1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
Translation is as old as language. Different language communities considered translation necessary for their interaction. With translation as an important activity, there emerged diverse theories to guide it.
Translation is as old as language. Different language communities considered translation necessary for their interaction. With translation as an important activity, there emerged diverse theories to guide it.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
An easy explanation to Peter Newmark's translation theory that's pretty much quoted from his book A Textbook of Translation and some personal comments i added aiming to making the explanation easier
Cognitive Process Of Translation in the field of Translation Studies.pptxPariNaz10
Cognitive translation studies are derived from cognitive science. And cognitive science has benefited from the research results of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology. The branches of cognitive science closely related to translation studies mainly include psychology, especially cognitive psychology.
Translations goal is truly communicate the original message, attending its meaning, while also taking into account the cultural and historical context of the text. Well-executed translation will make your target audience understand your message as precisely as if they could read your mind.
Because culture gives birth to language, translation and culture are intimately connected. Meanings in both source and target languages are profoundly affected by their cultural context, especially in business translation.
Translation of religious texts has been a key element in disseminating the divine message throughout history. It was employed also for teaching converts the basics of religion and for mirroring the beauty of faith and morality around the globe.
Cognitively, translation process involves the same major steps: decode the source communication, convert/recode it into the target language, produce target-language communication.The cognitive-psychological approach to Translation Studies turns to those theories and concepts about different layers and phases of language processing in cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics and investigates source text ST comprehension and target text TT reformulation in the translation process.
Cognitive scientific approaches to translation investigate the development and workings of the underlying processes that make the complex cognitive behavior of translation possible. They refer to and expand existing cognitive scientific models of the mind to explain the behavior and choices of translators.
For Example Any activity we do, e.g., reading, washing the dishes or cycling, involves cognitive processing.Reading is defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at meaning. Reading is an active process of constructing meanings of words. Reading with a purpose helps the reader to direct information towards a goal and focuses their attention.
Success in reading depends on using the cognitive abilities of working and long-term memory, and also focusing attention in order to make meaning of the text. In addition, the reader must have some knowledge about the world around them in order to comprehend the information.
Cognition is defined as the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Deverbalization is the technique of sentence decomposition in order to arrive at sentence meaning. Every sentence is made up of words, which in themselves could be lexical or grammatical. Deverbalization, a natural feature of oral communication, would therefore seem to require an extra effort by translators. However, when graphic signs are immersed.
A Term Paper for the Course of Theories and Approaches in Language Teaching(...DawitDibekulu
at the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Identify and know the concept of:
Theory and Hypothesis
Approach, Method and Techniques
Skill, Competence and Performance
Know the relation between them
Identify their difference
Know their benefit for ELT
Analysis of the Content course of Standard VI to VIII (Tamil, English, Mathematics, Science and Social science) Text Books prescribed by Government of Tamil Nadu, and content course of standard IX - X ( for UG) , XI – XII (for PG) Computer Science Text Books Prescribed by Government of Tamil Nadu.
A technology architecture for managing explicit knowledge over the entire lif...William Hall
This slide set summarizes my work at Tenix Defence from around 1992 through 2002 to manage the authoring and delivery of maintenance documentation and engineering technical data to support life-cycle management of the 10 ANZAC frigates Tenix built for the Australian and New Zealand Navies and more than 300 M113 light-armored vehicles rebuilt as-new for the Australian Army. Today (in 2013) this is still a state-of-the-art application of the content management technology. So far as I know, the full benefit of this technology (as described in this 2002 presentation) has not yet been realized anywhere in the world.
Arguably, implementation of this technology played a major role in the successful completion of the ANZAC Ship Project 17 years after its stringently fixed-price contract was negotiated in 1989. Finished on-time, on budget, with every ship delivered on-time to happy customers and a healthy corporate profit. Unfortunately, Tenix Defence management failed to understand how this system worked, and chose to implement new, supposedly less expensive technology they thought they understood for their next major project. As a consequence of this choice and the failure to transfer human knowledge developed in the ANZAC Project the company’s performance on their next large project (but still less than 10% the size of the ANZAC Project) was so bad that Tenix Defence was closed and its assets sold to the highest bidder. See Hall, W.P., Nousala, S., Kilpatrick B. 2009. One company – two outcomes: knowledge integration vs corporate disintegration in the absence of knowledge management. VINE: The journal of information and knowledge management systems 39(3), 242-258 - http://tinyurl.com/yzgjew4; and Hall, W.P., Richards, G., Sarelius, C., Kilpatrick, B. 2008. Organisational management of project and technical knowledge over fleet lifecycles. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 5(2):81-95 - http://tinyurl.com/5d2lz7.
The Process of Information extraction through Natural Language ProcessingWaqas Tariq
Information Retrieval (IR) is the discipline that deals with retrieval of unstructured data, especially textual documents, in response to a query or topic statement, which may itself be unstructured, e.g., a sentence or even another document, or which may be structured, e.g., a boolean expression. The need for effective methods of automated IR has grown in importance because of the tremendous explosion in the amount of unstructured data, both internal, corporate document collections, and the immense and growing number of document sources on the Internet.. The topics covered include: formulation of structured and unstructured queries and topic statements, indexing (including term weighting) of document collections, methods for computing the similarity of queries and documents, classification and routing of documents in an incoming stream to users on the basis of topic or need statements, clustering of document collections on the basis of language or topic, and statistical, probabilistic, and semantic methods of analyzing and retrieving documents. Information extraction from text has therefore been pursued actively as an attempt to present knowledge from published material in a computer readable format. An automated extraction tool would not only save time and efforts, but also pave way to discover hitherto unknown information implicitly conveyed in this paper. Work in this area has focused on extracting a wide range of information such as chromosomal location of genes, protein functional information, associating genes by functional relevance and relationships between entities of interest. While clinical records provide a semi-structured, technically rich data source for mining information, the publications, in their unstructured format pose a greater challenge, addressed by many approaches.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
ESC Beyond Borders _From EU to You_ InfoPack general.pdf
Translation theory
1.
2.
3. from one recent quotation
Any scientific investigation , both statistical and
diagrammatic, of what goes on in the brain during
the process of translating is remote and at
present, speculative.
(some linguists and translation theorists make a fetish of
diagrams, schemas, and models).
4. a) What happens when translators translate?
b) What is the process as it is?
5. It is essential that the balance be redressed
through the systematic study of the process.
It is the process which creates the product
and it is only by understanding the process
that we can hope to improve skills as
translators.
6. Systematic study
of the process
1. Part of a theory of
translation would
account for the process
of moving from original
text to mental
representation and how
it differs from the
original text.
The need for such a
shift of attention has,
indeed, already been
argued for and we
strongly endorse the
sentiment expressed:
7. >> continuation >>
2. We must adopt a descriptive rather than
prescriptive approach to the investigation of
the process, recognizing that the purpose of
translation theory is:
To reach an understanding of the process
undertaken in the act of translation and not to
provide a set of norms for effecting the perfect
translation.
8. Orientation towards the objective
specification of the steps and stages through
which the translator works as the source text
in the original language is transformed into
the target text;
Focus on the process which creates the
translation rather than on the translation
itself.
9. - de Beaugrande
“it is inappropriate to expect that a
theoretical model of translation should
solve all the problems a translator
encounters. Instead, it should formulate
a set of strategies for approaching
problems and for coordinating the
different aspects entailed.”
Warns:
10. 1. Be re-oriented towards description, whether
of process or product, and away from
prescription
2. Have conventions of text-linguistics which is
increasingly the most revealing way of
dealing with the product
11. We need to be clear with what these mean and how they fit
into the investigative process in which we are engaged.
12.
13. It is essential to distinguish between sensation
and perception; and that
The process of sensation and perception are
best explained by AGGREGATE,WHOLE, and
SYSTEM
14. phenomena studied by scientists;
fed into the mind through senses;
Have boundaries put around them by the
process of perception; and
are thus converted into information-bearing
data = WHOLE
15. It is theTHEORY of the scientist which, when
passed on to others, is realized as a model.
16. Phenomena
Are observed and
collected in the form of
DATA Whose cohesive character
is explained by a
THEORY
Which is transmitted to
others in the form of aMODEL
17. -Wilss
“neither psycholinguistics nor neurology
can as yet provide reliable information
on how linguistic data are stored in the
brain, how linguistic matching
procedures take place and what mental
structures are active in recalling
linguistic information.”
Warns:
18. Theories and Models
THEORY is an explanation of a
phenomenon, the perception of
system and order in something
observed. It exists in the mind,
with no tangible manifestation;
an idea which constitutes the
internal representation of a
phenomenon.
Given that, we must
be clear about what
theories and models
are and how they
relate to each other.
19. Theories and Models
MODEL is, in contrast, an
external representation of the
explanation; a realization of the
theory. It exists as a tangible
object (a diagram, formula, or text)
which ‘stands for’ the idea
embodied in the theory.
THEORY
exists in the mind, with
no tangible
manifestation; an idea
which constitutes the
internal representation
of a phenomenon.
20. 1. It must faithfully represent the theory that it
stands for.
2. It must reveal significant characteristics of
the phenomenon explained in the theory; it
should be a ‘copy’ of the original
phenomenon, focusing on the essential
parts.
3. It must have heuristic function through
analogy (drawing similarities).
21. A theory of translation as…
1. PROCESS – requires a study of information
processing, and within that, such topics as:
a) Perception
b) Memory
c) Encoding and decoding messages
*Theory ofTranslating
22. A theory of translation as…
2. PRODUCT – requires a study of texts not
merely by means of the traditional levels of
linguistic analysis (syntax and semantics) but also by
making use of stylistics and recent advances in
text-linguistics and discourse analysis.
*Theory ofTranslatedTexts
23. A theory of translation as…
2. Both PROCESS & PRODUCT – requires the
integrated study of both and such a general
theory is, presumably, the long-term
*Theory ofTranslating andTranslation
24.
25. (ideal) the greater the conformity, the more powerful the theory
1. EMPIRICISM – it must be testable
2. DETERMINISM – it must be predictable
3. PARSIMONY – it must be simple
4. GENERALITY – it must be comprehensive
26. It might perhaps be more feasible to think of
DEVELOPING an APPROACH
rather than a theory
27. If we adopt this plan of action,
we can draw upon considerable expertise in
applied linguistics, from which the approach,
method, technique series comes,
and produce a tentative initial list of what we
might expect from a theory of translation.
28. We are in search of
‘an integrated, interdisciplinary,
multi-method, and multi-level approach’
to the explanation of the phenomenon of
translation and we would locate the approach
within a broadly defined applied linguistics
which would embrace in addition to the learning
of:
foreign languages, lexicology and lexicography,
speech pathology, stylistics, language planning
29. Inside or between languages, human
communication equals translation.
A study of translation is a study of language.
30.
31.
32. The process of translation takes place in the
mind of the translator, given that, we have no
direct access to it, and shall be forced back
into precisely unsatisfactory kind of
description of the product which we have
been saying that we wish to avoid.
33. It is perfectly legitimate to build up a model on
the basis of inferences drawn from an objective
study of the product .
The development of psychology has shown a
multiple approach involving both induction and
deduction which is likely to be revealing than
using only one approach.
34. What is the unit of translation?
It is the smallest segment of a source
language text which can be translated as a
whole in isolation from other segments.
SL: ‘as small as possible and as large as
necessary’ – author
35.
36.
37. a) What happens when translators translate?
b) What is the process as it is?