TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
The presentation describes the general properties, morphology, structure, lytic and lysogenic life cycles, cultivation of viruses (Animal, chick embryo, cell culture), cell cultures etc.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. o Introduction
o Spirochetes
o Treponema pallidum
Morphology
Ultrastructure
Motility
Staining Methods
Cultural characteristics
Resistance
Antigenic Structures
Pathogenicity
Transmission
References
3. trepos – to turn
nema – thread
• Short, slender spirochete
• Round or pointed ends
• Some are pathogens; cause a spectrum of diseases
called treponematoses
• Some are commensals- mouth, intestines, genitalia
• Species are identical in morphology, antigenic
structures; non-identical in clinical manifestation and
epidemiology
9. pallidum – pale staining
• Syphilis causing pathogen
• Schuadinn & Hoffmann discovered in 1905
• Isolated from chancres and inguinal lymph
nodes of infected patients
• ‘Syphilis’, first man to be infected as a
punishment from Greek God Apollo
10. • Delicate, thin spirochete with tapering ends
• Gram negative bacteria
• Length - 10 μm
• Width - 0.1-0.2 μm
• Endoflagella or periplasmic flagella
• Sharp, angular spirals located 1μm apart
– Primary spirals ̴10 in number,
– Secondary spirals or curves may appear/disappear
during locomotion
11. • Outer membrane, rich in lipids
• Axial filaments enclosed by outer membrane
• Periplasmic space
• Endoflagella present between cell wall and
outer membrane; don’t protrude out
• Cell wall
• Trilaminar cytoplasmic membrane
• Protoplast
12.
13. • Actively motile, flexion of the whole body
• Cork-screw like motility
• Rotation along the long axis
• Endoflagella; remain within outer membrane
• Saprophytic species- lashing motility with
non-uniform spirals
15. • Not visible under light microscopy; too thin
• Does not take up gram staining
• Negative staining- Indian ink
• Dark ground or Phase contrast microscope
• Prolonged Giemsa stain produces light rose red
• Silver impregnation method
• Fontana’s method – film staining
• Levaditi’s method – tissue section staining using
silver nitrate
20. • Anaerobic or microaerophilic
• Pathogenic treponemes cannot be cultivated on
artificial media
Cocultivation with tissue culture cells- limited growth
Complex media, anaerobic conditions - virulence and
motility exhibited only for 10-12 days
Pathogenic strains maintained for decades using serial
testicular passage in rabbits
Nichol’s strain - Isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of
neurosyphilis patient, 1912
Thioglycollate medium containing serum-
T.phagedenis (Reiter treponeme)
22. • Very delicate organism
• High susceptibility to drying or heating (@41°-
42°C for 1hour)
• Fever therapy or Pyrotherapy for syphilis,
based on it’s heat susceptibility
• Donor blood stored for 1-4 days at 0°-4°C
(refrigeration) to prevent transfusion syphilis
23. • Inactivation by:
Distilled water
Oxygen
Soap and detergents
Metals- Arsenic, Bismuth, Mercurials
Antiseptics and antibiotics
• Storage:
i. 10% glycerol @ -70°C (Freezing)
ii. Liquid nitrogen @ -130°C
24. • Complex
• Induces 3 types of antibodies in host
i. Reagin antibody - non-specific - detected in
standard tests for syphilis (STS) – Wassermann,
Kahn, VDRL using beef heart hapten(cardiolipin)
ii. Group specific antigen - common to T.pallidum
and certain non-pathgenic species
iii. Polysaccharide - species specific, found only in
infected individuals
25. • Human pathogen
• Infection can be induced experimentally in
chimpanzees, rabbits, hamsters(rare)
• Infective dose (ID) – Less than 10 organisms in
animals
• Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
• Syphilis is a disease of blood vessels and
perivascular area
• Incubatory period – 3 weeks
28. • Penetration
– Entry of organism through abrasions during sexual contact
– Mucosal penetration
– Transplacental transmission
– Entry site develops chancres; especially in external
genitalia
• Dissemination
– Enters regional lymph nodes
– Spread throughout body via blood and lymphatic
circulatory systems
– Organ lodgement and systemic manifestation
29. TEXTBOOK:
• Ananthanarayan R. and C.K.J. Panicker, Textbook of
Microbiology, 8th Edition
WEBSITES:
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/4642226/
• https://www.generalmicroscience.com/microbial-laboratory-
techniques/spirochete-staining-fontanas-technique/
• https://www.labce.com/spg689937_special_stains_for_skin_s
pirochetes.
MOTILITY VIDEO LINK:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAOodrAquW4&feature=
youtu.be
