What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
slideshare ppt download
slideshare presentations
stroke ppt slideshare
download slideshare ppt online
slideshare powerpoint
iot ppt slideshare
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
slideshare ppt download
slideshare presentations
stroke ppt slideshare
download slideshare ppt online
slideshare powerpoint
iot ppt slideshare
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
what is ventilation?
Functional requirements of a Ventilation system
Natural ventilation
•Mechanical ventilation
Single sided ventilation
Single sided double ventilation
Cross ventilation
Stack effect
Artificial ventilation
What is roof?
Types of roofs
Gable roof
Hip roof
Dutch hip roof
Valley shapes
What are folds?
•Parts of the folds
•Classification of folds
•Classification on the basis of axial planes
•Classification on the basis of curvature(by Ramsay)
•Classification on the basis of plunge
•Engineering considerations
The cost of production/Chapter 7(pindyck)RAHUL SINHA
content
•MEASURING COST: WHICH COSTS MATTER?
•Fixed and variable cost
•Fixed versus sunk cost
•Amortizing Sunk Costs
•Marginal cost
•Average cost
•Determinants of short run cost
•Diminishing marginal returns
•The shapes of cost curves
•The Average–Marginal Relationship
•Costs in a long run
•Cost minimizing input choices
•Isocost lines
•Marginal rate of technical substitution
•Expansion path
•The Inflexibility of Short-Run Production
•Long run average cost
•Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
•The Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Cost
•Break even analysis
Finishing and other methods of construction, scaffolding, shoring, underpinningANURAG KASHYAP
materials of construction:
The methods involved in a construction like scaffolding, shoring, formwork, etc.
pre-casted fabrication techniques,
types of construction
civil engineering
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them.[1][2] Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
In this slide there is a brief discussion about Types , Making & examples of bricks & also plastering
The power point presentation is all about plaster of paris (pop) and its information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, tools, application, finishing, defects, market forms and its market rate.
Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even , smooth , regular , clean & durable surface.
Building Materials & Construction Module - 5Abhilash B L
To recognize good construction materials based on properties, Characteristics, Location, Activities according to IS standards for wall finishes like Plastering, painting and finishing
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations—scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard
penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories—Rankine and Coulomb; Stability of slopes—finite and
infinite slopes, method of slices and Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in soils—Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s
theories, pressure bulbs; Shallow foundations—Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table;
Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations—types
of piles, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, negative skin friction.
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil structure and fabric; Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties;
Unified and Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability—one dimensional flow, Darcy’s law; Seepage through
soils—two-dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping; Principle of effective stress, capillarity, seepage force
and quicksand condition; Compaction in laboratory and field conditions; One-dimensional consolidation, time rate of
consolidation; Mohr’s circle, stress paths, effective and total shear strength parameters, characteristics of clays and sand.
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil structure and fabric; Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties;
Unified and Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability—one dimensional flow, Darcy’s law; Seepage through
soils—two-dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping; Principle of effective stress, capillarity, seepage force
and quicksand condition; Compaction in laboratory and field conditions; One-dimensional consolidation, time rate of
consolidation; Mohr’s circle, stress paths, effective and total shear strength parameters, characteristics of clays and sand
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations—scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard
penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories—Rankine and Coulomb; Stability of slopes—finite and
infinite slopes, method of slices and Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in soils—Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s
theories, pressure bulbs; Shallow foundations—Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table;
Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations—types
of piles, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, negative skin friction.
Mathematics and Apti for GATE
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value theorems, local maxima and
minima, Taylor and Maclaurin series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite integrals, application of definite integral to
obtain area and volume; Partial derivatives; Total derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional
derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): First order (linear and non-linear) equations; higher order linear equations with
constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; Laplace transform and its application in solving linear ODEs; initial and
boundary value problems.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Fourier series; separation of variables; solutions of one-dimensional diffusion
equation; first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace equation.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Discrete Random
variables: Poisson and Binomial distributions; Continuous random variables: normal and exponential distributions;
Descriptive statistics - Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Hypothesis testing.
Numerical Methods: Accuracy and precision; error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic
equations; Least square approximation, Newton’s and Lagrange polynomials, numerical differentiation, Integration by
trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, single and multi-step methods for first order differential equations
Transportation Infrastructure: Highway alignment and engineering surveys; Geometric design of highways—crosssectional elements, sight distances, horizontal and vertical alignments; Geometric design of railway track; Airport runway
length, taxiway and exit taxiway design.
Highway Pavements: Highway materials—desirable properties and quality control tests; Design of bituminous paving
mixes; Design factors for flexible and rigid pavements; Design of flexible pavement using IRC: 37—2012; Design of rigid
pavements using IRC: 58—2011; Distresses in concrete pavements.
Traffic Engineering: Traffic studies on flow, speed, travel time—delay and O-D study, PCU, peak hour factor, parking
study, accident study and analysis, statistical analysis of traffic data; Microscopic and macroscopic parameters of traffic flow,
fundamental relationships; Control devices, signal design by Webster’s method; Types of intersections and channelization;
Highway capacity and level of service of rural highways and urban roads.
Fluid Mechanics: Properties of fluids, fluid statics; Continuity, momentum, energy and
corresponding equations; Potential flow, applications of momentum and energy
equations; Laminar and turbulent flow; Flow in pipes, pipe networks; Concept of
boundary layer and its growth.
Structural Analysis: Statically determinate and indeterminate structures by force/ energy
methods; Method of superposition; Analysis of trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames;
Displacement methods: Slope deflection and moment distribution methods; Influence
lines; Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis.
Solid Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams;
Simple stress and strain relationships; Theories of failures; Simple bending theory, flexural
and shear stresses, shear centre; Uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and
direct bending stresses.
Compass surveying
Bearing
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Conversion of bearings
Computation of angles
Declination and dip
Local attraction
Isogonic Lines
Agonic Lines
Detecting local attraction
For detecting local attraction it is necessary to take both fore bearing and back bearing for each line.
If the difference is exactly 180°, the two stations may be considered as not affected by local
attraction.
If difference is not 180°, better to go back to the previous station and check the fore bearing. If that
reading is same as earlier, it may be concluded that there is local attraction at one or both stations.
cost of production / Chapter 6(pindyck)RAHUL SINHA
topics covered
•Production and firm
•The production function
•Short run versus Long run
•Production with one variable input(Labour)
•Average product
•Marginal product
•The slopes of the production curve
•Law of diminishing marginal returns
•Production with two variable inputs
•Isoquant
•Isoquant Maps
•Diminishing marginal returns
•Substitution among inputs
•Returns to scale
•Describing returns to scale
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
DAMS
Types of dams
Selection of dam sites
Geological characters for investigation
Selection of the dam type
Gravity dams
butress dams
embankment dams
arch dams
cupola dams
composite dams
Bhakra Dam
Mir Alam multi-arch dam
Idukki Dam
Tehri Dam
Ujani Dam or bhima dam
this is notes on chapter 2 of ten principles of economics by mankiw. topics covered:
THE ROLE OF ASSUMPTIONS
ECONOMIC MODELS
THE CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM
THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER
MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS
THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY ADVISER
this is short notes on chapter 2 of ten principles of economics by manikiw
it is description on mechanical and physical properties of the basic construction materials. mainly consist of test on rocks, description on sand, description on bricks
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
3. What is pointing?
• It is the art of finishing the mortar joints in
exposed brick or stone masonry with suitable
cement or lime mortar, in order to protect
the joints from weather effects and also to
improve the appearance of building structure.
• Often an entire wall, or even a whole
structure, is pointed because defective points
cannot easily be detected, and adjacent joints
may also be in need of repair. The mortar is
packed tightly in thin layers and tooled to a
smooth, concave, finished surface.
4. Scope of pointing
• Maintaining the joints of the structures.
• Pointing being cheap can be adopted in places
of low rainfall.
• Where the natural beauty of materials, viz.,
stone blocks, bricks etc, is desired to be
exhibited.
• Gives resisting power to the bricks and stones
used in construction towards weather
conditions.
5. Method of pointing
• All the mortar joints (on the masonry face required to be
pointed) are raked out by a special pointing tool to a depth
of 15 to 20 mm, so as to provide an adequate key for the
fresh mortar used for pointing.
• All the loose mortar and dust are removed by brushes
• The joints and wall surface are washed with clean water,
and then kept wet for few hours.
• The joints so prepared, are filled with suitable mortar with
a small trowel. The mortar is well pressed into the joints to
form a close contact with the old interior mortar joints. All
excess mortar sticking to the sides is scraped away.
• The finished pointing work is kept wet for about 3 days
when lime mortar is used for pointing and for 10 days
when cement mortar is used for pointing.
6.
7. What is plastering?
• Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and
uneven surfaces in the construction of houses and
other structures with a plastic material, called plaster
or mortar.
Objective of plastering
• To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and
durable finished surface with improved appearance.
• To preserve and protect the surface.
• To cover up the use of inferior quality and porous
materials of the masonry work.
• To conceal defective workmanship.
8. Requirement of the good
plaster
• It should be hard and durable.
• It should be possible to apply it during all weather
conditions.
• It should adhere to the background and should remain
adhered during all climatic changes.
• It should be cheap and economical.
• It should offer good insulation against sound and high
resistance against fire.
• It should effectively check the entry or penetration of
moisture from the surfaces.
9. Method of plastering
(general)
• The plaster may be applied in one or more coats, but the
thickness of a single coat should not exceed 12 mm.
• In the case of inferior or cheaper type of construction,
the plaster may usually be one coat. For ordinary type of
construction, the plaster is usually applied in two coats,
whereas for superior type of works it is applied in three
coats.
• The final setting coat should not be applied until the
previous coat is almost dry.
• The previous surface should be scratched or roughened
before applying the next coat of plaster.
• In plastering, the plaster mix is either applied by
throwing it with great force against the walls or by
pressing it on the surface.
10. Types of plasters
• Lime plaster
Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand
(or other inert fillers) in 1: 1 ratio.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the plaster to
set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium
carbonate (limestone).
In order to improve building properties of lime plaster ,
gugal (a kind of fragrant gum) @ 1.6 kg/m3 of mortar , is
added when the mortar is being ground.
In order to improve adhesive and tensile properties of
lime mortar, sometimes, small quantities of chopped
hemp (i.e., vegetable fibres) @ 1kg/m3 are added to the
lime mortar.
The lime mortar thus prepared is usually kept for 2 days
before use.
11. • Cement plaster:
Cement and sand in required proportions ( 1:3 or 4) are first
thoroughly mixed in dry conditions and then water is added to
form a paste of required consistency.
Generally it is mixture sand, portland cement and water mixed in a
suitable proportion.
This prepared mortar for plastering should be consumed within 30
minutes after the addition of water.
• Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Gypsum plaster, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating
gypsum to about 300 °F (150 °C).
2CaSO4·H2O + Heat → 2CaSO4·½H2O + H2O (released as steam)
When the dry plaster powder is mixed with water, it re-forms
into gypsum. The setting of unmodified plaster starts about
10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes
but not fully set for 72 hours.
12. • Water proof plaster of Mortar:
This mortar consists of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand and
pulverised alum @ 12 kg/m3 of sand. To this dry mix , the soap
water containing about 75 g of soft soap/L of water , is added to
obtain the waterproof mortar.
• Heat resistant plasters
It's purpose is to replace conventional gypsum plasters in cases
where the temperature can get too high for gypsum plaster to
stay on the wall.
Heat resistant plaster should be used in cases where the wall is
likely to exceed temperatures of 50°C .
Heat resistant plaster is a building material used for coating
walls and chimney breasts.
13. Defects in plastering
The following defects may arise in the plaster work:
Blistering of plastered surface: This is the
formation of small patches of plaster swelling out
beyond the plastered surface, arising out of late
slaking of lime particles in the plaster.
Cracking: it is the formation of cracks in the plaster
work due to the following reasons:
Structural defects in building
Movements in the background due to its thermal
expansion or rapid drying
Movements in the plaster surface itself, either due
to expansion or shrinkage.
14. • Efflorescence: It is the whitish crystalline substance which
appears on the surface due to presence of salts in plaster
making materials. It affects the adhesion of paint with wall
surface. Efflorescence can be removed to some extent by
dry brushing and washing the surface repeatedly.
• Flaking: It is the formation of very loose mass of plastered
surface, due to poor bond between successive coats.
• Peeling: It is the complete dislocation of some portion of
plastered surface, resulting in the formation of a patch. This
also results from imperfect bond.
• Popping: It is the formation of conical hole in the plastered
surface due to presence of some particles which expand on
setting.
15.
16. Brick masonry
Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded
together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud
mortar may be used but for all permanent
buildings lime or cement mortars are used.
The various types of bonds generally used in
brick masonry are:
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond and
4. Flemish bond.
17. Stretcher bond
• A stretcher is the longer face of the brick as seen
in the elevation. In the brick of size 190 mm ×
90 mm × 90 mm, 190 mm × 90 mm face is the
stretcher. In stretcher bond masonry all the
bricks are arranged in stretcher courses.
• However care
should be taken to
break vertical
joints. This type of
construction is
useful for the
construction half
brick thick
partition wall.
18. Header bond
• A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen
in the elevation. In a standard brick it is 90 mm ×
90 mm face. In header bond brick masonry all
the bricks are arranged in the header courses as
shown in Fig. This type of bond is useful for the
construction of one brick thick walls.
19. English bond
• In this alternate courses consist of headers and
stretchers. This is considered to be the strongest
bond. Hence it is commonly used bond for the
walls of all thicknesses. To break continuity of
vertical joints a brick is cut lengthwise into two
halves and used in the beginning and end of a wall
after first header. This is called queen closer.
Figure shows typical one brick and one and half
brick thick wall with English bond.
20.
21. Flemish bond
• In this type of bond each course comprises of alternate header
and stretcher figure. Alternate courses start with stretcher and
header. To break the vertical joints queen closers are required, if
a course starts with header. Every header is centrally supported on
the stretcher below it.
• Flemish bonds may be further classified as:
I. Double Flemish Bond
II. Single Flemish Bond.
• In case of double flemish bond, both faces of the wall have
flemish look, i.e. each course consist of alternate header and
stretcher, whereas single flemish bond outer faces of walls have
flemish look whereas inner faces have look of English bond [Fig
(a), (b)].
• Construction of flemish bond needs greater skill. It gives more
pleasing appearance. But it is not as strong as English bond. If
only pointing is to be used for finished wall, flemish bond may be
used to get good aesthetic view. If plastering is going to be used, it
is better to use English bond.
22.
23. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Brick Masonry Over Stone Masonry
Advantages:
1. Since shape and size of bricks are uniform, it do not need skilled labour
for the construction.
2. Bricks are light in weight and hence handling them is easy.
3. Bricks are easily available around cities and their transportation cost is
less because their weight is less. Stones are to be brought from quarries
which are located only at few places.
4. It is possible to use all types of mortar in brick masonry. For
unimportant buildings even mud mortar can be used.
5. Thinner walls can be constructed with bricks but it is not so with stones.
6. It is easy to form openings for doors and windows.
7. Dead load of brick masonry is less.
8. In brick masonry mortar joints are thin and hence construction cost is
reduced considerably.
9. Brick masonry has better fire and weather resistance compared to
stone masonry.
24. Disadvantages:
1. Strength of brick masonry is less than that of stone masonry.
2. Durability of brick masonry is less.
3. Brick masonry needs plastering and plastered surface needs
colour washing. Stone masonry don’t need them and hence
maintenance cost is more in brick masonry.
4. Brick masonry absorbs water and there are possibility of
dampness. There is no such problem in stone masonry.
5. More architectural effects can be given in stone masonry
compared to that in brick masonry.
6. Stone masonry gives massive appearance and hence monumental
buildings are built in stone masonry.
25.
26. Some points
• Reinforcement masonry
does not require
expensive element of
concreting.
• Reinforcement masonry is
capable of taking tensile
and shear loads.
• Reinforcement masonry is
a cheap, durable, fire
proof and easy to
construct.
• Reinforcement masonry is
used for construction of
walls, columns, lintels and
slabs.
27.
28.
29. Important points
• Concrete Association of India recommends face
thickness should be less than 5 cm and net area
should be minimum of 55 to 60% of the gross area.
• The holes in the block should be at least two in
number and they should preferably be oval shaped.
• The common sizes generally adopted for building
blocks are: 39x 19x 30 cm; 39x19x20 cm and
39x19x10 cm.
• The blocks are manufactured by using the mixture of
fine aggregates 60% and 6 to 12 mm size coarse
aggregate 40%. The fine modulus of the mixture
should range between 2.9 to 3.6. The 1:6 (cement to
combined aggregate) concrete mix should be used.
• The strength of block should be 30 kg/cm2
30. • For the construction of walls, only well dried blocks
should be used. Blocks should have less than 10% water
absorption for external walls and less than 15% for
internal walls. Blocks with higher water absorption should
be painted with water proof material.
• The joints should be 5 mm to 10 mm in thickness and
cement, lime and sand mortar of 1:1: 10 should be used.
• When two walls of different heights meet each other, they
should be separated by a joint.
• In order to avoid cracks , hollow blocks filled with
concrete should be used at the junction of walls.
• When used in columns, the hollows within the blocks
may be filled with concrete.
• Lintels should be made of hollow channel-shaped blocks
filled with concrete having steel reinforcement at their
bottom.