This document provides background information and context for a study on translation procedures. It begins with definitions of key concepts like translation, translation procedures, modulation, and transposition. It then discusses Vinay and Darbelnet's classification of translation procedures into direct (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The document focuses specifically on modulation and transposition, defining them and providing examples. It outlines the research problem, objectives, scope, and significance of the study, which involves analyzing instances of modulation and transposition in subtitles for the film "Sang Pencerah" to evaluate accuracy and clarity.
An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version o...Arie Listiani
This document analyzes the translation procedures used to translate terms from the English version of the Facebook social networking website into the Bahasa Indonesia version. It uses Vinay and Dalbernet's theory of translation procedures, which divides methods into direct translation (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique translation (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The analysis finds that of the seven procedures, only three are present in the data: borrowing, literal translation, and transposition. Borrowing is the most frequently used procedure.
This document discusses translation as both a process and a product. It defines translation as the act of transferring meaning from one language to another. As a process, translation refers to the role of the translator in taking a source text and producing a target text in another language. As a product, translation refers to the concrete translated text produced. The document emphasizes that translation encompasses both the process conducted by translators as well as the written work that results from that process.
A study of the social turn in Interpreting Studies_Ruth PikeRuth Pike
This document summarizes a dissertation on the "social turn" in Interpreting Studies. It discusses how the social turn arose in the 1990s due to the beginning of professionalization of community interpreting. This led to a reanalysis of interpreting through new theoretical frameworks like sociolinguistics and discourse analysis, shifting the focus from communication as monological to dialogical and from studying interpreting as a product to as a process. The social turn provided useful insights but further professionalization of community interpreting remains limited by financial constraints and negative perceptions, limiting the impact of the social turn on practice.
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
This document summarizes a lecture on introduction to translation. It defines translation as conveying meaning from the source language to the target language using processes like analysis, transfer, and restructuring. It discusses how translation involves determining the demands of both the source and target languages. The key aspects that are translated are meaning, which is influenced by language components like words, grammar, style, and sounds. Translation methods can be literal, free, semantic, communicative, formal, dynamic, pragmatic, or creative. The translation process involves analyzing the source text, transferring meaning to a universal representation, and restructuring it in the target language.
Some strategies of translating culturally bound expressions and wordsMontasser Mahmoud
This document discusses strategies for translating culturally bound expressions and words. It begins by explaining that culture and language are closely intertwined, making the translation of cultural elements difficult. It then provides several strategies for translating cultural terms, ranked in order of preference. The top strategies include finding a cultural equivalent, using a cultural correspondence, or employing an accepted standard translation. The document also categorizes types of culture and provides examples to illustrate strategies like naturalization, where foreign terms are adapted to the target language grammar. Overall, the document aims to help translators navigate the challenges of translating cultural aspects of language.
It is a nptel course pdf made available here from its official nptel website . Its full credit goes to nptel itself . I am just sharing it here as i thought it would help someone in need of it . It is a course of INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Introduction to Translation - Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarDr. Shadia Banjar
This 3-credit course introduces students to translation. The course objectives are to highlight the importance of translation, review different translation types and schools, and introduce major linguistic and cultural problems translators face. Students will develop theoretical and practical translation skills, learn methods and approaches, and be equipped to solve translation problems. The course offers an overview of translation theory while providing practice translating different text types between English and Arabic. Students will discuss concepts and problems in Translation Studies and be introduced to the translator's role in intercultural communication.
An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version o...Arie Listiani
This document analyzes the translation procedures used to translate terms from the English version of the Facebook social networking website into the Bahasa Indonesia version. It uses Vinay and Dalbernet's theory of translation procedures, which divides methods into direct translation (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique translation (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The analysis finds that of the seven procedures, only three are present in the data: borrowing, literal translation, and transposition. Borrowing is the most frequently used procedure.
This document discusses translation as both a process and a product. It defines translation as the act of transferring meaning from one language to another. As a process, translation refers to the role of the translator in taking a source text and producing a target text in another language. As a product, translation refers to the concrete translated text produced. The document emphasizes that translation encompasses both the process conducted by translators as well as the written work that results from that process.
A study of the social turn in Interpreting Studies_Ruth PikeRuth Pike
This document summarizes a dissertation on the "social turn" in Interpreting Studies. It discusses how the social turn arose in the 1990s due to the beginning of professionalization of community interpreting. This led to a reanalysis of interpreting through new theoretical frameworks like sociolinguistics and discourse analysis, shifting the focus from communication as monological to dialogical and from studying interpreting as a product to as a process. The social turn provided useful insights but further professionalization of community interpreting remains limited by financial constraints and negative perceptions, limiting the impact of the social turn on practice.
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
This document summarizes a lecture on introduction to translation. It defines translation as conveying meaning from the source language to the target language using processes like analysis, transfer, and restructuring. It discusses how translation involves determining the demands of both the source and target languages. The key aspects that are translated are meaning, which is influenced by language components like words, grammar, style, and sounds. Translation methods can be literal, free, semantic, communicative, formal, dynamic, pragmatic, or creative. The translation process involves analyzing the source text, transferring meaning to a universal representation, and restructuring it in the target language.
Some strategies of translating culturally bound expressions and wordsMontasser Mahmoud
This document discusses strategies for translating culturally bound expressions and words. It begins by explaining that culture and language are closely intertwined, making the translation of cultural elements difficult. It then provides several strategies for translating cultural terms, ranked in order of preference. The top strategies include finding a cultural equivalent, using a cultural correspondence, or employing an accepted standard translation. The document also categorizes types of culture and provides examples to illustrate strategies like naturalization, where foreign terms are adapted to the target language grammar. Overall, the document aims to help translators navigate the challenges of translating cultural aspects of language.
It is a nptel course pdf made available here from its official nptel website . Its full credit goes to nptel itself . I am just sharing it here as i thought it would help someone in need of it . It is a course of INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Introduction to Translation - Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarDr. Shadia Banjar
This 3-credit course introduces students to translation. The course objectives are to highlight the importance of translation, review different translation types and schools, and introduce major linguistic and cultural problems translators face. Students will develop theoretical and practical translation skills, learn methods and approaches, and be equipped to solve translation problems. The course offers an overview of translation theory while providing practice translating different text types between English and Arabic. Students will discuss concepts and problems in Translation Studies and be introduced to the translator's role in intercultural communication.
Machine Translation Approaches and Design AspectsIOSR Journals
This document discusses machine translation approaches and design aspects. It describes example-based machine translation (EBMT) which translates sentences from English to Hindi. EBMT relies on a database of translated examples for translation. The document outlines the typical process of machine translation, including text input, analysis, transfer, generation and morphological/syntactic analysis. It also describes different machine translation approaches like knowledge-based MT, statistical MT, and example-based MT. Example-based MT derives translations from aligned corpora of existing translated examples by matching input sentences, retrieving translations, and recombining adapted segments.
International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 4, No.2,Apri...ijnlc
Building
dialogues systems
interaction
has recently gained considerable
attention, but most of the
resourc
es and systems built so far are
tailored to
English and other Indo
-
European languages. The need
for designing
systems for
other languages is increasing such as Arabic language.
For this reasons, there
are more int
erest for Arabic dialogue acts classification
task because it
a key player in Arabic language
under
standing
to
bu
ilding this systems
.
This paper surveys
different techniques
for dialogue acts classification
for Arabic.
W
e describe the
main existing techniques for utterances segmentations and
classification, annotation schemas, and
test corpora for Arabic
dialogues understanding
that have introduced
in the literature
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther advocated sense-for-sense translation to make religious texts more accessible. Others like William Tyndale used free translation.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase and paraphrase.
- 20th century - Structural linguistics influenced theories like Jakobson's concept of intralingual, interlingual,
This document discusses the history and theories of translation. It summarizes several key theorists and models of translation. Jakobson categorized translation into three types: intralingual translation (within a language), interlingual translation (between languages), and intersemiotic translation (across sign systems). The document also outlines the stages in the development of translation theory from the linguistic stage to the current ethical/aesthetic stage. Finally, it discusses various approaches to translation based on prioritizing the source language or target language, such as word-for-word translation or communicative translation.
The document discusses the Skopos theory of translation. Some key points:
- Skopos theory proposes that the purpose or intended function ("skopos") of the target text, rather than faithfully translating the source text, should be the guiding principle for the translator.
- Hans Vermeer explained the "skopos rule," which states that a translation should be produced in a way that enables it to function for the people who want to use it and for the purpose they want it to serve.
- Translations may have different purposes than the source texts. According to skopos theory, the translator's decisions should be determined by the target audience and purpose rather than strict equivalence to the
This document summarizes an article about translating style between languages. It discusses linguistic markedness, which refers to using language forms that are less common or preferred. Translating marked language accurately conveys not just content but how it is expressed. The article also discusses evaluativeness, which is whether marked language is meaningful or just a default choice. It provides an example from neuroscience writing to illustrate marked vs unmarked style. Developments in linguistic stylistics have shown that style is found in all texts, not just literature. This challenges previous views of translation as an elitist practice. The challenge is accurately transferring both content and expression between languages.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
The summary of `Introducing Translation Studies` by Jeremy Munday Hanane Ouellabi
The document summarizes Jeremy Munday's book which presents the development of translation and its issues over 11 chapters. Each chapter introduces a key translation theory, provides an overview and discussion points. The book aims to give a practical introduction and critical survey of trends in translation studies in order to help readers develop their understanding of its issues. It is designed as a coursebook for translation students and professionals.
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
This research proposal outlines a project to translate an article on language usage and cognition from English to Spanish. The proposal provides background on the topic, objectives to accurately translate the chapter and make it accessible to Spanish speakers, and a literature review of translation techniques that will be used like direct translation, borrowing, and oblique translation methods like transposition and modulation. The translated work will be analyzed upon completion.
Ontology-Based Text Simplification for DyslexicsIJMTST Journal
Ensuring high school students, university students and adults, having learning disabilities, as dyslexia with actual and easy to read learning and scientific content is of great importance in our days. The main problem, discussed in this paper is how to make growing scientific and learning content more accessible for peoples, having dyslexia, or other learning disabilities. We analyze many recent researches, related to text simplification and Controlled Natural Languages and its application for development of textual learning resources for dyslexic learners in several languages. We propose ontology-based methodology for development of easy to use by dyslexics Bulgarian language textual resources using English language text, text simplification and ontology management.
This document provides an introduction to translation. It defines translation as expressing the meaning of a text in one language (the source language) into another language (the target language) while preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. A translator's role is to render the author's intended meaning of a text into the target language. The document also discusses translation theory, aspects of text that must be considered in translation like message and intention, and the translation process.
1. The document discusses the translation process and translation competence. It describes the translation process as having 3 main phases: understanding, deverbalization, and re-expression.
2. Translation competence is defined as the knowledge and skills required to perform translation. Models of translation competence include bilingual subcompetence, translation knowledge, and strategic competence.
3. Empirical research on translation has studied topics like the translation process stages, automatic vs. non-automatic processes, and differences between novice and experts. Various instruments are used including think-aloud protocols, eye tracking, and neuroimaging. More research is still needed to better understand and validate methods.
This document discusses problems of style in translation. It begins by defining style and its importance in translation. There are two types of style involved: the source text style and the target text style. The source text style results from the author's conscious and unconscious choices, while the target text style is influenced by the source text style, the translator's choices, and target language norms. The document then outlines various problems of style in translation, including graphology, phonology, syntax, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic problems. Specific examples are provided for each type of problem. The conclusion emphasizes that style must be preserved in translation to maintain the same interpretations and effects as the original text.
Translation, transcription and interpretationlee shin
the slide shows some of the basic difference and concepts about translation(http://www.waterstonetranslations.com), transcription and interpretation.
to know more visit the site http://qualitytran.blogspot.in/2015/08/comparison-between-translators-and.html
This document discusses key concepts in conversation analysis. It explains that conversation analysis looks at everyday spoken discourse to understand how people manage interactions and develop social relations. Conversation analysis involves transcribing recordings of conversations, where the transcription itself is part of the analysis process. Transcription conventions are used to systematically represent speech. Aspects of conversational structure that are examined include openings, closings, turn-taking, sequences of related utterances known as adjacency pairs, and preferences for certain responses.
This document provides an introduction to translation, including definitions and concepts. It defines translation as the interpretation of meaning from a source text and production of an equivalent target text in another language. An example is given of a missionary simplifying a theological concept for local people. Good translation requires understanding both languages fully as well as the context and culture, and is not simply a word-for-word process. Technical translation in particular demands attention to detail and subject matter expertise. Translators work to change information between languages in writing, with activities including research, translation, proofreading, and client communication.
This document discusses post-editing of machine translated text. It begins by providing background on how post-editing improves translation productivity compared to translating from scratch. The document then discusses how post-editing involves correcting machine translation output to bring it closer to human-level quality. It provides examples of common machine translation errors and discusses the task of post-editors in correcting errors. The researcher aims to analyze the full post-editing process of machine translated tourism text by a student translator. This includes investigating the student's efforts, attitudes and strategies during post-editing. The study is intended to contribute to understanding post-editing in translation practice and provide opportunities for students to develop translation skills.
Translation Equivalence of Person Reference found in the Subtitle of Harry Po...Eny Parina
The document provides background on translation and discusses theories related to subtitling. It compares the pronoun systems of English and Indonesian, noting differences in personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive pronouns. The chapter then analyzes examples of person reference from the subtitles of "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" based on translation theory, discussing how pronouns such as him, my, we, and sir are translated between English and Indonesian.
This document discusses various topics related to translation, including definitions, procedures, methods, problems, and categories of translation. It summarizes different scholars' perspectives on translation, such as Newmark, Bassnett, and Gentzler. It also outlines Nida's translating procedures, Newmark's distinction between translation methods and procedures, and various translation methods proposed by Newmark, including word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. The document also discusses full vs. partial translation and total vs. restricted translation. Finally, it briefly covers types of interpreting, interpreting skills, ethics, strategies/testing, and quality criteria.
The document is a thesis that examines equivalence in the Vietnamese translation of English movie titles. It includes an introduction outlining the rationale and objectives of studying translation equivalence when localizing English movie titles. The introduction also defines the research questions and scope of the study. The thesis will analyze a sample of 200 translated English movie title pairs to identify what types of equivalence are most commonly used based on Popovic's framework of linguistic, paradigmatic, stylistic and textual equivalence.
Machine Translation Approaches and Design AspectsIOSR Journals
This document discusses machine translation approaches and design aspects. It describes example-based machine translation (EBMT) which translates sentences from English to Hindi. EBMT relies on a database of translated examples for translation. The document outlines the typical process of machine translation, including text input, analysis, transfer, generation and morphological/syntactic analysis. It also describes different machine translation approaches like knowledge-based MT, statistical MT, and example-based MT. Example-based MT derives translations from aligned corpora of existing translated examples by matching input sentences, retrieving translations, and recombining adapted segments.
International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 4, No.2,Apri...ijnlc
Building
dialogues systems
interaction
has recently gained considerable
attention, but most of the
resourc
es and systems built so far are
tailored to
English and other Indo
-
European languages. The need
for designing
systems for
other languages is increasing such as Arabic language.
For this reasons, there
are more int
erest for Arabic dialogue acts classification
task because it
a key player in Arabic language
under
standing
to
bu
ilding this systems
.
This paper surveys
different techniques
for dialogue acts classification
for Arabic.
W
e describe the
main existing techniques for utterances segmentations and
classification, annotation schemas, and
test corpora for Arabic
dialogues understanding
that have introduced
in the literature
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther advocated sense-for-sense translation to make religious texts more accessible. Others like William Tyndale used free translation.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase and paraphrase.
- 20th century - Structural linguistics influenced theories like Jakobson's concept of intralingual, interlingual,
This document discusses the history and theories of translation. It summarizes several key theorists and models of translation. Jakobson categorized translation into three types: intralingual translation (within a language), interlingual translation (between languages), and intersemiotic translation (across sign systems). The document also outlines the stages in the development of translation theory from the linguistic stage to the current ethical/aesthetic stage. Finally, it discusses various approaches to translation based on prioritizing the source language or target language, such as word-for-word translation or communicative translation.
The document discusses the Skopos theory of translation. Some key points:
- Skopos theory proposes that the purpose or intended function ("skopos") of the target text, rather than faithfully translating the source text, should be the guiding principle for the translator.
- Hans Vermeer explained the "skopos rule," which states that a translation should be produced in a way that enables it to function for the people who want to use it and for the purpose they want it to serve.
- Translations may have different purposes than the source texts. According to skopos theory, the translator's decisions should be determined by the target audience and purpose rather than strict equivalence to the
This document summarizes an article about translating style between languages. It discusses linguistic markedness, which refers to using language forms that are less common or preferred. Translating marked language accurately conveys not just content but how it is expressed. The article also discusses evaluativeness, which is whether marked language is meaningful or just a default choice. It provides an example from neuroscience writing to illustrate marked vs unmarked style. Developments in linguistic stylistics have shown that style is found in all texts, not just literature. This challenges previous views of translation as an elitist practice. The challenge is accurately transferring both content and expression between languages.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
The summary of `Introducing Translation Studies` by Jeremy Munday Hanane Ouellabi
The document summarizes Jeremy Munday's book which presents the development of translation and its issues over 11 chapters. Each chapter introduces a key translation theory, provides an overview and discussion points. The book aims to give a practical introduction and critical survey of trends in translation studies in order to help readers develop their understanding of its issues. It is designed as a coursebook for translation students and professionals.
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
This research proposal outlines a project to translate an article on language usage and cognition from English to Spanish. The proposal provides background on the topic, objectives to accurately translate the chapter and make it accessible to Spanish speakers, and a literature review of translation techniques that will be used like direct translation, borrowing, and oblique translation methods like transposition and modulation. The translated work will be analyzed upon completion.
Ontology-Based Text Simplification for DyslexicsIJMTST Journal
Ensuring high school students, university students and adults, having learning disabilities, as dyslexia with actual and easy to read learning and scientific content is of great importance in our days. The main problem, discussed in this paper is how to make growing scientific and learning content more accessible for peoples, having dyslexia, or other learning disabilities. We analyze many recent researches, related to text simplification and Controlled Natural Languages and its application for development of textual learning resources for dyslexic learners in several languages. We propose ontology-based methodology for development of easy to use by dyslexics Bulgarian language textual resources using English language text, text simplification and ontology management.
This document provides an introduction to translation. It defines translation as expressing the meaning of a text in one language (the source language) into another language (the target language) while preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. A translator's role is to render the author's intended meaning of a text into the target language. The document also discusses translation theory, aspects of text that must be considered in translation like message and intention, and the translation process.
1. The document discusses the translation process and translation competence. It describes the translation process as having 3 main phases: understanding, deverbalization, and re-expression.
2. Translation competence is defined as the knowledge and skills required to perform translation. Models of translation competence include bilingual subcompetence, translation knowledge, and strategic competence.
3. Empirical research on translation has studied topics like the translation process stages, automatic vs. non-automatic processes, and differences between novice and experts. Various instruments are used including think-aloud protocols, eye tracking, and neuroimaging. More research is still needed to better understand and validate methods.
This document discusses problems of style in translation. It begins by defining style and its importance in translation. There are two types of style involved: the source text style and the target text style. The source text style results from the author's conscious and unconscious choices, while the target text style is influenced by the source text style, the translator's choices, and target language norms. The document then outlines various problems of style in translation, including graphology, phonology, syntax, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic problems. Specific examples are provided for each type of problem. The conclusion emphasizes that style must be preserved in translation to maintain the same interpretations and effects as the original text.
Translation, transcription and interpretationlee shin
the slide shows some of the basic difference and concepts about translation(http://www.waterstonetranslations.com), transcription and interpretation.
to know more visit the site http://qualitytran.blogspot.in/2015/08/comparison-between-translators-and.html
This document discusses key concepts in conversation analysis. It explains that conversation analysis looks at everyday spoken discourse to understand how people manage interactions and develop social relations. Conversation analysis involves transcribing recordings of conversations, where the transcription itself is part of the analysis process. Transcription conventions are used to systematically represent speech. Aspects of conversational structure that are examined include openings, closings, turn-taking, sequences of related utterances known as adjacency pairs, and preferences for certain responses.
This document provides an introduction to translation, including definitions and concepts. It defines translation as the interpretation of meaning from a source text and production of an equivalent target text in another language. An example is given of a missionary simplifying a theological concept for local people. Good translation requires understanding both languages fully as well as the context and culture, and is not simply a word-for-word process. Technical translation in particular demands attention to detail and subject matter expertise. Translators work to change information between languages in writing, with activities including research, translation, proofreading, and client communication.
This document discusses post-editing of machine translated text. It begins by providing background on how post-editing improves translation productivity compared to translating from scratch. The document then discusses how post-editing involves correcting machine translation output to bring it closer to human-level quality. It provides examples of common machine translation errors and discusses the task of post-editors in correcting errors. The researcher aims to analyze the full post-editing process of machine translated tourism text by a student translator. This includes investigating the student's efforts, attitudes and strategies during post-editing. The study is intended to contribute to understanding post-editing in translation practice and provide opportunities for students to develop translation skills.
Translation Equivalence of Person Reference found in the Subtitle of Harry Po...Eny Parina
The document provides background on translation and discusses theories related to subtitling. It compares the pronoun systems of English and Indonesian, noting differences in personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive pronouns. The chapter then analyzes examples of person reference from the subtitles of "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" based on translation theory, discussing how pronouns such as him, my, we, and sir are translated between English and Indonesian.
This document discusses various topics related to translation, including definitions, procedures, methods, problems, and categories of translation. It summarizes different scholars' perspectives on translation, such as Newmark, Bassnett, and Gentzler. It also outlines Nida's translating procedures, Newmark's distinction between translation methods and procedures, and various translation methods proposed by Newmark, including word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. The document also discusses full vs. partial translation and total vs. restricted translation. Finally, it briefly covers types of interpreting, interpreting skills, ethics, strategies/testing, and quality criteria.
The document is a thesis that examines equivalence in the Vietnamese translation of English movie titles. It includes an introduction outlining the rationale and objectives of studying translation equivalence when localizing English movie titles. The introduction also defines the research questions and scope of the study. The thesis will analyze a sample of 200 translated English movie title pairs to identify what types of equivalence are most commonly used based on Popovic's framework of linguistic, paradigmatic, stylistic and textual equivalence.
Linguistic Fundamentals in Translation and Translation StudiesSugey7
This document discusses the role of linguistics in translation. It begins by defining linguistics as the scientific study of language and explores its various branches including theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. The document then explains how linguistics relates to and assists with translation. Specifically, it notes that translators need knowledge of linguistics to understand word functions and meanings in context. The document also summarizes several key levels of linguistics - including phonology, grammar, semantics, and context - that translators must understand to perform accurate translations between languages.
Article - An Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a Freelance Translato...Cynthia Velynne
This document summarizes an annotated translation research study conducted by Wahyu Budi. The study translated a document on how to succeed as a freelance translator from English to Indonesian. The researcher identified 167 difficulties during translation and analyzed the 25 most difficult examples. Thirteen of 30 translation strategies and 5 of 13 translation principles were used in the analysis. The study concluded that not all strategies and principles could be employed due to analyzing a limited number of examples, but analyzing more examples may have identified use of additional strategies and principles. The implications were that translation requires mastery of both source and target languages as well as translation theories and computer software.
This document is a research proposal for a translation project titled "Teaching Inferential Comprehension Strategies in L2 English and Their Impact on L1 Spanish". The proposal provides background on the importance of translation and defines key concepts. It outlines the objective of faithfully translating a chapter on teaching reading comprehension strategies from Spanish to English. The proposal discusses the significance of the project for Spanish-speaking language educators and students in developing reading skills. Direct and indirect translation techniques that will be used are also reviewed from translation literature.
This paper aims to shed light on the relation between translation and semantics from the point of view of practice and theory. To achieve the goal of this article, some examples and verses of the Qur'an have been cited with reference to some literature reviews. This document follows the descriptive and comparative methodology based on the narrative example and quotations. The findings show that there is a strong relationship between translation and semantics in both practical and theoretical terms. The Translation could not take place on its own without interpreting the meaning and analysis beyond the text. The paper called for more research and studies in the field of 13 13 translation and semantics. Given the few studies and books that deal with this issue, further studies are necessary on this subject
This document provides an introduction to a coursebook on translation principles for students in Vietnam. It discusses the need for translation textbooks in Vietnamese universities and the goals of this particular unit, which are to introduce basic translation principles, help students avoid errors, provide useful English sentence patterns, and include translation exercises. The unit is designed to be used for self-study or in a classroom. It aims to keep technical terms to a minimum and provide Vietnamese meanings for any specialized vocabulary. The coursebook includes lessons on translation theory and 20 translation assignments. Upon completing the course, students will gain a general knowledge of translation principles and become familiar with applying English sentence patterns in their own translations.
The Ideology of Translation in Turtle and Dolphin Story into Indonesian and B...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research examines the ideology of translation applied in translating adjectives in an
English trilingual child story book entitled “Turtle and Dolphin” by Dunkle, et al (2012) which is written in
English, Indonesian, and Balinese. It has a message to keep the environment clean and green. This study is
aimed at finding out the translation ideology by describing the procedures and methods of translation. The data
were obtained by documentation method and note-taking technique. Three theories applied to analyze the
problems of study are translation procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000), translation methods by
Newmark‟s (1988), and translation ideology by Hatim & Mason (1997). The results showed that there are three
procedures applied including literal, transposition, and modulation. Meanwhile, the translation methods applied
were literal and communicative method. The amounts of source language emphasis is higher than the target
language emphasis, therefore it can be considered that the ideology of translation is the Foreignization ideology.
The use of this ideology is well adjusted especially for children as the main target readers. The translation result
is easier to comprehend as it is simpler and more neutral both in structure and meaning
Final PPT Group 1_Authentic Text_Translation Strategies.pptxmdkalex
The article discusses skin whitening practices, products, risks, and the industries that profit from skin whitening. It reports that skin whitening is a large global industry that predominantly targets women of color, with the Asia-Pacific region being the most lucrative market. While some blame colonialism and other historical factors for the persistence of skin whitening trends, others note it is ultimately rooted in colorism and lighter skin being associated with beauty and social prospects. The article reaches out to major corporations involved in the manufacturing, sale or promotion of skin whitening to get their responses on their roles and awareness of health risks from skin whitening products and practices.
Translation procedures of biological terms in bilingual biology 1 student tex...Pungki Ariefin
This document summarizes the background and objectives of a research study analyzing the translation procedures of biological terms in a bilingual biology textbook. Specifically:
1) The study will analyze the translation procedures used for biological terms classified as nouns and noun phrases in the "Bilingual Biology 1 Student Textbook Year X".
2) The study aims to identify the most dominant biological terms, translation procedures, and evaluate the appropriateness of the translations.
3) The results are intended to provide guidance for translators and enrich findings from previous translation procedure studies analyzing different text types.
The document discusses definitions of translation provided by several scholars, such as Newmark, Nida and Taber, and Hatim and Munday. It also explains that translation involves studying the source text's lexis, grammar, culture, and context to determine meaning, and then reconstructing this meaning using the target language's appropriate structure and context. An example is given of translating "Ana Muslim" from Arabic to English as "I am Muslim." The document also lists skills needed for translation, such as writing ability, research, cultural awareness, language proficiency, experience, and dictionaries. Creating a good translation requires understanding grammar, vocabulary, and culture in both the source and target languages.
This document discusses applying Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives to grade English texts in terms of difficulty for non-native English translators. The study had 30 Iranian English translation students take a translation test with 6 passages graded based on the cognitive processes (knowledge, comprehension, application, etc.) required. Results found translator performance quality aligned with expected difficulty based on Bloom's levels, except for the synthesis text. The findings support using Bloom's Taxonomy to assess translation quality and reliability, and to teach translation skills.
This document discusses translation equivalence theories and approaches. It begins by reviewing previous studies on translation equivalence, noting two opposing ways of translating - formal equivalence (word-for-word) and dynamic equivalence (focusing on meaning and readability). It then discusses Nida's distinction between formal and dynamic equivalence, and Newmark's semantic and communicative translation approaches. The document concludes that a translator may use any equivalence concept applicable to their translation.
This study analyzed directive speech acts used by main characters in the Pearl Harbor movie and the translation techniques used to translate those utterances into Indonesian subtitles. The researchers identified 92 instances of directive speech acts and found that the dominant translation technique was literal translation, which directly translates utterances word for word while preserving the source language structure. The study used a qualitative descriptive method to categorize the speech acts and identify the translation techniques.
This study analyzed directive speech acts used by main characters in the Pearl Harbor movie and the translation techniques used to translate those utterances into Indonesian subtitles. The researchers identified 92 instances of directive speech acts and found that the dominant translation technique was literal translation, which directly translates utterances word for word while preserving the source language structure. The study used a qualitative descriptive method to categorize the speech acts and identify the translation techniques.
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
The document discusses various aspects of translation methodology with special reference to translating from Sanskrit to Persian. It begins by defining translation and outlining its purposes. It then describes different types of translation based on material, means used, and functional basis. It discusses computer-aided translation and machine translation. It identifies eight common translation techniques - word-for-word, literal, communicative, adaptive, free, idiomatic, semantic, and faithful translation. It also outlines linguistic and cultural problems in translation and conditions for good translation and translators. It concludes by stating there is no single translation method and free translation is useful for literature.
This document is a research proposal for translating a document about teaching inferential comprehension strategies in English L2 and their impact on Spanish L1. The proposal provides background on translation and defines it. It discusses the rationale, objectives, and significance of translating this document. The literature review covers important translation techniques like direct (word-for-word, literal, linguistic borrowing, calque) and indirect/oblique (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, reduction, omission). The methods section outlines the translation process using Vinay and Dalbernet's techniques, including understanding the text, drafting, revising, and contrasting with the original. References and a timetable are also included.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Chapter 1 3
1. CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language is a device of communication which is used in human being interaction. The
activity of communication is fundamental in everyday life to keep the existence among
groups. It requires both the producer and recipient of a language-based message to share
common understanding of language symbol. According to Berelson and Steiner in Croft
(2004) communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and skills through
the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graphs. They are many ways that can be
used to communicate, one of them is through audio visual means especially movie.
Through movie people are able to depict the kind of society life, furthermore the civilization
of one society. Understanding foreign audio visual, moreover a movie is not as simple as we
thought because the audience must have a high intelligence to concern to the subtitles which
contains the language used in order to absorb the information from the movie. Based on
Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) subtitle is the rendering in a different language of verbal
messages in filmic media in the shape of one or more line of written text presented on the
screen.
In understanding the message contained in movie subtitles, audiovisual translation is the most
important discipline in transferring the audiovisual language in the movie in order to make it
comprehensible to a target audience. Audiovisual translation itself is the branch of translation
discipline where it is used as a way to transfer written or spoken language from source
language (SL) to target language (TL).
2. In the broad point of view translation is a transition of one language to another language
without decreasing any information from the source language (SL), it is strengthened by
Catford in Leornardi (2000:1) who defines translation as the changing process of the one
source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). According to Thriveni (2010:2)
translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but
finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Wrapping up all two
perspectives above, translation is obviously used as the connector of the meaning or the idea
from the translator and the target reader.
Regarding to the term of translation, evaluating system must be done by the translator to
produce a good quality translation in literary work by reaching two essential points; accuracy,
and clarity. According to Larson in fadaee (2011), clarity is the translated piece that can
communicate to the people (target reader) who are to use it. He further states that in clear
translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the
source text as easy to understand as the source text itself was to understand.
The next point of a good translation is accuracy. According to Shuttleworth and Cowie in
Anari (2009:80), accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree of
correspondence between the translated and original text and using natural idiomatic
expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator. Nevertheless non-
equivalence and the untranslatability regularly appears in the translating a text where in a
form of text consists of structure and certain smallest unit. In measuring the essential points,
there are certain categories known as translation procedure as implemented. Newmark in
Shakernia (2011) stated translation methods relate to whole text, translation procedures are
used for sentences and smaller units of language.
3. Gibová (2012: 27) states in her dissertation, they are many translation procedures proposed by
different experts. Newmark proposed seventeen procedures, while Schreiber proposed sixteen
procedures and Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven procedures in translation. Pertaining
through this paper, the writer focuses on Vinay and Darbelnet proposal about two general
translation procedures i.e. direct and oblique which those two general procedures are
separated into seven sub-procedures i.e. borrowing, calque, and literal translation as direct
translation procedures and transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation as oblique
translation procedures. The writer is eager to reveal two from seven procedures relating with
grammatical shifting and point of view shifting which being important in translating SL to TL
and they are represented by modulation and transposition as procedures used.
Regarding to the explanation above, it is challenging to investigate and conduct a research
closely related to the accuracy and clarity between transposition and modulation contained in
the movie subtitle that will be investigated. The writer deals with the movie entitled Sang
Pencerah and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The movie was directed by Hanung
Bramantyo and was released on September 8th
2010. Sang Pencereah is based on a true story
of KH. Muhammad Dahlan, the founding father of Muhammadiah Organization, Hanung
produced this movie in order to commemorate Muhammadiyah's centenary, it also means to
exhibit Moslem view point in 1867. He depicted KH Muhammad Dahlan as a figure of
national hero who was not widely known and he gradually reformed the mindset of the
society at that time about Islam from rigorous religion into flexible religion. Sang Pencerah
is translated by the group of MVP Picture as the official producer of this movie.
The reason why this movie is selected because it either contains the historical value or depicts
the Moslem view point in 1867. Furthermore research on movie subtitle which is translated
4. from Indonesian into English is rarely conducted by current researchers. This research will
only focus on Bahasa Indonesia translated into English instead of Javanese language
contained in the movie, it is because not all the informants are able in comprehending the
Javanese language and it is also to prevent problem expansion in this research. This
obviously sustains the data for this research, because of this object; the writer is interested in
analyzing the transposition and modulation in term of accuracy and clarity in Sang Pencerah
and its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.2 Formulation of the Problems
Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research are formulated as
follows:
1.2.1 What types of modulation are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One?
1.2.2 What types of transposition are revealed in Sang Pencerah movie and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One?
1.2.3 How are the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition in
Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One?
1.2.4 What is the most frequently-applied procedure of translation in dealing with
modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles
The Enlightened One?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Referring to the problems above, therefore this research will try to achieve general objectives,
they are:
5. 1.3.1 To find out and to analyze the forms of modulation in Sang Pencerah movie and
its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.3.2 To find out and to analyze the forms of transposition in Sang Pencerah movie and
its English subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.3.3 To find out the accuracy and clarity between modulation and transposition.
1.3.4 To identify the procedures, modulation and transposition, that is frequently used
between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie into its English
subtitles The Enlightened One.
1.4 Scope of The Study
This research covers identifying, analyzing and studying types of modulation and
transposition in Sang Pencerah movie script as SL and the accuracy and clarity found in
English subtitles The Enlightened One as TL. This research will determine what is the most
frequently applied between transposition and modulation. This research will concern in the
transformation of the grammatical structure and the point of view in the English subtitles The
Enlightened One. To forbid the bias study, this research just focuses on the product of
translation such as the sentence and other smallest unit (phrases, words, and so on) of subtitle
text in Sang Pencerah movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. This research
will delve the case which contains in chapter 13 until 14 since those chapters are reflecting
the turning point of KH. Ahmad Dahlan to develop Muhammadiah organization.
1.5 Uses of the study
This research is really expected to contribute these two main following uses, theoretical and
practical uses.
6. 1.5.1 Theoretical Use
Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the development of
linguistic study especially in the field of translation about the understanding of the essential
points; accuracy and clarity in translation by using the procedures of translation; modulation
and transposition, from the source language to target language. In additional, it provides the
benefits to those who want to elevate their knowledge of translation.
1.5.2 Practical Use
Practically, this research serves as a reference for students who are interested in conducting
the same research, furthermore, this research also provides translator and movie editor an
insight to pay attention to in terms of accuracy and clarity in grammatical point (the
procedure of transposition) and view point (the procedure of modulation) especially from
Bahasa Indonesia into English translation.
7. CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Before moving on to further investigations there are several concepts that need to be made
obvious, they are the concept of translation, procedures in translation including modulation
and transposition, comparative study, and concepts of accuracy and clarity. The concepts
recited are based on several ideas from some experts in translation and linguistic fields to
support this research.
2.1 Concept of Translation
Various definitions are proposed by the experts about translation yet basically they have a
similar notion. According to Newmark in Prasetyani (2009:28) translation is a craft
consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language. It is
strengthened by Catford in Leornardi (2000) who defines translation as the changing process
of one source language (SL) to the other target language (TL). Two definitions above seem
simpler if the translator only needs to translate the target text in arbitrary, but if it is so, the
target reader will encounter by the bias meaning in the content revealed in TL, Bell (1991:6)
states that translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by
representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Regarding to Bell’s statement it is
absolutely an obligation to replace SL with the equivalent text in TL, and still in the similar
vein. Thriveni (2002:2) defines that translation is therefore not simply a matter of seeking
other words with similar meaning but finding appropriate ways of saying things in another
language. As a complementary the translated text must be equivalent in terms of meaning and
style. It is stated by Nida in Prasetyani (2009:29) that translation consists of reproducing in
the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in
term of meaning, second in the term of style. Binding all definitions above, translation is an
8. act of replacing the meaning or message from SL to TL regarding with the equivalent essence
in TL by using an appropriate way.
2.2 Translation Procedure
Procedures are the strategies (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the
translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a
particular objective in mind (Molina and Albir, 2002:508). According to Macquarie
Dictionary in Machali (2000:62) procedure in translation is the act or manner of proceeding
in any action or process. Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo in Molina and Albir (2002:507) recite
that the procedure engages with the action that implements in the smallest part of language
such as clause, phrase, word and so on.
Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how
to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal. Procedures include
the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies. Therefore Vinay
and Darbelnet in Lili (2009:1) proposes seven procedures in translation in which those seven
procedures compile into two general categories i.e. direct and oblique. It depends on the
timing to decide whether direct or oblique that will be used in translating a text. The
translator will use direct procedure when structural and conceptual elements of the SL can be
translated immediately into target language, while oblique is used when structural and
conceptual elements of SL cannot directly translated without changing the meaning and
stylistic elements to TL. Direct translation consists of three procedures (borrowing, calque
and literal translation), they are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source
language can be transposed into the target language, while oblique translation consists of four
procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation).
9. 2.2.1 Borrowing
Based on Vinay and Dalbernet in Lili (2009:1) borrowing is used when the SL word is
transferred directly to the TL. This usually happens because (a) the SL term does not have
any equivalent in TL and/or (b) the SL term has been recognized in TL vocabulary. The
examples of borrowing are as follows.
SL (English) TL (Bahasa)
Actor Aktor
Taxi Taksi
Application Aplikasi
Debora (2010:10)
2.2.2 Calque
It is a procedure to ‘borrow’ the SL expression or structure and then transfer it in a literal
translation. In other words calque is a special kind of borrowing, so. as borrowing procedure
mentioned above, it has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. Vinay
and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) divides calque into two kinds, they are:
a. Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing
a new mode of expression.
SL TL
four-by-four (4x4) empat kali empat (4x4)
table tennis tenis meja
classic guitar gitar klasik
10. b. Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL).
The example of structural calque is as follows.
SL TL
Equity financing Pemerataan keuangan.
Debora (2010:15)
2.2.3 Literal Translation
Literal translation is briefly a procedure of word-for-word translation in translating the SL to
TL. It is used the most common in translating between languages of the same family and
culture. Vinay and Darbelnet in Debora (2010:17) states that literal translation is the direct
transfer of SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the
translator task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. The
examples of literal translation is as follows
SL TL
A glass of juice Segelas jus
Reading a novel Membaca sebuah novel
2.2.4 Modulation
Translator will be encountered by many kinds of obstacles if they just translate a text based
on the literal meaning, as a result, the TL cannot be understood easily, even more TL will
produce bias meaning or it has no point of meanings that could be grabbed by the reader.
Larson in Prasetyo (2011:2) argues a text that is translated as literal form (SL to TL) will give
11. nothing toward the meaning. Related to the prominence of meaning in TL, this paper will
employ modulation as a kind of tool used.
Stated by Lili in her journal (2009:4) modulation can be adopted when, through literal or
transposition translation result considered as abnormal or awkward. For instance the words in
SL “Be my guest” is transformed into bahasa Indonesia is “Silahkan” not “Jadilah tamu saya”
and “don’t mention it” (on the reply of thank you) not “Jangan menyebutkannya” or “Jangan
sebutkan itu” but “Terimakasih kembali” or “Sama-sama” (Suryati 2006:3).
An extending study about modulation proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet is done by Chuquet
and Paillard. They basically have similar stand point toward this procedure; therefore the
writer employs Chuquet and Paillard modulation type in order to give clear explanation.
Based on Chuquet and Paillard in Eprida (2009:39), modulation splits in to grammatical and
lexical. Grammatical modulation usually occupies the sentence, aspect and modality, whereas
lexical modulation occupies the words, phrases, and expressions. The example of two types
of modulation reveal as follows:
2.2.4.1 Grammatical modulation
a. The changing of interrogative to imperative sentence and vice versa.
Example:
SL: On y va?
TL: Ayo, kita berangkat!
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:39)
12. b. Active for passive and vice versa.
Example:
SL: II ne trade pas apercevoir ses defaults.
TL: Dia akan segera menyadari kekurangannya
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40)
Or
SL: That question is hard to answer.
TL: Pertanyaan itu susah untuk di jawab.
c. Double negative for positive.
Example:
SL: Sans etre impossible, la mise en valeur des forets marecageuses.
TL: Meskipun dapat dilakukan pembudidayaan hutan berawa membutuhkan modal
yang besar.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40)
Or
SL: You should not be oblivious about the penalty given by your lecturer.
TL: Kamu seharusnya menyadari tentang hukuman yang diberikan oleh dosenmu.
d. Syntactical modulation.
Example:
SL: On vous demande au telephone.
13. S + O + V + complement
TL: Ada telepon untuk anda.
Verbal + Complement
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:40)
2.2.4.2 Lexical modulation
a. Abstract for concrete.
Example:
SL: Nous dormirons a la belle etoile.
TL: Kami akan tidur di alam terbuka pada malam hari.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:41)
Or
SL: I’m just religious pupil.
TL: Saya hanya seorang santri.
b. The changing of equal connotation from SL to TL.
Example:
SL: II n’y a pas de fume sans feu.
TL: Tak ada asap tanpa api.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:41)
14. Or
SL: Like father like son.
TL: Buah jatuh tak jauh dari pohonnya.
c. The connotation stated in SL being explained in TL, this type is usually used if the SL
does not have the equal connotation in TL, therefore the connotation in SL is
explained in TL. According to Badudu (2008) the example is stated as bellow:
Example:
SL: Actuellement, I’hevea est considere comme la poule aux oeufs d’or.
TL: Kini Karet dianggap sebagai sumber pendapatan.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42)
Or
SL: Lebih baik berputih tulang dari pada menanggung malu seperti ini.
TL: Death is better than I have to bear the shame like this.
d. The changing of proverb or word because of cultural differentiation.
Example:
SL: II est bête comme une oie.
TL: Dia bodoh seperti kerbau.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42)
Or
SL: Just a book worm wants to stay at the library all day long.
15. TL: Hanya seorang kutu buku yang ingin tinggal di perpustakaan seharian.
e. The changing of adjective stylistic form to another stylistic adjective form.
Example:
SL: II a achete du café soluble.
TL: Dia membeli kopi instant.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:42)
Or
SL: She looked lovely in that dress.
TL: Dia terlihat cantik dengan pakaian itu.
f. Cause for effect and vice versa.
Example:
SL: La fille a pose une question epineuse a sa mere.
TL: Gadis itu mengajukan pertanyaan yang menusuk hati ibunya.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43)
Or
SL: Bagaimana penampilan bapak?
TL: how do I look?
16. g. Part for the whole.
Example:
SL: Iis se trouvent nez a nez.
TL: Mereka berttemu muka.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43)
Or
SL: I've got a new set of wheels.
TL: Saya mempunyai mobil baru.
h. One part to another.
Example:
SL: J’ai vu la sene par le trou de la serrure.
TL: Saya melihat adegan itu melalui lubang kunci.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:43)
Or
SL: The little girl was wearing red from head to toe.
TL: Pakaian anak perempuan itu bernuansa merah dari ujung rambut hingga ujung
kaki.
i.Place for function.
Example:
SL: Le Quai d’Orsay a repondu a cette question.
17. TL: Kementrian Luar Negri Prancis telah menjawab pertanyaan itu.
Prayoga in Eprida (2009:44)
Or
SL: Buckingham has prepared the tea party to celebrate Kate and Will 1st
anniversary.
TL: Pihak kerajaan telah mempersiapkan pesta minum teh untuk merayakan hari jadi
Kate dan Will yang pertama.
2.2.5 Transposition
Rather than transposition, Catford uses the word ‘shift’ for this procedure while Vinay and
Dalbernet stick with ‘transposition’, however what they describe about this procedure are the
same. Transposition is obviously a kind of translation procedure which involves the
grammatical changing from SL to TL without changing the meaning of the message.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) this procedure can also be found within a
language, I give him a kiss is semantically no difference from I kiss him though the word kiss
is changed from a noun into a verb. Vinay and Darbelnet states that the first expression can
be called the base expression, while the converted form of kiss as a verb is called the
transposed expression. Intent to delve the deeper view about this procedure the writer decides
to employ Catford’s shift in order to support the transposition procedure proposed by Vinay
and Dalbernet. According to Catford in Munday (2001: 60) shift or transposition splits into
two types, i.e. shift of level and shift of category. This study has included both of them which
are defined as follows.
1. Level shift. This type of shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one
language and lexis in another.
18. Example
SL: Completion
TL: He has achieved
Catford (1965: 77)
Or
SL: They are singing
(to be + Ving = Grammatical system)
TL: Mereka sedang bernyanyi
(Sedang = lexical adj.)
2. Category shift. Catford subdivides this type into four kinds, they are:
a. Structural shift: this type is the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a
shift in grammatical structure. Catford (1965: 77) states that this type either contains
different elements or changes the sequence of the elements. It can be found at other
ranks. For example at group rank, there is often a shift from MH (modifier + head) to
(M) HQ ((modifier +) head + qualifier).
Example:
SL: Me gusta el jazz (Spain)
Indirect object pronoun + V + Subject noun structure
TL: I like Jazz (English)
Subject pronoun + V + Direct object structure
Prasetyani (2009: 47)
Or
SL: Buku itu harus kita bawa
TL: We must bring the book
Or
SL: A white house (MH)
TL: Rumah (yang ) putih (HM)
19. b. Class shift: these type comprise shift from one part of speech to another
Example:
SL: A medical student (adj)
TL: Un etudiant en medicine (adv)
Prasetyani (2009: 48)
Or
SL: A sudden crash happened this morning (adj)
TL: Kecelakaan secara tiba-tiba terjadi pagi ini (adv)
c. Unit shift or rank shift: this type is employed when SL transposed to different rank in
TL. ‘Rank’ here reverses to the hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence, clause, group,
word and morpheme.
Example:
SL: Hari libur (phrase)
TL: Holiday (word)
Or
SL: Prempuan bergaun merah. (Adj. P)
TL: The girl who wears red gown. (Adj. C)
d. Intra-system shift: this type of shift will occur internally when the SL and TL possess
approximately corresponding system but where the translation involves selection of a
non-corresponding term in the TL system (2001: 61) example given between English
and Bahasa are number and article systems, where, although similar systems operate
in the two languages, they do not always correspond or in other word this types
involves the transposition of plural in SL to singular to TL and vice versa.
20. Example:
SL: des conseil (Plural)
TL: advice (singular)
Prasetyani (2009: 48)
Or
SL: A pair of glasses.
TL: Sebuah kacamata.
2.2.6 Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet in Lili (2009) states that equivalence is a procedure to describe the same
situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for producing
equivalent texts. In other words, the procedure of equivalence can be used to translate fixed
expression in SL such as idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, animal
onomatopoeia, etc. into the equal different form in TL. According to Debora (2010) the
example is tated as bellow:
Example:
SL: It’s raining cats and dogs.
TL: Hujan turun dengan derasnya.
Or
SL: Birds of a feather flock together.
TL: Rasam minyak dengan minyak, rasam air dengan air.
Debora (2010:21)
21. 2.2.7 Adaptation
Lili (2009) in her journal states that this procedure refers to a method used in the cases where
the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In
such cases translators have to create a new situation in SL that can be considered as being
equivalent in TL. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a
situational equivalence. Titles of books, movies, and characters fit into this category, Vinay
and Darbelnet in Debora (2010).
Example:
SL: Baseball (English)
TL: Futbol (Spanish)
Or
SL: After the Night (a novel by Linda Howard)
TL: Menunggu Fajar
Debora (2010:22)
2.3 Comparative Study
Comparison is one of the most efficient methods for explanation of utilizing tacit knowledge
of tacit attitudes. This method can assist the writer to boost the cases from the initial level of
exploratory studies to a more advanced level of general theoretical models. In comparative
study the writer are similar in some aspect, but they also have the differences in some aspect.
Therefore the different aspects become the focus of examination. The purpose of the focus is
obviously to find out why the cases are different and to reveal the general underlying
structure which generates or allow such a variation, Routio (2007). He also states that
comparative study aims at describing and perhaps also explaining the invariances of the
objects. It does not aim at generating changes in the objects; on the contrary, it usually tries to
22. avoid them. In conclusion the focus of comparative study is to reveal the distinction within
the both of research object without producing the changing in each.
2.4 Concept of Accuracy
Fadaee (2011) states that accuracy as well as clarity is one of the main features of evaluating
translation of literary books which acts as the crucial tendencies of translator to create a good
and natural piece of translation. It is no doubt that in transferring the idea from SL to TL the
translator has to fulfill the essential aspects of translation; accuracy and clarity in order to
avoid the ambiguity, and awkwardness in translation result. Defined by Suttleworth and
Cowie in Anari (2009) accuracy is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the degree
of correspondence between the translated and original texts. While according to Larson in
Anari (2009), accuracy in representing the meaning of the original text and using natural
idiomatic expressions in the receptor language are the primary goals of the translator.
Supported by Rahimi (2004:55) a translated text will be considered accurate if it contains the
following things, they are:
1. There is no information which is omitted.
2. There is no additional information that exists in TL if it does not exist in SL.
3. There is no mistake during the analysis of the source text resulting in different
meaning.
In order to measure the level of accuracy, some indicators are made by the writer based on
the concept of accuracy as stated by Rahimi above. It means that the writer modifies the
indicators proposed by Rahimi above.
23. Table 2.1 the measurement of level of accuracy according to Rahimi (Modified by the
writer).
Category Scale Indicator
Accurate 3
The information in SL is suitably conveyed in TL.
Information in SL is communicated without omitting and
adding any info which are not contained in TL. Meaning
in SL is conveyed in TL in a right way.
Average 2
The information in SL is quite suitably conveyed in TL.
Information in SL is communicated with a small amount
of addition and omission of info in TL.
Less 1
The information in SL insufficiently conveyed in TL.
There are a lot of distortions of meaning.
Inaccurate 0
The information in SL is omitted in TL. No additional
information exists in SL but it does in TL. The meaning
in SL conveyed in TL is not suitable.
2.5 Concept of Clarity
Larson in Fadaee (2011) states that clarity in translation means the translated piece can
communicate to the people (target audience) who are to use it. He adds that in clear
translation the forms of the language used should be those which make the message of the
source text as easy to understand as the source text itself. Rahimi (2004:56) recites that the
translation will be considered lacks of clarity if it contains the following cases:
24. 1. TL does not communicate with people who are to use it,
2. TL does not use the form of understandable language for language speakers.
To measure the clarity of translation, the writer modifies the indicators proposed by Rahimi
as follows.
Table 2.2 the measurement of level of clarity according to Rahimi (modified by the
writer).
Category Scale Indicator
Clear 3
TL can be easily understood by the target readers since
the TL uses the form of understandable language.
Average 2
TL is quite understandable to target readers. Target
readers require special / little interpretation since TL does
not use the form of easy-to-understand language in TL.
Less 1
TL is less understandable to target readers. Readers
require frequent interpretation due to the frequent use of
uneasy to understand language in TL.
Unclear 0
TL does not communicate with the target readers. Target
readers make a lot of interpretation efforts to understand
the TL due to the use of uneasy-to understand form of
language.
2.6 Subtitle
Comprehending the sequence story spilled in a foreign movie is not absolutely adequate by
just seeing the picture and the verbal movement because that might create bias perception for
the audience in understanding a movie story, therefore the function of subtitle hands an
25. important role toward the audience. Gottlieb in Shakernia (2011) states that subtitle is the
rendering in a different language of verbal messages in filmic media in the shape of one or
more line of written text presented on the screen. Based on Shuttleworth and Cowie in
Jaskansen (1999) subtitle is the process of providing synchronized captions for film and
television dialogue. Basically subtitle not only changes language but it also switches from the
spoken to the written mode and it presents a story in a real time as a dynamic text type,
Szarkowska (2005). As the conclusion subtitle in a movie is able to synchronize foreign
dialogs in a movie with the certain target dialog (different language).
2.7 Previous Study
This study tries to analyze the construction of modulation and transposition in terms of
accuracy and clarity toward the translation as a product. To support this study some theses
and articles related to this paper especially transposition and modulation will be employed to
give comparison and input to this writing.
Anari (2009), in his journal entitled Naturalness and Accuracy in English Translation of
Hafiz, discusses about accuracy and naturalness in English translation of Hāfiz ghazals
(poetry) by English and Persian native speakers. Through his research he found the
differences of translation result especially in the sense of naturalness and accuracy.
Furthermore he found a great finding and concluded that in the samples studied the
translation of Hāfiz ghazals by Persian translator was more accurate, whereas the translation
by English translator was more natural. The study conducted by Anari was quite similar to
the research that will be done by the writer, which was about the point of accuracy in
translated text, yet Anari did not conduct the research about the clarity in the product of
26. translation. The object of the study was also different with the research that will be conducted
by the writer, in Anari’s work the object of the study was a poetry while the writer will
analyze movie subtitles. He states through his journal that native and non-native translators
have to cooperate each other in producing a pace of translation of literary work, especially in
this case, a poetry, it leads to a better translation which is both natural in its form and
accurate in its meaning.
In addition, accuracy and clarity can also be measured by using procedures of translation. A
research closely related to the case was done by Prasetyo (2011). His research aims at
describing transposition and modulation in a book entitled Teori Budaya and discussing the
accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translated sentences containing transposition
and modulation. He took the data from a book entitled Culture Theory translated into Teori
Budaya. From the research he conducted he found that both modulation and transposition
have their own advantages and disadvantages. In terms of accuracy, transposition is more
accurate than modulation yet modulation has higher levels of acceptability and readability
than transposition does. The study conducted by Prasetyo has similarities to this study, but it
differs from what Prasetyo did in the object researched. Furthermore Prasetyo did a research
to measure the accuracy, acceptability, and readability, whereas the writer is eager to measure
the accuracy and clarity in the text translated.
To obtain a deeper insight for this research, the writer found a similar research which was
conducted by Shakernia (2011). Her study aimed at the investigation of the use of Vinay and
Darbelnet’s direct and oblique translations procedures in the Persian subtitles of American
historical drama and romantic comedy movies. Shakernia investigated the two main
categories of translation procedures (direct and oblique translation) in the main focus of
subtitles in historical drama and romantic comedy movies. She discovered great findings that
27. direct translation procedures which are used more frequently in historical drama movies and
manifested in historical drama subtitle, while she also indicated that oblique translation
strategy was applied more in the Persian subtitles of romantic comedy movies. However the
study conducted by Shakernia did not reveal the procedures of modulation and transposition
in details because she engaged with seven procedures that proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.
As the result of gaining three previous studies as stated above, the writer is able to behold the
general concept of certain seminal points in order to compose this research. The general
concept of accuracy applied from Anari’s journal, and the concept of direct and oblique as a
general procedure proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet obtained from the research conducted by
Shakernina (2011), while, the writer gets the concept of modulation and transposition from
the research done by Prasetyo (2011).
28. CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
Research design refers to the plan used to examine the question of interest whereas
methodology refers to the principles, procedures, and practices that govern research.
Methodology should be thought of as encompassing the entire process of conducting research
(i.e., planning and conducting the research study, drawing conclusions, and disseminating the
findings), Kazdin in Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger (2005:22). It means methodology
covers research design within composing a research study. This chapter deals with some
aspects i.e. Data source, technique of collecting data, technique of analyzing data, and
technique of presenting the analysis.
This research applied the qualitative research, since qualitative is characterized by the
observation and description in forms of word and sentence, Bogdan and Biklen (2003:110).
This research was conducted through the observation of modulation and transposition in Sang
Pencerah movie subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. Afterward, this
research gave a complete description of the accuracy and clarity toward Sang Pencerah
movie and its English subtitles The Enlightened One by applying modulation and
transposition. The most important thing to be analyzed was the most frequently-applied
procedure between modulation and transposition in Sang Pencerah movie subtitles and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One.
29. 3.3 Data and Data Source
The data source of this research was taken from Sang Pencerah movie and its English
subtitles The Enlightened One. Meanwhile the data, modulation and transposition was taken
from the sentences, clauses, phrases, words or the smallest units in the subtitles contained in
chapter 13-14 in Sang Pencerah movie and their translations in The Enlightened One.
3.4 Data Collecting Technique
The collecting term was useful before anything could be done through the research in order to
make the writer easily analyze and interpret the data. Technique of data collecting that the
writer used for this research was observation. According to Sudaryanto in Putrawan
(2011:33) observation applied by thoroughly observing the source language. In this case, the
writer observed the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie and found out the
occurrences of modulation and transposition. Note-taking served to identify and classify the
data, i.e. the modulation and transposition procedures which contained in the English
subtitles of Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One, therefore
it was easy for the writer to formulate the analysis. But before the implementation of note
taking, the writer was firstly do a close reading step toward Sang Pencerah subtitles and its
English subtitles The Enlightened One. The procedures of modulation and transposition
contained in the subtitles were be highlighted and noted down as the data for the analysis.
Then, the phenomena of modulation and transposition procedures were classified based on
Catford, Chuquet and Paillard as the experts who supported the notion in detail about
modulation and transposition procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet.
In addition personal interviewing was followed as the complement. Personal interviewing
was flexible way that could be used to collect large amounts of information. Furthermore the
30. informant could guide interviews, explore issues, and proved as the situation requires,
Dawson (2002:14). The informants were offered some questions closely related to accuracy
and clarity in Sang Pencerah subtitles and its English subtitles The Enlightened One. The
informants either had to answer the direct question from the writer or wrote their comment
objectively toward the research object. There are five informants that were involved in this
research and to gain the reliable informant, the writer interviewed the student who already
finished the translation class, in order to create deeper inquiry toward the accuracy and clarity
in modulation and transposition procedures, the writer also employed one lecture, one sworn
translator and one native speaker.
3.5 Data Analyzing Technique
Regarding the qualitative research, the writer analyzed the data descriptively. After gathering
the occurrences of modulation and transposition in the Sang Pencerah English subtitles, they
were classified based on the procedures of modulation and transposition proposed by Vinay
and Dalbernet which were supported and strengthened by Chuquet and Pailard and Catford
(2001:60). After indentifying the translation procedures the writer focused on the level of
accuracy and clarity in the English subtitles of the Sang Pencerah movie based on the
informant’s objective information gained through the personal interviewing, and the last
section that was conclusion was followed to reveal the result from what had been analyzed by
the writer.