Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Differences in DNA occur within genes, the differences have the potential to affect the function of the
gene and hence the phenotype of the individual. Genetic markers which have been used a lot in the past
include blood groups and polymorphic enzymes. We have relatively few such markers, but this has been
overcome with the advent of new types of markers. However, most molecular markers are not associated
with a visible phenotype.
Biotechnological Routes to Biomass ConversionBiorefineryEPC™
Biotechnological Routes to Biomass Conversion
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this presentation has a business plan for setting up a Bio diesel plant in Laos. it includes all the operational, financial and legal considerations that are to be followed for starting such kind of business
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
A brief discussion over the classifications of Biofuels and their advantages and disadvantages that should be considered for energy solution in the future.
Aviation provides the only rapid worldwide transportation network and It is also one of the biggest contributors to pollution. Due to current infrastructure and safety requirements and the need for extended range versus payload, an energy-dense liquid fuel will still be necessary for the foreseeable future. Thus, to reduce the environmental impact of aviation in the short to medium term the production of advanced biofuel is essential.
Microalgal applications for biofuel productionSAIMA BARKI
Finding alternate to fossil fuels and 21st century,,
The use of microalgae as an alternate for fossil fuel, need of hour not because of political concerns but because required for the food security of next generations.
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
1. Title :
“Biofuel and its Future Perspectives”
Name
:
Zafar Iqbal Buhroo
Regd. No.
:
2010-336-D
Course No.
:
Seri-791
Seminar Incharge
:
Dr. M. F. Baqual
Date of seminar
:
29.12.2011
2. INTRODUCTION
In recent times, the world has been confronted with an energy crisis due
to depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental
problems.
The tremendous use of petroleum products is responsible for alarming
pollution of environment . This situation has lead to the search for an
alternative fuel, which should not be only sustainable but also
environment friendly.
For developing countries, fuels of bio-origin such as ethanol, vegetable
oil, biomass, biogas etc are becoming focus of attention. Shrinking crude
oil reserves and limited refining capacity, world will have to depend
heavily on imports of crude oil.
From the point of view of protecting the global environment and the
concern for long term supplies of conventional fuels, it becomes
imperative to develop alternate fuels comparable with conventional fuels.
Biofuels is the only alternative.
3. WHAT IS BIOFUEL ?
Any fuel that is derived from
biomass i.e., plant material
or animal waste. Biofuels
are liquid or gaseous fuels
derived from renewable
biomass.
7. GASIFICATION
process
heat, pressure, and steam to convert
materials directly into a gas composed primarily of
carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
The
feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or
slurred form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a
gasifier.
The
feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure,
and either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved
environment within the gasifier.
9. Products of Gasification
*
Hydrocarbon gases (SYNGAS).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).
CO +H2 (more than 85
percent by volume) & carbon dioxide
and methane.
Biogas Production
Syngas
10. Gobar Gas
Gobar
gas production is an
anaerobic process
Fermentation is carried out in an
air tight, closed cylindrical concrete
tank called a Digester
11. Layout Design of Gobar gas Plant
Cunningham & Cunningham. 2005. 4th Edition
13. Comparison:55-65% Methane
30-35% Carbon dioxide
and other traces
Cow dung gas
Heating value– 600
B.T.U per cubic foot
80% Methane
Natural gas
Heating value– 1000
B.T.U per cubic foot
14. Cow
dung slurry
2.5% Nitrogen
1.5% Phosphorus
0.8% Potassium
75% O. Humus
Cow
dung
slurry
One pound of cow
manure generate
one cubic foot of gas
Enough gas to cook a
days meal for 4-6
people in India
15. India
already has around 5000 BIOGAS plants.
30
million rural households in China have
BIOGAS digesters.
In
2007, 12000 vehicles were fueled with
upgraded biogas worldwide mostly in Europe.
Biogas
powered train is already in service in
Sweden since 2005.
www.newscientist.com/article/mg
16. Biogas- Feasibility in J and K
About 70% of the population derives its livelihood from the
agriculture sector and use agricultural residues, cattle dung cakes for
cooking as fuel.
Estimate shows availability of 87.06 lakh livestock in J and K state,
which reflect the vast potential for biogas generation .
If 60% of livestick @ 5 kg dung / livestock / day is utilised for this
purpose, about 3.26 lakh family size biogas plants of 2-3m 3 could be run
in the state.
The biogas thus generated will suffice the needs of more than 42.57
lakh persons.
Energy production will also save more than 1087.3 million tones of
fuel wood.
Biogas digested manure will be available for use in crops.
Contd.,
17. Biogas Technology ~ By SKUAST-K
SKUAST-K has designed the suitable biogas plant for round the
year production of methane gas under temperate climatic
conditions.
Floating drum type biogas plant with poly house, giving
additonal heat was found successful for biogas production even at
-6oC temperature.
Technology being transferred to rural people of the region
through field demonstrations, training programmes and
installation of plants at farmers level.
Division of Agri-Engineering, SKUAST- K, DST project
18. Environmental Benefits
•
Reduction of waste
•
Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases
compared to fossil fuels.
•
Saving time of collecting firewood.
•
Protecting forests.
•
Saving money.
•
Improving hygienic conditions.
•
Producing higher quality fertilizer.
•
Reducing air and water pollution.
19. Bio Mass-Source of Energy
Biomass
already supplies 14 % of the world’s
primary energy consumption. On average, biomass
produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing
countries.
USA:
4% of total energy from bio mass, around
9000 MW----
INDIA
is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs
about 25,000 crores annually for the government to
import oil.
20. Bio
Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest
residue and municipal waste.
Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas
Fertilizers as by product.
Average
electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per
day!!
Wikipedia : Biofuels in India
21. The fully integrated agro-biofuel-biomaterialbio power cycle for sustainable technologies.
Contd.,
23. Global biomass resources from agricultural
residues, wood, and herbaceous energy crops.
Cellulose
Polymer of
β-(1,4)-glucan;
degree of
polymerization
~300 to 15,000
Cellulose
Major
global
biopolymers
Production: ~35 to 50%
Production: ~25 to 30%
Production: ~15 to 30%
Polymer of
β-(1,4)-glucan;
degree of polymerization
~300 to 15,000
30%
Production :~ 35 – 50%
5–
~1
25
–
uc
ti
n:
on
:~
ti o
uc
30%
Lignin
Polymer derived from
coniferyl, coumaryl,
sinapyl alcohol
Pro
d
d
Pro
Major global
biopolymers
Hemicellulose
Short-chain
branched, substituted
polymer of sugars;
degree of polymerization
~7 to 200
Arthur et al., 2006
27. Ethanol
THE WORLD SCENARIO
BRAZIL
World leader in production and export of ethanol.
Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000
barrels of gasoline.
24% blend ethanol mandatory.
USA
Ethanol : a big boost to economy
E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr
MTBE phased out in many states
Soya bean main source of biodiesel
30. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a Biofuel consisting of fatty acid methyl
alkyl esters that are derived from organic oils,
plants,
animals
through
the
process
of
transesterfication.
TRANS
+
3 Methyl Alkyl Esters
(BIODIESEL)
31. Flowers
Biodiesel from Jatropha
Seeds of the Jatropha nut
is crushed and oil Is
extracted
The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.
BIODIESEL
Ready for Oil
Fruits
Harvested
32. Economic significance of Jatropha
Soap
production
Green manure
vermiculture
Medicinal
uses
Soil erosion
control
Potentials of
Jatropha
Employment
generation
Animal feed
Hedge
Lubricants
Pesticidal value
Ericulture
Biodiesel
Kumar et al., 2005
34. Bio-diesel
The first diesel engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel in
Germany (1895), it was powered by peanut oil in!
35. Bus runs on Biodiesel
A test flight has been performed in 2006 July by a Czech jet aircraft completely
powered on biodiesel.
The British Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run
on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd.
36. BIODIESEL DEMAND & AREA OF PLANTATION
[Planning Commission Report, 2005]
37. IOC - Indian Railways MoU
Jatropha plantation on 70 ha of Railway land
1,10,000 saplings have already been planted in
Surendra Nagar, Gujarat
Shatabdi & Jan Shatabadi Train Trial Runs
conducted earlier
5 Trains through Lucknow already running from
6th June 2004 on 10% Biodiesel
38. Reliance has taken up a project of 700million dollars for
cultivation of Jatropha in Andra Pradesh.
Mehla S K 2007
39. Jatropha in India : Promising bio-fuel crop for wasteland
In India, 5 large plants set up with a capacity of 300,000
liters per day, 4 medium size plants with a capacity of
30,000 liters per day, and a number of small plants with a
capacity of 1,000 to 3,000 liters per day. Practically all
plants are running at very low capacities, or closed due to
lack of oil.
(NNFCC, 2011)
40. Can Biodiesel From Jatropha work in India?
India needs 200 Billion gallons of B--oil to replace transpot
fuels used…
We required 384 mh of land for Jatropha cultivation is a
big constraint…
India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 17%
of the human population and 18% of the cattle
Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?
A sustainable source of oil is to be found before we can
think of biodiesel.
Khan S & Rashmi , 2008
41. Comparison of some sources of biodiesel
CROP
OIL YIELD
(L/ha)
CORN
172
SOYBEAN
446
CANOLA
1190
JATROPHA
1892
OIL PALM
5950
COCONUT
2689
MICROALGAE-a
1,36,900
MICROALGAE-b
58,700
In India only 5.4Mh area of algae ponds are required
to replace all the petroleum transportation fuels
Chisti Y, 2007
43. CONCLUSION:
Blending
of biodiesel in diesel offers great opportunities for environment
protection and rural economy development.
Genetic
aspects.
improvement of particular species should be taken as future
Stricter
environmental regulations and emission norms have led to
improvement in fuel quality and introduction of clean fuels like biodiesel.
Above
all recedence or elimination of toxic gases from atmosphere which
otherwise are emanating from use of existing fuels.
Identification
and mass production of high yielding biofuel plants like
lower plants (microalgae).