materials and construction topics, including characteristics of good building stones, common stones used in building like granite and sandstone, different rock types used for construction, properties of lime, types of mortar, characteristics of mud and adobe bricks, functions of foundations, and types of paints. It provides details on materials like bamboo, their properties and uses in construction. The document is a compilation on building materials and construction topics by Prof. Senthil Mani of MIDAS.
This document provides an overview of common building materials used in construction such as stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and describes the manufacturing processes for some of these materials. It then outlines the typical phases of constructing a building, from digging the foundation to completing the walls, floors, and exterior facade.
Building mortars are mixtures used for jointing bricks, stones, and blocks. They are made by adding water to a mixture of fine aggregates like sand and a binding material such as cement, lime, or gypsum. Mortars are used in brick/stone masonry joints and plastering to bind units together, provide structure strength and durability, and form a protective weather-resistant layer between masonry courses. Common types include cement mortars, lime mortars, and clay/mud mortars.
The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. It then discusses the purposes of aggregates, which include providing strength, weight, and being economically viable. It also discusses how aggregates are used in concrete, roads, and railways. The document further classifies aggregates according to their formation as natural or artificial, and according to their size as fine or coarse aggregates. It provides details on the types and properties of different aggregates.
This document provides information on building technology related to mortars, plasters, and unit masonry. It defines mortars and plasters, and describes different types of cement mortars, plasters, and their uses. It also defines key terms related to unit masonry such as bed, course, and wythe/tier.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Mortar is a construction material used to bind masonry blocks like stone, brick, and cinder blocks. Historically, early mortars were made of mud and clay while modern mortars typically contain sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Different types of mortars include polymer cement mortar, Portland cement mortar, lime mortar, pozzolana mortar, and firestop mortar. Each type has different properties related to strength, permeability, flexibility, and fire resistance.
The document provides an overview of concrete basics, including the materials used to make concrete, properties of concrete in different states, common concrete tests to measure workability and strength, and factors that affect the strength and durability of hardened concrete. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates, and sometimes admixtures, and its workability and strength can be tested using slump and compression tests.
Ppt ar 8521 building materials and construction ivRamanan Subbiah
This document discusses concrete and cement materials. It provides details on:
- The composition of concrete including cement paste, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. Concrete gains strength over time as the cement cures.
- Historic examples of large unreinforced concrete structures from ancient Rome.
- The various tests used to evaluate the quality and properties of concrete and cement, including compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability, consistency, setting time, heat of hydration, and chemical composition.
- The specifications and requirements for 53 grade cement used in construction.
Cement mortar is a mixture used for masonry construction, such as between bricks. It binds the materials together and provides strength, stability, and durability to building structures. There are different types of mortars including lime, cement, surkhi, and mud mortars. Mortar hardens when it sets, forming an aggregate structure. Concrete is similar but contains coarse aggregates like gravel or stone, in addition to the binding materials, sand, and water. The document discusses the ingredients, mixing, curing, and testing of concrete, including its compressive strength and workability. Aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture and affect its properties.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
The document discusses Socrata, a Seattle-based software company that builds tools to make data more useful and accessible through open data and APIs. It provides data and analytics to help governments and organizations improve transparency, engage citizens, and make data-driven decisions. Socrata has a global presence and works with various governments, non-profits, and organizations worldwide to publish their data.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Este documento proporciona información sobre el departamento de Boyacá en Colombia. Se encuentra ubicado en el centro oriente del país, con Tunja como su capital. Limita con varios departamentos colombianos y Venezuela. Su economía se basa en la agricultura, ganadería, industria y turismo. Ofrece diversos platos típicos, danzas como el bambuco y pasillo, y sitios históricos como el Monasterio de Raquira, Villa de Leyva y el Parque Nacional El Cocuy.
Online Dating Site for Indian Singles - Quack QuackRavi Mital
This advertisement promotes an Indian online dating and matchmaking site called QuackQuack, highlighting that it is safe, genuine, fast, simple and easy to use. It encourages users to register on India's number one site to meet new singles and beat the odds by matching with genuine dating profiles.
Trove provides access to metadata from hundreds of libraries, archives, museums, galleries, universities, and other organizations from around Australia. It contains over 120 million newspaper articles, 18 million books, 8 million images, 500,000 maps, and other content. Trove harvests this metadata and makes it available through a single API, allowing users to search across these collections and find information on books, images, research, newspapers, and other materials.
Este documento presenta una introducción a las islas de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Describe su ubicación en el Mar Caribe, formas de llegar, gastronomía típica, arquitectura colonial, religiones, cultura y tradiciones, música, atracciones naturales como el Jardín Botánico y sitios arqueológicos, así como actividades de entretenimiento como buceo y regatas. El documento promueve estas islas como un destino turístico de sol y playa en Colombia.
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) produces authoritative reports and statistics on key health and welfare issues in Australia. The AIHW collects data on a wide range of topics including health expenditure, adoptions, youth justice, cancer, drug surveys, aged care, ageing, arthritis, asthma, burden of disease, cardiovascular health, child health, child protection, chronic diseases, deaths, dementia, dental health, diabetes, disability, eye health, food and nutrition, homelessness, hospitals, housing assistance, Indigenous Australians, injury, life expectancy, male health, mental health, mothers and babies, overweight and obesity, palliative care, population health, prisoner health, rural health, safety and quality of healthcare,
Department of Industry: Science Research and Innovationshare_s
The document is a report from Alex Aitkin in the Science, Research and Innovation Division at the Australian Department of Industry. It contains budget tables on science, research and innovation projects. It also lists Alex Aitkin's contact information as the Assistant Manager of the Industry Research Policy Section within the Research, Collaboration and International Engagement Branch of the Science, Research and Innovation Division.
The document discusses a 5 step process but provides no details on the actual steps or content of the process. It references 5 paragraphs but leaves the information in each paragraph undefined. In short, the document outlines a high-level structure with no substantive content or information.
How Online Dating QuackQuack.in Website Works?Ravi Mital
QuackQuack.in is an online dating and matchmaking website from India. It allows users to complete their profile, browse and search for matches, and send messages to connect with potential partners. Key features include adding photos and details to one's profile, browsing matches by city, receiving automatic match suggestions, sending predefined or personalized messages, and chatting with those who accept invitations. User profiles are moderated and the site aims to protect members' privacy with options like photo filtering and blocking other users.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a la región de La Guajira en Colombia. Brinda información sobre cómo llegar allí, su clima seco, su gastronomía que incluye chivo asado y arroces, su folclore como el vallenato, vestimenta, festivales culturales y artesanías como mochilas y sombreros guajiros. También describe algunas de sus ciudades y atracciones principales como Riohacha, Cabo de la Vela y el Parque Nacional Natural Macuira.
The document discusses the rationale and design goals for a proposed National Map of Australia. The National Map is an initiative to provide easy access to authoritative and other spatial data from all levels of government through an open framework. It will allow users to access maps, imagery, and geospatial data from various agencies through a single web interface. The proposed architecture is an in-browser system that connects users to multiple data services from different jurisdictions and vendors using open source mapping libraries. It will support adding additional data services and user-generated content over time.
Building managedprivatecloud kvh_vancouversummitmatsunota
In 2013, KVH began looking to broaden its market by offering more open cloud solutions besides VMware cloud to its customer base. KVH quickly settled on OpenStack as the foundation for a new type of managed private data center, but also wanted to create an environment where customers could easily place application workloads in any of its data centers. Today, using OpenStack and MidoNet, KVH offers managed a private cloud service for enterprises, all while meeting a wide range of their specific requirements and minimizing operation complexity.
This document provides an overview of various civil engineering materials including timber, sand, aggregate, mortar, and concrete. It discusses the types, properties, requirements and uses of each material. Timber types include hardwood and softwood. Sand is classified as fine, medium, or coarse. Aggregate can be natural or artificial, and classified by size as fine or coarse aggregate. Mortar requirements include workability and water retention. Mortar types include cement, lime, lightweight, fire resistant, and mud mortar. Concrete uses cement, water, aggregates and sometimes admixtures to bond together with strength, durability and versatility.
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), and water. It has many applications and can be molded into various shapes. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added. The key components of concrete are cement, aggregates, steel reinforcement, and water. Cement acts as the binding agent when mixed with water. Aggregates make up 60-80% of the volume and provide strength. Steel reinforcement improves tensile strength. Water is needed for the cement hydration reaction but too much water weakens the concrete. Proper mixing is required to produce a uniform, workable concrete.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica. Sand is classified based on its formation, composition, and grain size. The main natural sources are pit sand, river sand, and sea sand. Artificial sources include recycled sand and crushed stones. Good sand is clean, coarse, chemically inert, and well graded. It is used widely in construction for mortar, concrete, and plastering. The composition and properties of sand determine its suitability for different construction applications.
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining building materials as materials used for structures like buildings, dams, roads, and bridges. It then discusses the historical evolution of materials from the Stone Age to the Iron Age to modern times. The document primarily focuses on natural materials like stone, sand, wood, clay and their uses in construction. It provides classifications, properties, and examples of how these materials are used.
Plastering involves applying thin coats of plastic material to form smooth surfaces. It protects surfaces from weathering, provides decoration, and offers insulation. Materials used include cement, masonry cement, lime, sand aggregate, and water. Cement provides strength while lime improves workability. Aggregate size and grading affects workability and shrinkage. Modern construction often replaces plastering with drywall for interior surfaces and cladding for exterior.
This document discusses various common building and construction materials. It describes natural materials like wood, soil and rock as well as artificial materials like cement, bricks, tiles and plastics. It then focuses on specific materials used frequently in construction like stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates and mortar. For each material, it outlines requirements and standard properties. It also details different types and common uses of each material in building and construction work.
Popular as Building material.
Material with adhesive and cohesive properties.
To bind the fine and corse aggregate together.
Common variety of cement is known as the Portland cement.
India is the fifth largest producer of cement in the world.
Rajasthan is the second largest producer of cement in india after Andra Pradesh.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
Soil cement is a construction material made by mixing soil, cement, and water. It has good compressive and shear strength but low tensile strength. Soil cement is used for road construction, pipe bedding, and slope protection. Laboratory tests determine the optimal cement content, compaction, and water requirements for the soil. Soil cement roads are constructed by spreading and mixing the soil cement then compacting it. The hardened soil cement forms a rigid material that distributes loads effectively.
This document discusses various building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. It provides the requirements and uses of each material. Stone, brick, lime, cement are used in building walls and structures. Metal is used for reinforcement. Timber is used for furniture, doors, and structures. Sand and aggregates are used in concrete, mortar, and asphalt. Mortar is used to bind bricks and stones in walls. Concrete mixtures are used in building foundations, slabs, and other structures. The document was prepared by civil engineering students and provides an overview of common building materials and their applications.
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
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7. • Vital construction material
• The Mixture of Portland cement, water,
aggregates and in some cases, admixtures.
• The cement and water form a paste that
hardens and bonds the aggregates together.
Concrete is one of the most commonly used
building materials.
Concrete is a versatile material that can
easily be mixed to meet a variety of special
needs and formed to virtually any shape.
8. Ingredients of
concrete
Cement
Sand
Coarse
aggregate
Fine
Aggregate
Water
Method of
mixing of
Concrete
Hand
mixing
Machine
mixing
10. HAND MIXING
• For small & important works mixing of concrete is done by
hand.
• Hand mixing of concrete should be done on
hard,clean,water tight surface like a concrete floor or
metal tray.
• It requires about 10% more of cement than what is
required in Machine mixing.
MACHINE MIXING
• For large scale work concrete mixers are used.
• The interval of time for which the concrete should be
mixed depends upon the quantity of mixer.
• Time ranges from 1.5 to 3 min.
• Types ofconcrete mixer:-1)Rotary mixer 2)Tilting mixer
11.
12.
13.
14. Types Of Grade Mix Portion (Cement : Sand :
Corse aggregate)
M5 1 : 5 :10
M7.5 1 : 4 : 8
M10 1 : 3 : 6
M15 1 : 2 : 4
M20 1 : 1.5 : 3
M25 1 : 1 : 2
M refers to the Mix and the number indicates the specified
compressive strength of that Mix at 28 days expressed in
N/mm^2
15. Classification
Of Cement
According To
Binding
Material
Cement
Concrete
Lime Concrete
According To
Design of
Concrete
Plain Cement
Concrete(PCC)
Reinforced
Cement
concrete(RCC)
16.
17. • The process of keeping concrete wet to enable
it to attain full strength is known as curing.
• The objective of curing is to prevent loss of
moisture from concrete due to evaporation or
because of any other reasons.
• Curing should be done for a period of three
weeks but not less then 10 days.
18. • To do curing, any one of the following method
can be used.
i. The surface of concrete is coated with a layer of
bitumen or similar other waterproofing
compound which gets into the pores of concrete
and prevent loss of water from concrete.
ii. Concrete surface is covered with waterproof
paper or with a layer of wet sand. It could also
be covered with gunny bags.
19.
20. ADVANTAGES
• High compressive strength
• More economical than steel
• Not subjected to corrosive wreathing
• Versatile material in building construction
• Hard and durable
• Water tightness & strength
DISADVANTAGES
• Poor tensile strength
• Develops shrinkage stresses
• Requires skill and supervision
• Cracks may occur & strength of concrete may come down
• Repairing is difficult
• Curing time of concrete is more
21.
22. • Sand is an important building material. IT CONSISTS OF
SMALL ROUNDED OR ANGULAR GRAINS OF SILICA
sio2 AND IS FORMED BY THE DECOMPOSITION OR
DISINTEGRATION OF SAND STONE UNDER THE
ACTION OF WEATHER SUCH AS WIND,RAINS FORST
ETC.
• It forms a major ingredient in concrete , lime mortar ,
cement mortar etc.
23. • It abundantly occurs in nature.
• Sand is formed by weathering of rocks
• Sand can be divided into three main class
depending upon the source from it is obtained
• 1)pit sand
• 2)river sand
• 3)sea sand
24. • It is obtained by digging pits in the soil. It is excavated
from A depth of about 1.2 M from the ground level.
• This soil consists of sharp angular grains, which are free
from silt, clay, salts etc.
• Clean pit sand forms an excellent material for mortars
and concrete.
25.
26. • This sand is widely used for all purposes, it is considered
to be best sand suitable for important works
• It is obtained from the banks or beds of rivers and it
consists of fine rounded grains.
• The river sand is available in clean conditions and is
almost white in color.
27.
28. • Sea sand is obtained from the sea shores. It is also
clean having rounded particles.
• Sea sand is light brown in color. Sea sand is always
available in combination with certain injurious salts and
hence sea sand is unsuitable for making mortar or
concrete.
• Sea sand increases the setting time of cement.
• Hence, it is the general rule to avoid use of sea sand for
engineering purposes.
29.
30. • According to the particle size the sand can be classified as coarse
sand, medium sand and fine sand
• 1)coarse sand:
• Sand particle passing through 3.175 mm SIEVE IS TERMED AS
COARSE SAND. It is generally used for masonry work.
• 2)medium sand
• Sand particle passing through 2.36 mm SIEVE WILL BE CALLED
MEDIUM SAND. It is used for plastering.
• 3)fine sand
• Sand particle passing through 1.5875 mm SIEVE WILL BE
CALLED FINE SAND. It is used for plastering.
31. • Good sand should possess the follwing
characterisitics
• It should be chemically inert
• It should have sharp angular grains
• The size of grains should be between 4mm and 6mm
• It should be strong and durable
• It should be not conain salts wich attract moisture from
the atmosphere
32. • Following are the various uses of sand
• It is used for making lime mortar
• It is used for making cement mortar
• It is used for making cement mortar
• It is used for making cement concrete
• It is used for masonry work , plastering and pointing
works
33.
34. • Aggregate:
– Granular material of
mineral composition
such as sand, gravel,
shale, slag or
crushed stone.
• Coarse Aggregate:
– Predominantly
retained on the
4.75mm (#4) sieve
Fine Aggregate:
Completely passing through
the 9.5mm (3/8”) sieve
35. • Bedrock
– Igneous (solidification of
molten material
– Sedimentary (consolidated
transported material)
– Metamorphic (preexisting
rock changed by
temperature or pressure
over time)
• Mantle
– Material that covers
the bedrock which
may be cm or km in
thickness
– Boulders, cobbles,
gravel, sand, silt, clay
36. • Crystal Structure
• Optical Properties
• Hardness
• Color
• React with Acids
• Luster (dull, glassy)
• Fracture
• Group I –Glassy
– Quartz, Obsidian
• Group II – Dull, Fine Grain
– Scratch with a knife
• Shale, limestone
– Hard - Chert, Basalt
• Group III - Granular
– Scratch with a knife
• Limestone, dolomite
– Hard
• Granite, Gabbro
44. Good adhesion with brick,stones etc.
Resist penetration of rain water.
Should be cheap, durable and workable.
Should be set quickly
Joints formed by mortar should not develop
cracks
Maintain their appearance for long period
45. •As per binding material:-
•Cement Mortar
•Lime Mortar
•Gauged Mortar
•Gypsum Mortar
•Surkhi Mortar
•As per Nature of application:-
•As per Density of the Mortar
•Special mortar
46. Uses of MORTAR
• Bind bricks or stone
•Used in plaster work as
finishing material.
• Joints covered by
plaster work.
47.
48.
49. • Bituminous binders used in pavement construction works
includes both bitumen and tar.
• The bitumen is a binding material which is present in asphalt.
It is also sometimes called the mineral tar.
• Bitumen is a petroleum product obtained by the distillation of
petroleum crude whereas road tar is obtained by the
destructure distillation of coal or wood.
• It is chemically hydrocarbon.
• The bitumen is black in colour and it is obtain in solid or
semisolid state.
• Bituminous material are used for various engineering
purposes such as dam roof courses,water proff layer for tanks
etc.
• they are very commonly used in highway constructions n
pavements
50. • Bitumen is available in variaties of types n grates. Thus
bitumen material is classified as bellow:
• It is defined as a natural or artificial
mixture in which bitumen is associated
with inert mineral matter
ASPHALT: • it is black or brownish black in color.
• it is also one off the most important
bituminous material which is produced
by destructive distillation of organic
material such as coal, oil, peat, and
wood.
• It is black to dark brown in color.
TAR:
51. • For cold application as in case of
repairing cracks in roofs, floors etc.
asphalt mixed with the liquid solvent
and then it is called cut black asphalt.
• It is obtained by fluxing asphatic
bitumen in presence of some suitable
liquid distillates of cold tar or
petroleum.
CUT BLACK:
• For cold application asphalt is
available in the form of emulsion.
• it is the liquid product containing
bitumen to a great extend in an
EMULSION: aqueous medium.
52. • The bituminous material are also called binders
which are used in combination with mineral
aggregate in road construction. Their functions
are as follows:
1. BINDING EFFECTS: the bitumen binds the
surface particles together.
2. CUSHION: it acts as a cushioning material on
the surface absorbs impact friction etc due to
movements of vehicles on road.
53. 3. SEALING OF SURFACE: When used with the
dense graded and angular material. It seals the
surface of the road against ingress of water.
4. RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING AGENTS: If
the bituminous material is selected properly
and is used in road construction can resists
effectively the actions of weathering agents like
the wind and the sun.
54. 1. the viscosity of the bitumen at the time of
mixing and compaction should be adequate.
2. It should posses sufficient adhesion with the
aggregate in the mix in presence of water.
3. The presence of water the bitumen should not
strip off from the aggregate.
4. The bituminous material should not be highly
temperature susceptible.
55.
56. • Book:-
– Elements of CIVIL Engineering
• Google:-
– https://www.google.co.in/
• Wikipedia:-
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
– www.slideshare.net
Editor's Notes
Fine aggregate passes the 9.5 mm sieve, and often has small quantities on the 4.75mm sieve.
About 75% of the earth crust is sedimentary at the top of the bedrock
Boulders 0.3m Cobbles 0.3m – 75mm Gravel 75mm-4.5mm Sand 4.5mm – 0.075 mm
silt/clay < 0.075mm
Binding material-cement or lime
Fine aggregate-sand
Set quickly so that
Explain every type
Provide weather resistance.
White wash and colour are applied on plastered surface easily.
*during transportation and laying over the bed such as bricks,stone,wood etc.