Generic Amlodipine Besylate Tablets is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) by itself or together with other medicines.
Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Amlodipine is also used to relieve chronic stable angina (chest pain) in adults.
Generic Amlodipine could help to increase the ability to exercise and decrease the frequency of angina attacks.
Motilium (Domperidone 10 mg Tablets) is used to treat nausea, vomiting and discomfort caused by a slow moving stomach known as gastroparesis in adult patients.
Motilium (Domperidone 10 mg Tablets) is used to treat nausea, vomiting and discomfort caused by a slow moving stomach known as gastroparesis in adult patients.
Antihistamine drugs
Introduction
Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the effects of histamines.
Histamine is chemical released by your body during an allergic reaction and acts on a specific histamine receptor.
There are four types of histamine receptor: H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors.
The term antihistamine only refers to H1 receptor antagonists.
allergy symptoms:
Congestion, runny nose, sneezing, or itching
Swelling of the nasal passages
Hives and other skin rashes
Itchy, runny eye
Mechanism Of Action
Block action of histamine at H1 receptors.
Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors.
Cannot push histamine off the receptors if already bound.
Types of Antihistamine
1: first-generation drugs
sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but also cross the blood – brain barrier and block central H1 and cholinergic receptors as well.
Ex. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - Dimetindene (fenistil)
2: second-generation drugs
Non-sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but do not cross the blood – brain barrier.
Ex. Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - Loratadine (Alavert, Claritin)
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines
1st generation antihistamine
Has a peripheral and central H1-antagonist action
Sedating antihistamine
Uses
allergic symptoms - insomnia - common cold - Motion sickness
Adverse side effects
Side effects are due to CNS depression :
Sedation - Dizziness - Euphoria - Blurred vision - Tinnitus
Anticholinergic effects
Contraindication
hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine
this drug should not be used in new-born or premature infants
interaction
Alcohol and other CNS depressants
MAO inhibitors
Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injections (Dexona Injections) is used to treat many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, Cerebral oedema(raised intracranial pressure),auto-immune, endocrine, pulmonary, blood disorders or breathing disorders.
Amlopres (Generic Amlodipine Besylate Tablets) is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension)
by itself or in combination with other medicines. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. It is also used to prevent certain types of chest pain (Angina). It may help to increase your ability to exercise and decrease the frequency of angina attacks.
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). If you have high blood pressure, taking amlodipine can help to prevent future heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes.
Antihistamine drugs
Introduction
Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the effects of histamines.
Histamine is chemical released by your body during an allergic reaction and acts on a specific histamine receptor.
There are four types of histamine receptor: H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors.
The term antihistamine only refers to H1 receptor antagonists.
allergy symptoms:
Congestion, runny nose, sneezing, or itching
Swelling of the nasal passages
Hives and other skin rashes
Itchy, runny eye
Mechanism Of Action
Block action of histamine at H1 receptors.
Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors.
Cannot push histamine off the receptors if already bound.
Types of Antihistamine
1: first-generation drugs
sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but also cross the blood – brain barrier and block central H1 and cholinergic receptors as well.
Ex. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - Dimetindene (fenistil)
2: second-generation drugs
Non-sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but do not cross the blood – brain barrier.
Ex. Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - Loratadine (Alavert, Claritin)
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines
1st generation antihistamine
Has a peripheral and central H1-antagonist action
Sedating antihistamine
Uses
allergic symptoms - insomnia - common cold - Motion sickness
Adverse side effects
Side effects are due to CNS depression :
Sedation - Dizziness - Euphoria - Blurred vision - Tinnitus
Anticholinergic effects
Contraindication
hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine
this drug should not be used in new-born or premature infants
interaction
Alcohol and other CNS depressants
MAO inhibitors
Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injections (Dexona Injections) is used to treat many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, Cerebral oedema(raised intracranial pressure),auto-immune, endocrine, pulmonary, blood disorders or breathing disorders.
Amlopres (Generic Amlodipine Besylate Tablets) is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension)
by itself or in combination with other medicines. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. It is also used to prevent certain types of chest pain (Angina). It may help to increase your ability to exercise and decrease the frequency of angina attacks.
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). If you have high blood pressure, taking amlodipine can help to prevent future heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes.
Olmecip (Olmesartan Medoxomil Tablets) is used alone or along with other medicines for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure in adults as well as children 6 years and older.
Antidep Tablets (Generic Imipramine Hydrochloride Tablets) The Swiss Pharmacy
Antidep (Generic Imipramine Hydrochloride Tablets) is used for the relief of symptoms of depression. Using this medication to treat depression may improve your mood, sleep, appetite, and energy level and may help restore your interest in daily living.
This medicine may be useful as temporary adjunctive therapy in reducing enuresis in children aged 6 years and older, after possible organic causes have been excluded by appropriate tests.
Clopivas (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate tablets) is used to treat patients with Acute coronary syndrome. For patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS (unstable angina [UA]/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]), Clopidogrel tablets have been shown to reduce the rate of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. For patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), clopidogrel tablets have been shown to reduce the rate of MI and stroke.
This medicine is also used to treat patients with recent MI, recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease. Clopidogrel tablets have been shown to reduce the rate of MI and stroke.
Glimepiride Tablets USP 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, 4mg Taj Pharma PILTajPharmaQC
Glimepiride Tablets USP 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, 4mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Glimepiride Dosage & Rx Info | Glimepiride Uses, Side Effects Glimepiride: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Glimepiride-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Glimepiride dose Taj pharmaceuticals Glimepiride interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Glimepiride contraindications, Glimepiride price, Glimepiride Taj Pharma Glimepiride SmPC- Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Glimepiride Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SMPC.
Motilium M Tablets (Generic Domperidone Maleate Tablets) The Swiss Pharmacy
Motilium M (Generic Domperidone Maleate Tablets) is used to treat nausea and vomiting in adults. It is also used to treat discomfort caused by a slow moving stomach known as gastroparesis. Symptoms include not being able to finish a meal, a feeling of being "too full" or bloated after a meal, a loss of appetite, feeling sick and maybe vomiting, or belching without relief.
Lipril (Generic Lisinopril Dihydrate Tablets) belongs to a group of medicines called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure and to improve survival in patients in patients who have just had a heart attack.
Generic Lisinopril tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adult patients and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure lowers the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.
Generic Lisinopril tablets are indicated to reduce signs and symptoms of systolic heart failure. Generic Lisinopril tablets are indicated for the reduction of mortality in treatment of hemodynamically stable patients within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction.
Generic Elavil (Tryptomer Tablets) is used for the relief of symptoms of depression.
It is also used for relief of nerve pain, for example shooting, stabbing or burning pains.
Generic Sinemet Tablets for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and SymptomsThe Swiss Pharmacy
Generic Sinemet (Syndopa Tablets) is used in the treatment of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and symptomatic parkinsonism (parkinsonism-like symptoms) which may follow injury to the nervous system by carbon monoxide intoxication and/or manganese intoxication.
Omez (Generic Omeprazole Magnesium Capsules) is a proton pump inhibitor which is used in the treatment of conditions where a reduction of gastric acid secretion is required, such as Duodenal ulcer, Gastric ulcer, NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers, Reflux esophagitis, Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) i.e. heartburn and regurgitation and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Pathological hypersecretory condition).
Aldactone Tablets for Hypertension & Oedematous DisordersThe Swiss Pharmacy
Aldactone Tablets (Spironolactone) is used to treat hypertension, oedematous disorders, diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism, reducing or preventing potassium loss due to thiazide diuretics and other conditions.
Exermet (Generic Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets) is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in overweight patients, when dietary management and exercise alone does not result in adequate glycaemic control.
In adults, Exermet may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents or with insulin.
Amlodipine 10mg tablets smpc taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Amlodipine 5mg, 10mg Tablets Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Amlodipine Dosage & Rx Info | Amlodipine Uses, Side Effects - Amlodipine : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Amlodipine - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Amlodipine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Amlodipine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Amlodipine contraindications, Amlodipine price, Amlodipine Taj Pharma Amlodipine 5mg, 10mg Tablets SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Amlodipine Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
Aldactone (Spironolactone Tablets) is used to treat fluid retention (edema) caused by various conditions, including heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver and nephrotic syndrome; High blood pressure; Hyperaldosteronism ( a condition in which the body produces too much aldoterone, a naturally occurring hormone) and low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia).
Gravol (Generic Dimenhydrinate tablets) is indicated for use in the prevention and relief of nausea, vomiting and/or vertigo. These symptoms may be associated with clinical situations such as motion sickness, radiation sickness, postoperative recovery, drug-induced nausea and vomiting, Menière’s disease and other labyrinthine disturbances.
Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine Tablets Taj Pharma PILTajPharmaQC
Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine Tablets 20mg/5mg, 40mg/5mg, 40mg/10mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine Dosage & Rx Info | Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine Uses, Side Effects Vecuronium bromide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine contraindications, Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine price, Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine Taj Pharma Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Olmesartan medoxomil and Amlodipine Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Colimex Tablets (Generic Dicyclomine Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen Tablets)The Swiss Pharmacy
Colimex tablets (Dicyclomine Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen tablets) is a combination medication primarily used in the treatment of spasmodic pain and discomfort due to biliary colic, intestinal colic, renal colic and spasmodic dysmenorrhea (painful irregular periods). It also helps alleviate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Finpecia Tablets by Cipla (Generic Finasteride 1mg Tablets)The Swiss Pharmacy
Finpecia (Generic Finasteride 1mg Tablets) is used to treat male pattern hair loss. This medicine increases hair growth while at the same time prevents further hair loss.
Finasteride 1mg specifically lowers the levels of DHT in the scalp, thus helping to reverse the balding process. Finpecia does not affect hair on other parts of the body. Men with mild to moderate, but not complete, hair loss can expect to benefit from the use of Finpecia tablets.
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease InhalersThe Swiss Pharmacy
An Asthma inhaler is a (usually metered) device holding a medicine that you take by breathing in (inhaling). Inhalers are the most common treatment for asthma.
A metered dose inhaler (MDI) is a device that delivers a specific amount of medicine to the lungs, in the form of a short burst of aerosolized medicine that is inhaled by the patient. Inhalers are the most commonly used delivery system for treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other respiratory diseases
There are various types of inhalers available. Some of them are Duolin inhaler (Generic Combivent), Asthalin Inhaler (Generic Ventolin), Tiova Inhaler (Generic Spiriva), Beclate Inhaler (Generic Beclovent), Seroflo Inhaler (Generic Advair HFA) and Foracort Inhaler (Generic Symbicort).
Inmecin Capsules by Replica Remedies (Generic Indomethacin Capsules)The Swiss Pharmacy
Inmecin (Generic Indomethacin Capsules) is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine used for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis including acute flares of chronic disease, moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis, moderate to severe osteoarthritis, acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendinitis) and acute gouty arthritis.
Eltocin Tablets by IPCA (Generic Erythromycin Estolate Tablets)The Swiss Pharmacy
Eltocin (Generic Erythromycin Estolate Tablets) is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. It may also be used to prevent certain bacterial infections.
Erythromycin is known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
This antibiotic treats or prevents only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu).
Erythromycin is used to prevent and treat infections in many different parts of the body, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, diphtheria, intestinal amebiasis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, and syphilis. This medicine is also used to prevent recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever in patients who have had an allergic reaction to penicillin or sulfa drugs.
Super Tadarise by Sunrise Remedies (Generic Tadalafil and Dapoxetine Hydroc...The Swiss Pharmacy
Super Tadarise (Generic Tadalafil and Dapoxetine Hydrochloride Tablets) is a combination medication containing Tadalafil 20mg and Dapoxetine 60mg in a single tablet.
Super Tadarise is used for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction as well as treatment of premature ejaculation in adult men, when treatment of both indications are required at the same time.
Brufen Tablets by Abbott India (Generic Ibuprofen Tablets)The Swiss Pharmacy
Brufen (Generic Ibuprofen Tablets) is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis (including Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or Still's disease), Osteoarthritis, other non-rheumatoid (seronegative) arthropathies, ankylosing spondylitis, Primary dysmenorrhoea, and Pyrexia.
This medicine is also used in the treatment of non-articular rheumatic conditions, Brufen is indicated in periarticular conditions such as frozen shoulder (capsulitis), bursitis, tendonitis, tenosynovitis and low back pain; Brufen can also be used in soft tissue injuries such as sprains and strains.
Brufen is also indicated for its analgesic effect in the relief of mild to moderate pain, dental and post-operative pain and for symptomatic relief of headache, including migraine headache.
Nolvadol (Generic Tamoxifen Citrate Tablets) a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is used for the treatment of breast cancer and the treatment of anovulatory infertility.
Nolvadol which is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer has a response which is similar to that seen with either estrogens or androgens but Tamoxifen (Nolvadol Tablets) appears to produce less marked side-effects and to be more acceptable to the patient.
Dox Tablets (Generic Doxycycline Hydrochloride Tablets) are tetracycline class medicines which are used for Rickettsial infections, Sexually transmitted infections, Respiratory tract infections, Specific bacterial infections, Ophthalmic infections, Anthrax, including inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). Doxycycline tablets are also used as an alternative treatment for selected infections when penicillin is contraindicated as an adjunctive therapy for acute intestinal amebiasis and severe acne and for the prophylaxis of malaria.
Zinetac (Generic Ranitidine Hydrochloride tablets) relieves heartburn associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach. This medicine also prevents heartburn associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach brought on by certain foods and beverages. This medicine is also used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with less severe GERD.
Levera Tablets by Intas (Generic Levetiracetam Tablets)The Swiss Pharmacy
Levera tablets (Generic Levetiracetam tablets) are used as monotherapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults and adolescents from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy.
Levera tablets are used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, adolescents, children and infants from 1 month of age with epilepsy.
It is also used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.
It is also used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy.
Canesten Vaginal Cream (Generic Clotrimazole Vaginal Cream) is used to treat a fungal infection in the vagina and vulval area(thrush).
It should be used as an adjunct to treatment of candidal vaginitis. It can also be used for treatment of the sexual partner's penis to prevent re-infection.
Diane-35 Tablets (Cyproterone Acetate and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets)The Swiss Pharmacy
Diane-35 (Cyproterone Acetate and Ethinyl Estradiol tablets) is used for the treatment of signs of androgenisation in women, such as severe acne (involving inflammation or nodularity or risk of scarring) where prolonged oral antibiotics or local treatment alone has not been successful, or idiopathic hirsutism of mild to moderate degree.
Effective oral contraception in this group of women requiring treatment for these androgen-dependent diseases is an indication for treatment with Diane-35 tablets.
Atarax (Generic Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Tablets) is used to assist in the management of anxiety and tension states in adults, psychomotor agitation and acute stress situations such as, for example, those accompanying minor surgical procedures or allergic states.
Atarax tablets are also used in the management of pruritus due to allergic conditions such as chronic urticaria and atopic and contact dermatitis, and in histamine-mediated pruritus.
Lan (Generic Lansoprazole Capsules) is used for treatment of indigestion, heartburn, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD or reflux esophagitis), erosive esophagitis, and Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Dutagen (Generic Dutasteride Capsules) are used for the treatment of moderate to severe symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men with an enlarged prostate to reduce the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) and surgery.
Dutasteride Capsules are not approved for the prevention of prostate cancer.
Sensival (Generic Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets) are used to treat mental/mood problems such as depression. It may help improve mood and feelings of well-being, relieve anxiety and tension, and increase your energy level. Sensival may also be used for the treatment of some cases of nocturnal enuresis.
Asthalin Inhaler (Generic Albuterol Sulfate Inhaler) is used for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in patients 4 years of age and older with reversible obstructive airway disease. Asthalin Inhaler is also used for the prevention of exercise induced bronchospasm in patients 4 years of age and older.
Duonase Nasal Spray (Generic Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate Nasal Spray), containing an H1-receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid, is used for the relief of symptoms of smoderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and associated ocular symptoms in adults, adolescents, and children who require treatment with both Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone Propionate for symptomatic relief.
Eutrig-HP Injections (Generic Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Injections)The Swiss Pharmacy
Eutrig-HP Injection (Generic Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Injection) is FDA approved for the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, prepubertal cryptorchidism, and ovulation induction.
HCG is a hormone that is used to cause ovulation and to treat infertility in women. This medicine is not effective in women with primary ovarian failure. In female infertility it can be used to cause women to ovulate (Ovulation induction). Eutrig-HP is also used along with other fertility medicines, to help produce eggs in medically assisted reproduction programmes (IVF treatment).
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Injections (HCG) is used in men to treat hypogonadism, a condition in which the body doesn't produce enough testosterone.
HCG is also used in young boys whose testicles have not descended (dropped) into the scrotum as normally expected during growth. HCG is usually given for this condition in boys who are 4 to 9 years old.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!