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A 7-year-old female presented with an ear ache, cough, and sore throat. Examination found a crackling, wheezing cough. Tests revealed left lower lobe pneumonia. Serologic testing showed positive IgM and IgG antibodies for Chlamydiophilia pneumoniae, indicating the cause of infection. C. pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium that can cause respiratory infections ranging from mild to severe pneumonia. It is treated with macrolide antibiotics.
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This document discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bacterial meningitis. It notes that the highest incidence is in neonates, usually caused by Group B streptococci or E. coli acquired during birth. From ages 1 month to 23 months, the most common causes are S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. Conjugated Hib vaccines have reduced cases in children aged 2-5 years. S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis remain the most frequent causes in older children and adults. Proper treatment requires prompt diagnosis and empiric administration of broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics like ceftriaxone, along with adjuncts like van
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simplified Microbiological Approach to One of the most serious clinical situations worldwide .. with focused information about causes , diagnosis , treatment , prevention and epidemiology ..
making " meningitis " incredibly easy
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial or viral infections. The two most common types of bacterial meningitis are caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal meningitis). Viruses from the enterovirus group are the most common cause of viral meningitis. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. While bacterial meningitis requires intravenous antibiotics, viral meningitis is usually treated with supportive care. Handwashing is the best way to prevent transmission between people through contact with nose and throat secretions.
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- 1. Chlamydiophilia pneumoniae Jordan Frandsen
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- 3. Serologic testing The Microparticle Agglutination Assay revealed a titer of antibodies of 1:310 The serum immunoblot assay showed positive IgM and IgG against Chlamydiophilia pneumoniae.
- 4. Chlamydiophilia pneumoniae Gram-negative coccoid Non-motile, non-spore forming Obligate Intracellular bacterium Incubation period is about 21 days Two forms in nature: Elementary Body- infectious particle Reticulate Body- engages replication and growth
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- 6. Life Cycle 6-8 hours after the EB enters the cell it develops into a noninfectious RB within the cytoplasmic vacuole There is about a 20 hour eclipse phase after entry when the EB develops into the RB. The genome is transcribed into RNA, proteins are synthesized and the DNA is replicated. 18-24 hours after infection the RB divides by binary fission. After the outer cell wall is made the RB develops into a new infectious EB.
- 7. Life Cycle
- 8. Epidemiology 2-5 million cases of pneumonia and 500,000 pneumonia-related hospitalizations occur in the US. Transmission is person-to-person by respiratory secretions. All ages are at risk, but school-age children are most common. Infection doesn’t produce immunity.
- 9. Diagnosis Difficult to grow Diagnosis is made using assays that show an increase in IgG or IgM Cultures are only positive about 50% of the time The Complement Fixation (CF) test can be used to detect genus specific LPS Microimmunofluorescence (MIF) uses an EB antigen
- 10. Treatment Macrolides are the first-line treatment Tetracyclines and Fluoroquinolones are also used Prolonged treatment is recommened (2-3 weeks) In severe case, intravenous antibiotics are used
- 11. Prevention There is no vaccine currently available The best way to avoid this organism is Good Hygiene Hand Washing Avoid contact with infected people
- 12. Sources http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/chlamydophila.htm l Kauppinen M, Pekka S, Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae: prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1995;21:S244-52. Guerra LG, Ho H, Verghese A, New pathogens in pneumonia, Medical Clinics of North America, 1994; 78:967-985.
- 13. Questions?