The document details various construction materials and techniques, focusing on plaster types such as lime, cement, and gypsum, along with their applications. It also explains the preparation and functions of mortars, the importance of proper mixing, and different painting methods used to protect surfaces. Additionally, it mentions wall cladding materials and their durability, emphasizing the need for aesthetic and weather-resistant finishes.

1. Name-parashuram prakash kavchat
College-sree ramchandra college of
engineering
Roll no.40

2.  Plastering type-
 lime
 cement
 Gypsum
 Plaster of paris(application)
 Pointing-
 Purpose & type
 Morter-
 preperation and type
 Painting and vernishes
 Type and application

3.  White washing
 Detempering
 Oil paint
 Wall cladding-
 Material and method
 Wall prepering
 Glazing work

4. When lime is used as the binding materials, it is
called lime plaster.
Lime plaster is type of plaster
composed of hydrated lime, sand and
water. Lime plaster is similar to Lime
mortar, the main difference is the based on
use rather than composition. Hydraulic
lime is harder and stronger .Mortar for lime
plaster is usually prepared by mixing sand
and lime in equal proportions. Cement is
small quantity added to the mixture to
improve its strength.

6. When cement is used as the binding
materials, it is called cement plaster.
 It is especially suited for damp condition.
Cement plaster is usually applied in one coat.
The thickness of coat can be 12mm, 15mm or
20mm depending upon the site conditions and
type of building. When the thickness of plaster is
more than 15mm. 6 MM thickness of cement
plaster and cement mortar 1:3 or 1:4 is
recommended for cement plastering on RCC
surfaces

8. This plaster is made from a mixture of lime
and gypsum.
It is found in layer form.This layer is usually
huge in size which make it suitable for any
ceiling situation.
It have good sound insulation and air proof
but tend to broken or crack.

10.  If plaster or gypsum is heated above 266 °F
(130 °C), anhydrite is formed, which will also
re-form as gypsum if mixed with water. A
largegypsum deposit at Montmartre in Paris
led "calcined gypsum"
(roastedgypsum or gypsum plaster) to be
commonly known as "plaster of Paris".

11.  1. At high temperatures gypsum loses all the
water of crystallization to give anhydrous
calsium sulphate.
2. It is used in manufacture of H2SO4.
3. It is used in making of cement.
4. It is used in the preparation of moulds
used In surgery and castings.
 POP was used in the immediate management
of Open fractures until the evolution of
external fixator. It has also been used in the
management of neuropathic joints and
diabetic ulcers

12.  It is used in the correction of deformities like
fixed flexion deformity of the knee.
 Plaster of Paris is used in postoperative
immobilisation and also in the management
of some amputees. Casting over stumps has
allowed immediate rehabilitation using
prosthesis

13.  Finishing of mortar joints in masonry.
 In exposed masonry joints are weakest
parts.
 Pointing consists of raking of joints to a
depth of 10 to 20 mm

14. 1. Flush Pointing
2. Keyed or grooved pointing
3.Recessed pointing
4. Weathered Pointing
5. V pointing or bucket handle
6. Beaded pointing
7. Tuck pointing
8. Struck pointing

15. • Mortars are usually named according to the
binding material used in their preparation.
• They are essentially required for masonry
work, plastering and pointing etc.
 FUNCTIONS OF MORTAR:
• To bind together the bricks or stones properly
so as to provide strength to the structure.
• To form a homogenous mass of the structure
so as to resist all the loads coming over it
without disintegration.

16. •To provide a weather resisting i.e., a durable layer
between the different courses of masonry in the
structure.
•To hold coarse aggregate together in any concrete
so as to form a solid mass. The mortar used in a
concrete is termed as matrix.
•To do pointing and plastering to the structure.
The mortar used for plastering is known as plaster.
•To fill up empty joints in brick and stone masonry.
The mortar used for such purposes is a thin liquid
mortar which is termed as grout and the process is
known as grouting.

17. • The sands and the cement have to be
thoroughly mixed by hand or in a
mechanical mixer before adding any
water - do not use dirty water, or water
from puddles or ponds, as this could
impair the final strength of the mortar.
• Similarly, keep any sugar-containing
liquids, such as soft drinks, well away
from the mix - sugar, even in small
amounts, seriously impairs the setting
ability of the cement

18. •When mixing by hand, the sands and cement are
heaped up on a mixing board or in a wheelbarrow and
repeatedly turned over and over until thoroughly
mixed.
•The color of the dry mix will change as the cement is
distributed throughout - there should be no 'streaking'
of cement, and no clumps of pure sand or pure
cement.
•Once the dry ingredients are mixed, the water can
be added.
Mortar for Wide Joints
2 x Building Sand plus
2 x Grit Sand plus
1 x cement

19. •If any additives are being used, such as a plasticizer or
a frost-proofer, they are normally added to the water,
and then mixed in, rather than being directly added to
the dry ingredients.
•A "well" is formed in the centre of the mixed heap,
water added to it and then folded in.
• More water is added a bit at a time and folded in
until the required consistency is attained.
•This should be when the mortar is thoroughly mixed
but is able to stand in peaks, like whipped cream; too
wet and it just makes a mess, too dry and it's almost
impossible to work.

20. •When using a mechanical mixer, add half a
bucket (2 or 3 liters) of clean cold water to
the empty drum before adding the dry
ingredients in sequence.
• Add 4 measures of sand then 1 of cement,
followed by 4 sand, then another cement and
so on until the required quantity is in the
mixer.
•This ensures a more thorough mix than
adding, say, 20 measures of sand and then 5
measures of cement.
•Again, the water is added to the revolving
drum once the dry ingredients are thoroughly
blended, a bit at a time until the required
consistency is achieved.
.

21.  Cement mortar:
 Lime mortar:
 Light weight mortar:
 Fire resistant mortar:
 Mud mortar:
For wide joints in paving or for stonework, either
as paving or as walling, a coarser mortar is often
preferred - replace half of the building/soft sand
with grit/sharp sand. You will probably find that a
coarse mortar such as this requires less gauging
water to achieve a working consistency than does
a bricklaying/general purpose mortar

22. Paints
Paints are used to protect metals, timber,
or plastered surfaces from the corrosive
effects of weather, heat, moisture or
gases etc and to improve their
appearance

23.  Plastic Paints
 Cement Paints
 Water Paints
 Distemper Paints
 Aluminum paints
 Anti-corrosive paints
 Asbestos paints
 Bituminous paints
 Bronze paints
 Cellulose paints
 Casein paints
 Cement based paints
 Enamel paints
 Oil paints
 Rubber base paints

24. There are a number of ways to judge paint
quality:
 Wear ability
 Covering ability
 Ease of cleaning
 Protection of the substrate
 Environmentally Friendly
 Aesthetic
 Practical and Cost Effective

25. Fundamental components of an oil-based
paint are:
 Body
 Vehicle
 Pigment
 Thinner
 Dryer

26. Fading:
●The gradual loss of color is known as fading.
This may be due to the effect of sun rays.
Flaking or Peeling
●Due to the poor adhesion, paint may peel off
from the surface.
Blistering:
●This is caused by water vapour, which is
trapped behind the painted surface. It may occur
due to imperfect seasoning of timber.

27. A transparent solution of resinous
substance in linseed oil, turpentine or in
alcohol is called varnish

28. ●It should dry rapidly.
●It should form a hard film on drying.
●It should not crack on drying.
●It should be durable and weather
resistant.
●It should give uniform and pleasing
appearance.
●It should not hide the natural grains of the
inner surface of timber

29.  Cladding is an exterior finishing system
meant to protect the underlying structure
(like a home) and provide an aesthetically
appealing finish.
 How long it lasts depends on the type of
cladding, but most cladding systems are
quite durable and last up to 50 years.

30. 1. Stone cladding
2. Timber cladding
3. Weatherboard cladding
4. Fiber cement cladding
5. Brick cladding
6. Vinyl cladding
7. Metal cladding