Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
The presentation is descriptive about the basics of cement and cement industry in india and abroad. this was our project in 1st year of B.arch from school of planning and architecture, bhopal, india.
Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even , smooth , regular , clean & durable surface.
Plastering type-
lime
cement
Gypsum
Plaster of paris(application)
Pointing-
Purpose & type
Morter-
preperation and type
Painting and vernishes
Type and application
White washing
Detempering
Oil paint
Wall cladding-
Material and method
Wall prepering
Glazing work
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
•When a binding material, a fine aggregate and
water are mixed together in suitable proportions ,
they form an easily workable paste which is
termed as Mortar.
•When a binding material, ( a fine & a coarse
aggregate) and water are mixed in suitable
proportions , they form an easily workable mix
which is termed as plastic, wet or green concrete.
3. •When this plastic concrete becomes hard like a
stone, this is termed as hardened concrete or
simply Concrete.
•For preparing mortars and concretes, cement and
lime are generally used as binding materials;
o sand and surkhi as fine aggregates and
o crushed stone and crushed bricks as coarse
aggregates.
4. MORTAR
•Mortars are usually named according to the
binding material used in their preparation.
•They are essentially required for masonry work,
plastering and pointing etc.
FUNCTIONS OF MORTAR:
•To bind together the bricks or stones properly so
as to provide strength to the structure.
•To form a homogenous mass of the structure so as
to resist all the loads coming over it without
disintegration.
5. •To provide a weather resisting i.e., a durable
layer between the different courses of masonry
in the structure.
•To hold coarse aggregate together in any
concrete so as to form a solid mass. The mortar
used in a concrete is termed as matrix.
•To do pointing and plastering to the structure.
The mortar used for plastering is known as
plaster.
•To fill up empty joints in brick and stone
masonry. The mortar used for such purposes is a
thin liquid mortar which is termed as grout and
the process is known as grouting.
6. MIXING MORTAR:
•The sands and the cement have to be thoroughly
mixed by hand or in a mechanical mixer before
adding any water - do not use dirty water, or water
from puddles or ponds, as this could impair the final
strength of the mortar.
•When mixing by hand, the sands and cement are
heaped up on a mixing board or in a wheelbarrow
and repeatedly turned over and over until
thoroughly mixed.
PREPERATION OF MORTARS:
7. •The color of the dry mix will change as the cement
is distributed throughout -
•Once the dry ingredients are mixed, the water can
be added.
8. •If any additives are being used, such as a
plasticizer or a frost-proofer, they are normally
added to the water, and then mixed in, rather than
being directly added to the dry ingredients.
•A "well" is formed in the centre of the mixed heap,
water added to it and then folded in.
• More water is added a bit at a time and folded in
until the required consistency is attained.
•This should be when the mortar is thoroughly
mixed but is able to stand in peaks, like whipped
cream; too wet and it just makes a mess, too dry
and it's almost impossible to work.
9. Dry sand and cement in
wheelbarrow
Begin to mix sand and cement Mix to evenly distribute cement
The dry mix should be all one
colour
Add water and plasticiser Mix to required consistency
10. •When using a mechanical mixer, add half a bucket
(2 or 3 liters) of clean cold water to the empty drum
before adding the dry ingredients in sequence.
• Add 4 measures of sand then 1 of cement,
followed by 4 sand, then another cement and so on
until the required quantity is in the mixer.
•This ensures a more thorough mix than adding,
say, 20 measures of sand and then 5 measures of
cement.
•Again, the water is added to the revolving drum
once the dry ingredients are thoroughly blended, a
bit at a time until the required consistency is
achieved.
11. For wide joints in paving or for stonework,
either as paving or as walling, a coarser
mortar is often preferred - replace half of the
building/soft sand with grit/sharp sand. You
will probably find that a coarse mortar such
as this requires less gauging water to achieve
a working consistency than does a
bricklaying/general purpose mortar.
2 x Building Sand plus
2 x Grit Sand plus
1 x cement
Mortar for Wide Joints
12. TYPES OF MORTAR & THEIR USES:
Cement mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing cement and sand
in suitable proportions in addition to water.
•The general proportion is 1 part of cement to 2-8
parts clean sand.
•These mortars must be use within half an hour,
i.e.; before initial setting time of the cement.
•This type is used for all engineering works where
high strength is desired such as load bearing walls,
deep foundations, flooring etc.
13.
14. Lime mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing lime and sand or surkhi in
suitable proportions in addition to water.
•If surkhi is to be added in lime mortar the equal
proportions of sand and surkhi should be mixed with lime.
•These mortars are inferior to cement mortars in strength
as well as water tightness.
•These mortars should not be used for underground works
as they set in the presence of carbon dioxide and break up
in damp conditions.
•This type is used for construction work above ground level
i.e. exposed positions.
15.
16. Fire resistant mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing aluminous
cement and finely crushed fire bricks in suitable
proportions in addition to water.
•The usual proportion are 1 part aluminous
cement to 2 parts of finely crushed fire bricks.
•These are generally used for lining furnaces,
ovens and fire places with fire bricks.
17. Mud mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing suitable clayey
soil with water.
•The soil which is used for preparing mud mortar
should be free from grass, pebbles etc.
•These are the cheapest mortars but weakest in
strength.
•These mortars are used for brickwork of
ordinary buildings and for plastering walls in rural
areas.
18.
19. Gauged mortar
It is a mixture of cement, lime (lime putty or
hydrated lime), sand and water. The process of
adding cement to lime mortar to improve its
quality is termed as gauging and mortar thus
prepared is known as gauged mortar. The
preparation of cement to lime mortar by volume
is about 1:6 to 1:9. This type of mortar
combination (i.e. lime and cement) is strong,
dense and economical. Lime mortar has high
plasticity and cement has high strength than
lime so, whenever we mixed these both in
some proportions then the resultant will give
two properties in economical way.
20. Surkhi Mortar
Surkhi mortar consists lime, surkhi and water.
Surkhi is used as adulterant or fine aggregate.
Sometimes half amount of sand and half
amount of surkhi also used. Surkhi is finely
powdered burnt clay which is free from any
admixtures, impurities. It will give more strength
than sand and cheaply available in the market.
21.
22. Gypsum Mortar
Gypsum mortar consists of plaster and soft
sand as binding material and fine aggregate. In
the Egyptian ancient structures called as
pyramids, gypsum mortar is used. Gypsum
mortar will have low durability in damp
conditions.
23. FUNCTION OF SAND AND SURKHI IN MORTARS:
Functions of sand:
•It reduces shrinkage of the building material.
•It prevents development of cracks in the mortar on
drying.
•It helps in making mortars and concretes of
desired strength by varying its proportions with the
binding material.
Functions of surkhi:
•It provides brick color and make the mortar
economical
24. Types of Mortars Based on Bulk density
Based on the bulk density of mortar in dry state, mortars are classified into two
types.
Heavy mortar
Lightweight mortar
Heavy mortar
If the mortar having bulk density of 15 KN/m3
or more then it is called as heavy
mortar. Generally heavy quartzes are used as adulterants in this type of mortars.
Lightweight mortar
If the mortar having bulk density of less than 15 KN/m3
then it is called as light
mortar. Generally light porous sands, soft sands are used as adulterants in this
type of mortars
Special purpose mortars
Other than the above described types there are some mortars with special
purposes. They are
Fire resistant mortar
Lightweight mortar
Packing mortar
Sound absorbing mortar
X-ray shielding mortar
Chemical resistant mortar
25. Fire Resistant Mortar
If there is any fire warnings to the structures in a particular
zone, then we will go for fire resistant mortar which acts as
fireproof shield. By adding aluminous cement to the fine
powder of fire bricks we will get fire resistant mortar.
26. Light weight mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing wood powder,
wood sawing or saw dust with cement or lime
mortar.
•In such mortars fibers of jute coir or asbestos
fibers can also be used.
•These are generally used as fiber plasters in sound
and heat proof construction.
27. Packing Mortar
The constituents of packing mortars are generally
cement-sand, cement-loam or sometimes cement-
sand-loam. Loam is soil composed mostly of sand
(particle size > 63 µm), silt (particle size > 2 µm),
and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < 2 µm).
Its composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of
sand-silt-clay, respectively.
This type of mortar is used to pack the oil wells.
Packing mortar should be of high homogeneity, water
resistance and high strength, ability to form solid
water-proof plugs in cracks and voids of rocks,
resistance to subsoil water pressure, etc. .
28. Sound Absorbing Mortar
It is used to reduce the noise level and acts as
sound proof layer. It consists cement, lime,
gypsum, slag etc. as binding materials and
pumice, cinders as adulterants.
X-ray Shielding Mortar
To provide protection against ill effects of X-rays,
the X-ray room walls and ceilings are plastered by
X-ray shielding mortar. This is heavy type mortar
with bulk density around 22KN/m3
. Fine
aggregates from heavy rock and suitable
admixtures are used to prepare this type of
mortar.
.
29. Chemical Resistant Mortar
It is generally used where there is a chance of
chemical attack on the structures. There are so
many types of chemical resistant mortars can be
prepared but the selection of mortar is dependent
of expected damage by particular chemical or
group of chemicals.
The additives added may not resist all the chemical
attacks. For example, silicate type chemical mortar
resists nitric, chromic, Sulphuric or any acidic
damages but it cannot prevent the structure against
damage by alkalies of any concentration
30. Nature of work
Type of mortar
Construction work in waterlogged
areas and exposed positions
Cement or lime mortar of
proportions 1:3, lime being
eminently hydraulic lime.
Damp proof courses and cement
concrete roads
Cement mortar proportions 1:2
General RCC work such as lintels,
pillars, slabs, stairs etc.
Cement mortar of proportions 1:3,
the concrete mix being 1:2:4
Internal walls and surfaces of less
importance
Lime cinder mortar in proportion 1:3,
sand is replaced by ashes or cinder.
Mortar for laying fire-bricks
Fire-resistant mortar consisting of 1
part of aluminous cement to 2 parts
of finely crushed powder of fire-
bricks.
Partition walls and parapet walls
Cement mortar of proportions 1:3 or
lime mortar of 1:1. Lime should be
moderately hydraulic lime.
Plaster work
Cement mortar of proportion 1:3 to
1:4 or lime mortar proportion 1:2
31. Nature of work
Type of mortar
Pointing work
Cement mortar of proportion 1:1 to
1:2
Reinforced brickwork Cement mortar proportion 1:3
Stone masonry with best varieties of
stones
Lime mortar proportions 1:2, lime
being eminently hydraulic lime.
Stone masonry with ordinary stones,
brickwork, foundations, etc.
Lime mortar of 1:2 or cement mortar
of 1:6, lime should be eminently
hydraulic lime or moderately
hydraulic lime.
Thin joints in brickwork
Lime mortar of 1:3, lime being fat
lime.