Antihistamine drugs
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Antihistamine drugs Introduction Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the effects of histamines. Histamine is chemical released by your body during an allergic reaction and acts on a specific histamine receptor. There are four types of histamine receptor: H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors. The term antihistamine only refers to H1 receptor antagonists. allergy symptoms: Congestion, runny nose, sneezing, or itching Swelling of the nasal passages Hives and other skin rashes Itchy, runny eye Mechanism Of Action Block action of histamine at H1 receptors. Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors. Cannot push histamine off the receptors if already bound. Types of Antihistamine 1: first-generation drugs sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but also cross the blood – brain barrier and block central H1 and cholinergic receptors as well. Ex. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - Dimetindene (fenistil) 2: second-generation drugs Non-sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but do not cross the blood – brain barrier. Ex. Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - Loratadine (Alavert, Claritin) Diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines 1st generation antihistamine Has a peripheral and central H1-antagonist action Sedating antihistamine Uses allergic symptoms - insomnia - common cold - Motion sickness Adverse side effects Side effects are due to CNS depression : Sedation - Dizziness - Euphoria - Blurred vision - Tinnitus Anticholinergic effects Contraindication hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine this drug should not be used in new-born or premature infants interaction Alcohol and other CNS depressants MAO inhibitors
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Histamine and antihistaminics
A Power point presentation on “Histamine and Antihistaminics” prepared mainly for teaching MBBS students ….
Histamine and antihistaminics
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
Antiadrenergic system and drugs
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Antihistamine
This document discusses antihistamines, which are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine. Histamine is released during allergic reactions and binds to histamine receptors, causing inflammation. Antihistamines work by competing with histamine for binding sites on receptors. The document describes different types of antihistamines including first generation drugs that have anticholinergic effects and second generation drugs that are more selective. It also discusses the structures, classifications, and mechanisms of antihistamines.
Antihistamines - Pharmacology
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils before being released in response to stimuli. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with the H1 and H2 receptors being clinically relevant drug targets. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking H1 receptors, and H2 receptor blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion. First-generation antihistamines have greater sedative and anticholinergic side effects than second-generation drugs due to interactions with other receptors.
Histamines and antihistamine pharmacology
Histamine is a biogenic amine present in many tissues that functions as a neurotransmitter and is involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. Histamine acts through multiple receptor subtypes and is involved in various physiological processes like gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and allergic responses. Antihistamines competitively inhibit histamine receptors, with first generation antihistamines having sedative effects and second generation ones having minimal side effects. They are used to treat allergic disorders, as antiemetics, and for gastric acid reduction with H2 blockers. Concerns have been raised about impurities in the H2 blocker ranitidine. While H3
Antihistaminics
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine by competing for binding sites on histamine receptors. Histamine is released during allergic reactions from mast cells and basophils and acts on H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors throughout the body. Common antihistamines include first generation sedating antihistamines like diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine as well as newer second generation antihistamines with less sedation like cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions, insomnia, and ulcers by blocking the H1 or H2 receptors through which
Antihistamines (Medicinal chemistry) Manik
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
Recommended
Histamine and antihistaminics
A Power point presentation on “Histamine and Antihistaminics” prepared mainly for teaching MBBS students ….
Histamine and antihistaminics
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
Antiadrenergic system and drugs
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Antihistamine
This document discusses antihistamines, which are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine. Histamine is released during allergic reactions and binds to histamine receptors, causing inflammation. Antihistamines work by competing with histamine for binding sites on receptors. The document describes different types of antihistamines including first generation drugs that have anticholinergic effects and second generation drugs that are more selective. It also discusses the structures, classifications, and mechanisms of antihistamines.
Antihistamines - Pharmacology
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils before being released in response to stimuli. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with the H1 and H2 receptors being clinically relevant drug targets. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking H1 receptors, and H2 receptor blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion. First-generation antihistamines have greater sedative and anticholinergic side effects than second-generation drugs due to interactions with other receptors.
Histamines and antihistamine pharmacology
Histamine is a biogenic amine present in many tissues that functions as a neurotransmitter and is involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine. Histamine acts through multiple receptor subtypes and is involved in various physiological processes like gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and allergic responses. Antihistamines competitively inhibit histamine receptors, with first generation antihistamines having sedative effects and second generation ones having minimal side effects. They are used to treat allergic disorders, as antiemetics, and for gastric acid reduction with H2 blockers. Concerns have been raised about impurities in the H2 blocker ranitidine. While H3
Antihistaminics
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine by competing for binding sites on histamine receptors. Histamine is released during allergic reactions from mast cells and basophils and acts on H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors throughout the body. Common antihistamines include first generation sedating antihistamines like diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine as well as newer second generation antihistamines with less sedation like cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions, insomnia, and ulcers by blocking the H1 or H2 receptors through which
Antihistamines (Medicinal chemistry) Manik
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
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Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and is treated using anticonvulsant drugs like phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital, and benzodiazepines. Phenytoin works by blocking sodium channels in neurons to inhibit neuronal firing and seizures. Carbamazepine has a similar mechanism of action and indication as phenytoin. Valproic acid enhances GABA levels to reduce seizures. Choice of anticonvulsant depends on seizure type, with carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid used for partial seizures and valproic acid and diazepam used for absence seizures.
Antihistamines
Histamine is a chemical messenger produced in mast cells and basophils that mediates allergic reactions and inflammatory responses. It is found throughout the body, including in the lungs, skin, blood vessels, and GI tract. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 and H2 receptors that histamine binds to. First generation antihistamines block H1 receptors and cause sedation, while second generation antihistamines do not cross the blood brain barrier and are less sedating. H2 receptor blockers like cimetidine and ranitidine are used to reduce gastric acid production.
Adrenergic drugs.
The document discusses adrenergic drugs, which act on the adrenergic nervous system to produce effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system. It defines adrenergic receptors and classifies adrenergic drugs according to their mode of action, receptor selectivity, and chemical nature. Key adrenergic drugs discussed include adrenaline, noradrenaline, clonidine, and their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, and adverse effects.
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Adrenergic drugs - pharmacology
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Histamine and antihistamin
This document discusses histamine and antihistamine drugs. It begins by introducing histamine as a biogenic amine involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells. It is involved in processes like gastric acid secretion and allergic responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine at receptors. First generation antihistamines are more sedating while second generation ones have less side effects. Common antihistamines and their uses in conditions like allergies and vertigo are described. The document provides an overview of histamine function and the mechanisms of antihistamine drugs.
Antihistamine Drugs (Pharmacology)
Chlorpheniramine is a mild sedative antihistamine that works by blocking the H1 receptor and preventing histamine from causing allergic symptoms. It is used to treat allergic conditions like hay fever and rhinitis. Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, and dizziness. Nurses should monitor patients for signs of central nervous system depression and educate patients to avoid driving or other hazardous activities until their response to the drug is known.
Histamine and antihistaminic
John experiences seasonal allergies each winter, taking an over-the-counter antihistamine that makes him drowsy and causes dry mouth. His doctor diagnoses him with allergies and prescribes loratadine, a second-generation antihistamine that relieves his symptoms without adverse effects. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine H1 receptors to reduce allergic responses. First-generation antihistamines are more sedating due to additional anticholinergic effects, while second-generation antihistamines like loratadine selectively block H1 receptors without crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Parasympathomimetic drugs
Parasympathomimetic or cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system to produce effects similar to parasympathetic stimulation. They have two types of activities: muscarinic and nicotinic. Examples include direct-acting drugs like acetylcholine and indirect-acting anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at receptor sites. They are used to treat conditions like glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and organophosphate poisoning.
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Furosemide is a loop diuretic that works by inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, calcium, and water from the body. It is commonly used to treat fluid retention, edema, and hypertension. Some key points are that it acts more rapidly than thiazide diuretics, can be used in patients with renal impairment, and causes diuretic effects within 0.5-1 hour when taken orally. Common side effects include hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia, and ototoxicity when combined with other drugs.
Autacoids
This document provides information about autacoids, which are local hormones that include histamine and serotonin. It focuses on histamine, discussing its sources from mast cells and basophils, mechanisms of release, effects on organ systems, and use of antihistamines to treat allergic reactions. Serotonin is also discussed, including its role in mood, appetite, sleep, and vasoconstriction. The document summarizes the different types of serotonin receptors and their functions.
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Anticholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The main anticholinergic drugs discussed are atropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine. Atropine is a naturally occurring tertiary amine that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert central effects. Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and lacks central effects. Scopolamine is similar to atropine but is more potent and lipid soluble, allowing it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier and exert greater central antimuscarinic effects than atrop
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Antihistamine presentation
Outline:
What is the antihistamines.
What is histamine.
What is the receptors.
What is the clinical uses of antihistamines.
Side effects of antihistamines.
What is the contraindications.
Antiemetic Drugs
This document summarizes different types of antiemetic drugs. It discusses emetics that induce vomiting such as apomorphine and ipecacuanha. It then covers various classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and NK1 receptor antagonists. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and trade names. The document aims to comprehensively review pharmacology of both emetic and antiemetic medications.
Antiemetics
Antiemetics are drugs that prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the vomiting center of the brain such as H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and 5-HT3 receptors. Common antiemetics include antihistamines like cyclizine for motion sickness, scopolamine for motion sickness, phenothiazines like prochlorperazine for chemotherapy induced vomiting, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron for chemotherapy and radiation induced vomiting. The document discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of antiemetic drugs for conditions like morning sickness, motion sickness, vertigo, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation, or other illnesses.
Autacoids and antagonists
This document discusses drugs that act to stop pain and inflammation by targeting autacoids, the major ones being histamines and prostaglandins. It outlines that antihistamines block histamine receptors, while NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by binding to cyclooxygenase. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists also provide pain relief by a central nervous system mechanism of action.
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics People's Dental Academy and Research Center
This document provides an overview of histamines and antihistamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized and its effects mediated through four types of histamine receptors. It then focuses on H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines), describing their classification, pharmacological actions, and uses in treating allergic disorders and motion sickness. Newer non-sedating antihistamines are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications of antihistamines in dentistry, such as in treating allergic reactions to local anesthetics.More Related Content
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Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and is treated using anticonvulsant drugs like phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital, and benzodiazepines. Phenytoin works by blocking sodium channels in neurons to inhibit neuronal firing and seizures. Carbamazepine has a similar mechanism of action and indication as phenytoin. Valproic acid enhances GABA levels to reduce seizures. Choice of anticonvulsant depends on seizure type, with carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid used for partial seizures and valproic acid and diazepam used for absence seizures.
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Adrenergic agonists and antagonists act on adrenergic receptors. Agonists like epinephrine and norepinephrine directly stimulate receptors, whereas antagonists like prazosin competitively block receptor activation. These drugs have widespread effects throughout the body due to the sympathetic nervous system's role in functions like heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation and uterine contraction. Care must be taken with certain drugs that can cause severe side effects like hypotension or bronchospasm.
3.cholinergic drugs
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and cholinergic transmission. It describes how drugs can have parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic effects by stimulating or opposing muscarinic receptors. There are three main types of muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3) located throughout the body. Drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors can be direct acting parasympathomimetics or indirect acting via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Common cholinergic drugs and their effects/indications are also outlined.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Histamine and antihistamin
This document discusses histamine and antihistamine drugs. It begins by introducing histamine as a biogenic amine involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells. It is involved in processes like gastric acid secretion and allergic responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine at receptors. First generation antihistamines are more sedating while second generation ones have less side effects. Common antihistamines and their uses in conditions like allergies and vertigo are described. The document provides an overview of histamine function and the mechanisms of antihistamine drugs.
Antihistamine Drugs (Pharmacology)
Chlorpheniramine is a mild sedative antihistamine that works by blocking the H1 receptor and preventing histamine from causing allergic symptoms. It is used to treat allergic conditions like hay fever and rhinitis. Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, and dizziness. Nurses should monitor patients for signs of central nervous system depression and educate patients to avoid driving or other hazardous activities until their response to the drug is known.
Histamine and antihistaminic
John experiences seasonal allergies each winter, taking an over-the-counter antihistamine that makes him drowsy and causes dry mouth. His doctor diagnoses him with allergies and prescribes loratadine, a second-generation antihistamine that relieves his symptoms without adverse effects. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine H1 receptors to reduce allergic responses. First-generation antihistamines are more sedating due to additional anticholinergic effects, while second-generation antihistamines like loratadine selectively block H1 receptors without crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Parasympathomimetic drugs
Parasympathomimetic or cholinergic drugs act on cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system to produce effects similar to parasympathetic stimulation. They have two types of activities: muscarinic and nicotinic. Examples include direct-acting drugs like acetylcholine and indirect-acting anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at receptor sites. They are used to treat conditions like glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and organophosphate poisoning.
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Autacoids
This document provides information about autacoids, which are local hormones that include histamine and serotonin. It focuses on histamine, discussing its sources from mast cells and basophils, mechanisms of release, effects on organ systems, and use of antihistamines to treat allergic reactions. Serotonin is also discussed, including its role in mood, appetite, sleep, and vasoconstriction. The document summarizes the different types of serotonin receptors and their functions.
Smooth muscle relaxants
This document discusses skeletal muscle relaxants (SMRs), which are drugs that reduce muscle tone by acting at the neuromuscular junction or in the central nervous system. It classifies SMRs as peripherally or centrally acting. Peripherally acting SMRs include neuromuscular blockers like tubocurarine, which bind to nicotinic receptors and block the action of acetylcholine, causing paralysis. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing blocker that stimulates nicotinic receptors, causing depolarization and paralysis. Centrally acting SMRs like diazepam and baclofen decrease muscle tone by depressing polysynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord. SMR
Anticholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The main anticholinergic drugs discussed are atropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine. Atropine is a naturally occurring tertiary amine that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert central effects. Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and lacks central effects. Scopolamine is similar to atropine but is more potent and lipid soluble, allowing it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier and exert greater central antimuscarinic effects than atrop
8.general anesthetics and local anaesthetics
General anesthetics are drugs that produce reversible loss of consciousness and sensations. They have four main features: reversible loss of consciousness, reversible loss of sensations, analgesia and amnesia, and muscle relaxation and abolition of reflexes. There are two main classifications of general anesthetics - inhalational anesthetics which are volatile liquids or gases administered via inhalation, and parenteral anesthetics which are intravenous inducing drugs or slower-acting drugs. General anesthetics are used for operations on the head, neck and face, for induction and maintenance of anesthesia for procedures like cardiac catheterization and bronchoscopy, and for short procedures and postoperative pain management. Complications can occur during or after anesthesia and include respiratory depression, cardiac issues, falling
Antihistamine presentation
Outline:
What is the antihistamines.
What is histamine.
What is the receptors.
What is the clinical uses of antihistamines.
Side effects of antihistamines.
What is the contraindications.
Antiemetic Drugs
This document summarizes different types of antiemetic drugs. It discusses emetics that induce vomiting such as apomorphine and ipecacuanha. It then covers various classes of antiemetics including anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5-HT3 antagonists, and NK1 receptor antagonists. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, dosages, and trade names. The document aims to comprehensively review pharmacology of both emetic and antiemetic medications.
Antiemetics
Antiemetics are drugs that prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking receptors in the vomiting center of the brain such as H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and 5-HT3 receptors. Common antiemetics include antihistamines like cyclizine for motion sickness, scopolamine for motion sickness, phenothiazines like prochlorperazine for chemotherapy induced vomiting, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron for chemotherapy and radiation induced vomiting. The document discusses the mechanisms and uses of various classes of antiemetic drugs for conditions like morning sickness, motion sickness, vertigo, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation, or other illnesses.
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Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
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Autacoids and antagonists
This document discusses drugs that act to stop pain and inflammation by targeting autacoids, the major ones being histamines and prostaglandins. It outlines that antihistamines block histamine receptors, while NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by binding to cyclooxygenase. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists also provide pain relief by a central nervous system mechanism of action.
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics
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This document provides an overview of histamines and antihistamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized and its effects mediated through four types of histamine receptors. It then focuses on H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines), describing their classification, pharmacological actions, and uses in treating allergic disorders and motion sickness. Newer non-sedating antihistamines are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications of antihistamines in dentistry, such as in treating allergic reactions to local anesthetics.Antihistamine
Histamine is a chemical released during allergic reactions that causes symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. It works by binding to H1 receptors, especially in the nose, lungs, and skin. Antihistamines block this binding and relieve allergy symptoms. First-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness by crossing the blood-brain barrier, while second-generation drugs like loratadine and fexofenadine mainly work in the periphery and have fewer side effects. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions, nausea, motion sickness, and other issues involving the H1 receptor.
Respiratory Drugs.pptx
The document summarizes various respiratory agents divided into two categories. The first treats minor issues like congestion and allergies, while the second treats more serious conditions like asthma. It then provides details on specific drug classes including antitussives to suppress coughing, decongestants to relieve nasal congestion, antihistamines to reduce allergic symptoms, and mucolytics/expectorants to thin mucus and make coughing more productive. Potential adverse effects are also outlined for each class.
H1 & H2 receptor antagonist
H1-antihistamines are used to treat allergy symptoms. Within this group are two generations called the first generation and second generation antihistamines. H2-antihistamines are used to treat gastrointestinal conditions.
The H2 receptor antagonists are reversible competitive blockers of histamine at the H2 receptors, particularly those in the gastric parietal cells, where they inhibit acid secretion. They are highly selective, do not affect the H1 receptors, and are not anticholinergic agents.
The key difference between H1 and H2 receptors is that the H1 receptor couples with Gq/11 stimulating phospholipase C while the H2 receptor interacts with Gs to activate adenylyl cyclase. Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that involves local immune responses.
Antihistamine
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of the chemical histamine. They are used to treat allergic conditions like rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives, and anaphylaxis. First generation antihistamines can cause sedation and other side effects due to crossing the blood brain barrier, while second generation antihistamines are more selective and have fewer side effects. Common structural features of antihistamines include two aromatic rings connected by a central atom, with small alkyl groups substituted on the amine. Newer second generation antihistamines are effective at relieving allergies with fewer adverse side effects.
Histamines and anti histamines.presentation
Antihistamines are a pharmaceutical class of drugs that act to treat histamine-mediated conditions. There are two main classes of histamine receptors: H-1 receptors and H-2 receptors. Antihistamine drugs that bind to H-1 receptors are generally used to treat allergies and allergic rhinitis.
histamine
Introduction
Histamine and its synthesis
Histamine receptors and its features
Pharmacological action
Pathophysiological action
Anaphylaxis and its treatment
H1 receptor antagonist
Pharmacological actions
Therapeutic actions
Newer, nonsedative antihistaminics
H2 receptor antagonists
H3 receptor antagonist
Conclusion
References
Antihistamine 170718063056
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine by competing for binding sites on histamine receptors. Histamine is released during allergic reactions and causes inflammation. First generation antihistamines are less selective and cause more side effects due to anticholinergic activity. Newer second and third generation antihistamines are more selective H1 receptor antagonists with fewer side effects. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions like rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives, and anaphylaxis.
Lec-4 Antihistamine.pptx
Antihistamine drugs work by blocking the effects of the chemical messenger histamine. Histamine is produced by mast cells and basophils and mediates various cellular responses like allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion. First generation antihistamines are sedating but treat allergic conditions, while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating. Antihistamines have therapeutic uses for allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia by competing for histamine receptor sites. Side effects include sedation and anticholinergic effects. Histamine release can also be inhibited by glucocorticoids, mast cell stabilizers, adrenaline, and H1 receptor antagonists. Epinephrine is preferred for anaphylaxis
7.a. histamine & antihistaminics
Histamine is a biologically active amine released from mast cells and basophils in response to allergens and other stimuli, causing allergic reactions and lowering blood pressure. It binds to H1 and H2 receptors. H1 receptors mediate allergic symptoms, lowering blood pressure, bronchoconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and loratadine block H1 receptors, treating allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia with varying side effects. H2 receptor blockers like cimetidine and ranitidine inhibit gastric acid secretion, treating ulcers and reflux. Second generation antihistamines have fewer anticholinergic and sedative side
Antihistaminic ppt
Histamine is an autacoid that acts as a local hormone and neurotransmitter. It has various functions including mediating inflammation, regulating gut function, and acting as a neurotransmitter. It is produced by basophils and mast cells and stored in these cells as well as neurons. Upon stimulation, histamine is released and binds to four types of G protein-coupled histamine receptors (H1-H4) to produce various effects. First generation antihistamines block H1 receptors and penetrate the blood-brain barrier, causing sedation as an adverse effect. Second generation antihistamines are more selective for H1 receptors and do not cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing adverse effects. Common first and
General drug categories
The document categorizes and defines common types of drugs used in medicine. It discusses analgesics for pain relief, antacids for indigestion, anti-anxiety drugs, antibiotics for bacterial infections, antihypertensives for blood pressure control, and many other classes of drugs used to treat specific medical conditions.
Anti histamines by faizan
This document discusses antihistamines, which are medicines used to treat allergies and other hypersensitive reactions. It begins by defining antihistamines and explaining how they work by blocking the effects of histamine at receptor sites. It then describes what causes allergies and the role of histamine. The document is divided into sections on the history of antihistamines, classes of antihistamines including first and second generation types, their uses, side effects, and the future of allergy treatment.
b2. H1-Antagonists.pdf
Overview of Discussion-
H1 -antagonists
Classification of H1 -antagonists
Pharmacological actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Second generation antihistaminics
Therapeutic uses
Histamine PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS
Histamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness and is involved in immunomodulation and smooth muscle relaxation. It is synthesized from histidine and stored in neurons and mast cells in the body. In the brain, histaminergic neurons are located predominantly in the tuberomammillary nucleus and project to various areas regulating sleep, arousal, feeding, and appetite. Histamine acts through four receptor subtypes (H1-H4) and is deactivated by histamine-N-methyltransferase. Antihistamines are widely used to treat allergic disorders by blocking H1 receptors, and some have additional psychiatric indications due to sedative and anticholinergic effects. Newer non-sedating anti
Generation of antihistamine
This document discusses the generations of antihistamines. First generation antihistamines are the oldest and least expensive but cause the most side effects like drowsiness due to crossing the blood-brain barrier. Second generation antihistamines are safer and cause less drowsiness. Third generation are newer versions of second generation with increased efficacy and fewer side effects. Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and other conditions like insomnia, ulcers, motion sickness and more.
Respiratoy drugs outline
The document discusses various drugs used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma, allergies, cough, and congestion. It covers the mechanisms and effects of bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Key points include how these drugs work to relax airways, reduce inflammation, block histamine receptors, constrict blood vessels in the nose, suppress cough reflexes, thin mucus, and make secretions easier to remove.
Antihistamine
This document provides an overview of antihistamines and allergies. It defines antihistamines as drugs that reduce the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. The document discusses the causes of allergies and the role of histamine. It also outlines the different classes of antihistamines, including first generation antihistamines and their associated side effects, as well as newer second generation antihistamines that are more selective. The clinical uses of antihistamines and future directions for allergy treatment are also briefly mentioned.
Anti histamine drug abuse
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. Histamine binds to H1 receptors and causes inflammation. First generation antihistamines are sedating as they penetrate the central nervous system, whereas newer generations have limited effects. Long term abuse of sedating antihistamines can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose effects include drowsiness, hallucinations, and potentially seizures or heart problems. Pharmacists can help prevent antihistamine abuse by refusing sales, warning other pharmacies, claiming lack of stock, and limiting supplies to suspicious customers.
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Antihistamine drugs
- 2. Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the effects of histamines. Histamine is chemical released by your body during an allergic reaction and acts on a specific histamine receptor. There are four types of histamine receptor: H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors. The term antihistamine only refers to H1 receptor antagonists.
- 4. Block action of histamine at H1 receptors. Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors. Cannot push histamine off the receptors if already bound.
- 5. first-generation drugs sedating antihistamine drugs cross the blood – brain barrier block peripheral & central H1 receptors Non-sedating antihistamine drugs Not cross the blood – brain barrier block peripheral H1 receptors Ex. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Dimetindene (fenistil)
- 7. 1st generation antihistamine Has a peripheral and central H1-antagonist action Sedating antihistamine Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines Brand Names: Benadryl
- 8. allergic symptoms pruritusitching common cold Motion sickness insomnia
- 9. Side effects are due to CNS depression : • Sedation • Dizziness • Blurred vision • Tinnitus (ringing in the ear) • Euphoria • Anticholinergic effects
- 10. hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine this drug should not be used in new-born or premature infants Alcohol and other CNS depressants MAO inhibitors