This document describes research into developing a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of rice bran oil into biodiesel. A catalyst of Mg-SO4-2/ZrO2 was found to achieve over 90% conversion at 800°C. Characterization showed the catalyst could be reused for 1000 hours without loss of activity. The biodiesel produced contained fatty acid methyl esters like methyl palmitate and methyl oleate. Kinetic studies found the reaction to be first order with a rate constant of approximately 1 min-1. The catalyst shows potential for industrial biodiesel production.
Data mining, prediction, correlation, regression, correlation analysis, regre...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with alcohols having different alkyl chain length. The structures of the
prepared compounds were confirmed by Infra Red Spectroscopy. Three polymeric compounds were prepared by
free radical polymerization of the different acrylates with vinyl acetate. The molecular weights of the prepared
compounds were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The prepared copolymers were evaluated as
viscosity index improvers for lube oil and the rheological properties of lube oil were studied. It was found that
the efficiency of the prepared additives as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the molecular
weight and concentration of the prepared copolymers and it was found that the apparent viscosity decreases with
an increase in temperature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) conditions for extracting c-linolenic acid (GLA) from Spirulina platensis. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize three extraction parameters: pressure, time, and ethanol concentration. SCE with ethanol as a co-solvent was found to significantly increase GLA yields compared to SCE alone. RSM analysis identified a pressure of 400 bars, extraction time of 1 hour, and minimum ethanol concentration of 13.7 ml per 16 g of biomass as optimal conditions for extracting 102% of the GLA content compared to conventional solvent extraction.
A new approach for preparing methyl 6 azido-2,3,4-tri-oAlexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing methyl 6-azido-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside from methyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. The method uses diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in dry DMF at 127°C to directly replace the hydroxyl group at position 6 with an azide group, without needing to first prepare a glycosyl halide. This yields the azide
Performance of KOH as a Catalyst for Trans-esterification of Jatropha Curcas ...ZY8
This document summarizes a study on using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst for the trans-esterification of Jatropha curcas oil to produce biodiesel. The authors extracted oil from Jatropha fruits and conducted kinetics experiments to investigate the performance of KOH catalyst. They varied reaction parameters like oil to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and temperature. The results showed that an oil to methanol ratio of 1:16, KOH concentration of 1.5%, and temperature of 60°C produced the optimal biodiesel yield. An activation energy of 28.8 kJ/mol was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The biodiesel properties met ASTM standards for
Production of 1-Tetradecene at 100 tons per yearaman_hb
This document summarizes a student project to produce 100 tons per year of 1-tetradecene. It outlines the goal, characteristics, manufacturing process, chemical reaction, mass and energy balances, design of equipment like heat exchangers and reactors, simulation results, and process economics. The overall feasibility study examines producing the unsaturated drying oil 1-tetradecene through acetylation of castor oil and determines the necessary feedstock, equipment, utilities, and costs to construct a plant capable of the desired annual production.
The document discusses the design and testing of a pilot plant for fast pyrolysis of sawdust to produce bio-oil using an auger reactor. Various trials were conducted to optimize operating conditions such as temperature and feed rate. Characterization of the sawdust feedstock and products was also performed to analyze the pyrolysis process and properties of the bio-oil produced.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
Data mining, prediction, correlation, regression, correlation analysis, regre...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with alcohols having different alkyl chain length. The structures of the
prepared compounds were confirmed by Infra Red Spectroscopy. Three polymeric compounds were prepared by
free radical polymerization of the different acrylates with vinyl acetate. The molecular weights of the prepared
compounds were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The prepared copolymers were evaluated as
viscosity index improvers for lube oil and the rheological properties of lube oil were studied. It was found that
the efficiency of the prepared additives as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the molecular
weight and concentration of the prepared copolymers and it was found that the apparent viscosity decreases with
an increase in temperature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) conditions for extracting c-linolenic acid (GLA) from Spirulina platensis. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize three extraction parameters: pressure, time, and ethanol concentration. SCE with ethanol as a co-solvent was found to significantly increase GLA yields compared to SCE alone. RSM analysis identified a pressure of 400 bars, extraction time of 1 hour, and minimum ethanol concentration of 13.7 ml per 16 g of biomass as optimal conditions for extracting 102% of the GLA content compared to conventional solvent extraction.
A new approach for preparing methyl 6 azido-2,3,4-tri-oAlexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing methyl 6-azido-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside from methyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. The method uses diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in dry DMF at 127°C to directly replace the hydroxyl group at position 6 with an azide group, without needing to first prepare a glycosyl halide. This yields the azide
Performance of KOH as a Catalyst for Trans-esterification of Jatropha Curcas ...ZY8
This document summarizes a study on using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst for the trans-esterification of Jatropha curcas oil to produce biodiesel. The authors extracted oil from Jatropha fruits and conducted kinetics experiments to investigate the performance of KOH catalyst. They varied reaction parameters like oil to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and temperature. The results showed that an oil to methanol ratio of 1:16, KOH concentration of 1.5%, and temperature of 60°C produced the optimal biodiesel yield. An activation energy of 28.8 kJ/mol was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The biodiesel properties met ASTM standards for
Production of 1-Tetradecene at 100 tons per yearaman_hb
This document summarizes a student project to produce 100 tons per year of 1-tetradecene. It outlines the goal, characteristics, manufacturing process, chemical reaction, mass and energy balances, design of equipment like heat exchangers and reactors, simulation results, and process economics. The overall feasibility study examines producing the unsaturated drying oil 1-tetradecene through acetylation of castor oil and determines the necessary feedstock, equipment, utilities, and costs to construct a plant capable of the desired annual production.
The document discusses the design and testing of a pilot plant for fast pyrolysis of sawdust to produce bio-oil using an auger reactor. Various trials were conducted to optimize operating conditions such as temperature and feed rate. Characterization of the sawdust feedstock and products was also performed to analyze the pyrolysis process and properties of the bio-oil produced.
Production and evaluation of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on the production of biodiesel from palm oil and ghee (clarified butter) via transesterification. Key factors affecting the yield of biodiesel such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and operating temperature were investigated. The results showed that a methanol to oil ratio of 0.25v/v, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%, and temperature of 60°C provided optimal conditions for biodiesel yield. Under these conditions, palm oil produced a higher biodiesel yield of over 90% compared to ghee which had a lower yield. The biodiesel produced from both feedstocks met biodiesel standards according to characterization.
Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oilKátia Gabriel
The document summarizes research into producing biodiesel via transesterification of palm oil using sodium hydroxide loaded onto alumina (NaOH/Al2O3) catalysts. NaOH/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with sodium hydroxide solutions then calcining. The catalysts were characterized and found to have basic sites suitable for transesterification. Parameters like methanol to oil ratio, catalyst amount, temperature and time were varied to determine optimum conditions. With the optimum conditions, a 99% conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was achieved.
This document summarizes a study on solvent deasphalting (SDA) of various vacuum residues from an Iranian crude oil using a bench-scale unit. The key findings are:
1) SDA with pentane or butane solvents significantly reduced metals, sulfur, and carbon content in the deasphalted oils (DAOs) produced, with butane giving greater reductions.
2) Higher molecular weight solvents and lower feed boiling points increased DAO yields, though yields leveled off for feeds over 500°C. Higher temperatures decreased yields.
3) DAO quality, as indicated by lower contaminant levels, improved with higher temperatures and lower feed boiling points. SDA is effective for upgrading vacuum
Synthesis of bulk calcium oxide (cao) catalyst and its efficacy (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the synthesis and use of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Calcium oxide was prepared from hydrated lime and used to catalyze the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil with methanol. Biodiesel yields between 94.76-100% were obtained at reaction times of 50-90 minutes and a temperature of 60°C. GC-MS analysis identified the main methyl ester components in the biodiesel samples. The calcium oxide catalyst was found to produce higher biodiesel yields than a conventional homogeneous catalyst and offers advantages for easy separation and reuse.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis, Characterization and invitro Anti- inflammatory activity of 1, 3, ...SriramNagarajan19
Oxadiazole derivatives have played a vital part in the development of heterocyclic compounds. In this present work, a series of 5-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives (1-10) have been synthesized by Mannich reaction. The reaction progress of the synthesized compounds was checked by TLC. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectral data. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole compounds (1-10) was assessed by HRBC Membrane Stabilization Method. Among the newly synthesized 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, compounds OFP, OAP, OBNP, OPBNP, ORP, OUP, OPClBP, OFD, OAD and OBND possessed highly significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 1000µg/ml when compared with standard, Diclofenac potassium.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
The document summarizes research on the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis on the fuel properties of poultry litter. Key findings include:
- Pyrolyzing the coarse fraction of poultry litter at 300°C captured the most energy (68.71%) in the charcoal produced and resulted in the highest calorific value (17.39 MJ/kg).
- Pyrolysis above 500°C captured less carbon but produced a light condensate fraction that could be used as a low-grade liquid fuel.
- The medium condensate fraction captured 27.54% of nitrogen and could be used as fertilizer.
- Pyrolysis significantly reduced nutrients like ammonium
Prediction of wax Deposition Risk of Malaysian Crude...Modesty Jnr.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to predict wax deposition risks in Malaysian crude oils. It used the Standing viscosity-temperature correlation model for dead crude oils to predict wax crystallization points. The predicted points showed good agreement with experimental values, with an average absolute deviation of 11.71%. Physiochemical properties of reference crudes from different Malaysian fields were characterized. The study employed empirical correlations to estimate viscosity-temperature relationships and predict wax deposition tendencies based on changes in crude viscosity with temperature.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
Biodiesel production by esterification of hydrolyzed soybean oilGabriel Menchu
This document presents computational simulations of biodiesel production from hydrolyzed soybean oil in a reactive distillation column. The soybean oil is represented as a pseudocomponent mixture of its main fatty acids: linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The esterification reaction of this pseudocomponent with ethanol is modeled. Sensitivity analyses are performed to determine the optimal operating conditions. Thermodynamic properties are modeled using UNIFAC for liquid phases and Antoine equations for vapor pressures.
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Ecofriendly Stain Remover Based on Sugar Based Polymeric SurfactantsIRJET Journal
1. Sugar-based polymers containing citric acid, maleic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride were synthesized to develop stain-removing surfactants.
2. Two polymers were analyzed and found to differ in acid value, viscosity, surface tension, and HLB ratio. Polymer P1 containing citric acid performed better in stain removal.
3. Stain removers were formulated using Polymer P1 and conventional surfactants. Analysis found the stain removers were comparable to a commercial brand in pH, viscosity, surface tension, and stain removal of soils, turmeric, and ink.
Studies on some economic and effective Ion exchange Resin used as catalyst in...IOSR Journals
Terrenes are the abundant group of natural compounds that can be transformed into products of higher commercial value by organic reaction under the influence of suitable catalyst. Isolongifoline ketone was synthesized by Isolongifoline with the application of ion exchange catalyst viz. Tulsion T-421, Tulsion T-521, Indion 225, Indion 770.It is evident that Tulsion T-421 & T-521 shows higher yield of Isolongifoline ketone due to its characteristics. Characterization of resin was done by determine the elemental analysis, ion exchange capacity, FTIR analysis, TGA and SEM analysis. The significance of the ion exchange resin is revealed by the conversion of Isolongifoline to Isolongifoline ketone.Thermax T-421was finding to possess the higher selectivity for isolongifoline ketone and high thermal stability.
Semple et al 2016 J Poly Sci_Part_A__Polymer_ChemistryJ. Edward Semple
This document describes the synthesis of azido-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives and a method for quantifying the degree of azide incorporation using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The key steps are:
1) Synthesis of PEG azides (PEG-N3) by reacting mesylate-functionalized PEG (PEG-OMs) with sodium azide.
2) Click reaction of the PEG azides with alkynes to form 1,2,3-triazole adducts.
3) Quantification of azide content using 1H NMR analysis of the triazole proton signals, which are well separated from the PEG backbone signals.
This document summarizes research that investigated the synergistic effects of varying combined masses of magnesium chloride and citric acid catalysts on the rheological properties of urea and melamine formaldehyde resins used to treat cotton fabrics. Key findings include:
- Refractive index and melting point of the resins generally increased with catalyst mass up to 1g, then decreased with further increases in catalyst mass.
- Dry crease recovery angle of the resinated fabrics, a measure of shape retention, increased with catalyst mass up to around 0.5-1g depending on the resin, indicating improved shape retention.
- Tear strength of the fabrics, as measured by breaking load, generally increased with higher catalyst
Improving the Synthesis of Lidocaine_2014_Odneal_Aills_JefferyStephanie Melton
The document describes efforts to optimize the synthesis of the drug lidocaine. Researchers improved the yield of a precursor from 50-66% to over 90% by determining the optimal concentration using lab arrays. They then sought to eliminate the use of the carcinogen toluene as a solvent and minimize reaction time in producing lidocaine from the precursor. Testing various solvents, temperatures, and heating methods, they achieved a 90% yield of lidocaine from the precursor in just 10 minutes using a microwave instead of the traditional 90 minutes with toluene.
The document discusses research conducted to optimize the lyophilization process for Drug-X, which has both stable and unstable polymorphic forms. Characterization of Drug-X and the excipient Mannitol was performed using DSC, TGA, and XRD. Freeze drying parameters were optimized using DSC. Six batches were produced varying freeze drying conditions and analyzed for water content and solid state using KF titration and XRD. Studies on the effect of relative humidity on Drug-X found that the monohydrate form is stable between 20-30% RH, with the anhydrous form forming at lower or higher humidity levels. Optimal storage conditions for the monohydrate were determined to be below 25°
The study investigated the effects of inlet temperature and the ratio of atomization gas flow to solution flow (ALM ratio) on particle properties and dissolution of spray dried Regorafenib/HPMCAS dispersions. Increasing the ALM ratio decreased particle size and increased dissolution rate, while inlet temperature had minimal effect. Control of particle size and dissolution was achieved primarily by adjusting the ALM ratio during spray drying.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Effect of operating condition on performance of anaerobic hybrid reactor at t...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of operating conditions on the performance of an anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) for treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) at thermophilic temperature (55°C). The AHR was operated at various organic loading rates (OLR) from 1.2 to 5.5 gCOD/l.d and hydraulic retention times (HRT) from 20 to 10 days. Results showed that COD removal efficiency and methane production rate increased from 80-90% and 1.35 to 7.82 l/d respectively as OLR increased and HRT decreased. Reactor stability was maintained with pH between 7.0-8.0 and total volatile acid
Biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oilKátia Gabriel
The document summarizes research into producing biodiesel via transesterification of palm oil using sodium hydroxide loaded onto alumina (NaOH/Al2O3) catalysts. NaOH/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnating alumina with sodium hydroxide solutions then calcining. The catalysts were characterized and found to have basic sites suitable for transesterification. Parameters like methanol to oil ratio, catalyst amount, temperature and time were varied to determine optimum conditions. With the optimum conditions, a 99% conversion of palm oil to biodiesel was achieved.
This document summarizes a study on solvent deasphalting (SDA) of various vacuum residues from an Iranian crude oil using a bench-scale unit. The key findings are:
1) SDA with pentane or butane solvents significantly reduced metals, sulfur, and carbon content in the deasphalted oils (DAOs) produced, with butane giving greater reductions.
2) Higher molecular weight solvents and lower feed boiling points increased DAO yields, though yields leveled off for feeds over 500°C. Higher temperatures decreased yields.
3) DAO quality, as indicated by lower contaminant levels, improved with higher temperatures and lower feed boiling points. SDA is effective for upgrading vacuum
Synthesis of bulk calcium oxide (cao) catalyst and its efficacy (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the synthesis and use of calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Calcium oxide was prepared from hydrated lime and used to catalyze the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil with methanol. Biodiesel yields between 94.76-100% were obtained at reaction times of 50-90 minutes and a temperature of 60°C. GC-MS analysis identified the main methyl ester components in the biodiesel samples. The calcium oxide catalyst was found to produce higher biodiesel yields than a conventional homogeneous catalyst and offers advantages for easy separation and reuse.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis, Characterization and invitro Anti- inflammatory activity of 1, 3, ...SriramNagarajan19
Oxadiazole derivatives have played a vital part in the development of heterocyclic compounds. In this present work, a series of 5-(2-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives (1-10) have been synthesized by Mannich reaction. The reaction progress of the synthesized compounds was checked by TLC. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectral data. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole compounds (1-10) was assessed by HRBC Membrane Stabilization Method. Among the newly synthesized 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, compounds OFP, OAP, OBNP, OPBNP, ORP, OUP, OPClBP, OFD, OAD and OBND possessed highly significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 1000µg/ml when compared with standard, Diclofenac potassium.
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
The document summarizes research on the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis on the fuel properties of poultry litter. Key findings include:
- Pyrolyzing the coarse fraction of poultry litter at 300°C captured the most energy (68.71%) in the charcoal produced and resulted in the highest calorific value (17.39 MJ/kg).
- Pyrolysis above 500°C captured less carbon but produced a light condensate fraction that could be used as a low-grade liquid fuel.
- The medium condensate fraction captured 27.54% of nitrogen and could be used as fertilizer.
- Pyrolysis significantly reduced nutrients like ammonium
Prediction of wax Deposition Risk of Malaysian Crude...Modesty Jnr.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to predict wax deposition risks in Malaysian crude oils. It used the Standing viscosity-temperature correlation model for dead crude oils to predict wax crystallization points. The predicted points showed good agreement with experimental values, with an average absolute deviation of 11.71%. Physiochemical properties of reference crudes from different Malaysian fields were characterized. The study employed empirical correlations to estimate viscosity-temperature relationships and predict wax deposition tendencies based on changes in crude viscosity with temperature.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
Biodiesel production by esterification of hydrolyzed soybean oilGabriel Menchu
This document presents computational simulations of biodiesel production from hydrolyzed soybean oil in a reactive distillation column. The soybean oil is represented as a pseudocomponent mixture of its main fatty acids: linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The esterification reaction of this pseudocomponent with ethanol is modeled. Sensitivity analyses are performed to determine the optimal operating conditions. Thermodynamic properties are modeled using UNIFAC for liquid phases and Antoine equations for vapor pressures.
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
of extraction (milling hydraulic, and defatting; milling, toasting, and defatting: and sand roasting, dehulling,
milling and defatting) were employed to produce the three different samples A, B, and C respectively. The yields
of the oils obtained were measured. Oil qualities of the oil like: specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid,
saponification value, peroxide value, pH and iodine value content of the oil were determined. The extracted oils
were subjected to transesterification process at a various temperature by treatment with ethanol using
potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Average yield of biodiesel was 70.62 %, 74.33% and 79.41% of raw oil from
sample A, B and C respectively. The specific gravity, viscosity, free fatty acid, saponification value, peroxide
value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
2.00mg/kg, 7.38 and 140.61, respectively); sample B (0.903, 3.130mm2/s, 0.423%, 58.91mg/kg, 11.00mg/kg,
7.02 and 55.33, respectively); sample C (0.908, 3.324mm2/s, 0.368%, 52.73mg/kg, 2.00mg/kg, 8.50 and 143.65
respectively). The result revealed that different extraction methods and transesterification temperature have
actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
Ecofriendly Stain Remover Based on Sugar Based Polymeric SurfactantsIRJET Journal
1. Sugar-based polymers containing citric acid, maleic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride were synthesized to develop stain-removing surfactants.
2. Two polymers were analyzed and found to differ in acid value, viscosity, surface tension, and HLB ratio. Polymer P1 containing citric acid performed better in stain removal.
3. Stain removers were formulated using Polymer P1 and conventional surfactants. Analysis found the stain removers were comparable to a commercial brand in pH, viscosity, surface tension, and stain removal of soils, turmeric, and ink.
Studies on some economic and effective Ion exchange Resin used as catalyst in...IOSR Journals
Terrenes are the abundant group of natural compounds that can be transformed into products of higher commercial value by organic reaction under the influence of suitable catalyst. Isolongifoline ketone was synthesized by Isolongifoline with the application of ion exchange catalyst viz. Tulsion T-421, Tulsion T-521, Indion 225, Indion 770.It is evident that Tulsion T-421 & T-521 shows higher yield of Isolongifoline ketone due to its characteristics. Characterization of resin was done by determine the elemental analysis, ion exchange capacity, FTIR analysis, TGA and SEM analysis. The significance of the ion exchange resin is revealed by the conversion of Isolongifoline to Isolongifoline ketone.Thermax T-421was finding to possess the higher selectivity for isolongifoline ketone and high thermal stability.
Semple et al 2016 J Poly Sci_Part_A__Polymer_ChemistryJ. Edward Semple
This document describes the synthesis of azido-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives and a method for quantifying the degree of azide incorporation using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The key steps are:
1) Synthesis of PEG azides (PEG-N3) by reacting mesylate-functionalized PEG (PEG-OMs) with sodium azide.
2) Click reaction of the PEG azides with alkynes to form 1,2,3-triazole adducts.
3) Quantification of azide content using 1H NMR analysis of the triazole proton signals, which are well separated from the PEG backbone signals.
This document summarizes research that investigated the synergistic effects of varying combined masses of magnesium chloride and citric acid catalysts on the rheological properties of urea and melamine formaldehyde resins used to treat cotton fabrics. Key findings include:
- Refractive index and melting point of the resins generally increased with catalyst mass up to 1g, then decreased with further increases in catalyst mass.
- Dry crease recovery angle of the resinated fabrics, a measure of shape retention, increased with catalyst mass up to around 0.5-1g depending on the resin, indicating improved shape retention.
- Tear strength of the fabrics, as measured by breaking load, generally increased with higher catalyst
Improving the Synthesis of Lidocaine_2014_Odneal_Aills_JefferyStephanie Melton
The document describes efforts to optimize the synthesis of the drug lidocaine. Researchers improved the yield of a precursor from 50-66% to over 90% by determining the optimal concentration using lab arrays. They then sought to eliminate the use of the carcinogen toluene as a solvent and minimize reaction time in producing lidocaine from the precursor. Testing various solvents, temperatures, and heating methods, they achieved a 90% yield of lidocaine from the precursor in just 10 minutes using a microwave instead of the traditional 90 minutes with toluene.
The document discusses research conducted to optimize the lyophilization process for Drug-X, which has both stable and unstable polymorphic forms. Characterization of Drug-X and the excipient Mannitol was performed using DSC, TGA, and XRD. Freeze drying parameters were optimized using DSC. Six batches were produced varying freeze drying conditions and analyzed for water content and solid state using KF titration and XRD. Studies on the effect of relative humidity on Drug-X found that the monohydrate form is stable between 20-30% RH, with the anhydrous form forming at lower or higher humidity levels. Optimal storage conditions for the monohydrate were determined to be below 25°
The study investigated the effects of inlet temperature and the ratio of atomization gas flow to solution flow (ALM ratio) on particle properties and dissolution of spray dried Regorafenib/HPMCAS dispersions. Increasing the ALM ratio decreased particle size and increased dissolution rate, while inlet temperature had minimal effect. Control of particle size and dissolution was achieved primarily by adjusting the ALM ratio during spray drying.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Effect of operating condition on performance of anaerobic hybrid reactor at t...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of operating conditions on the performance of an anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) for treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) at thermophilic temperature (55°C). The AHR was operated at various organic loading rates (OLR) from 1.2 to 5.5 gCOD/l.d and hydraulic retention times (HRT) from 20 to 10 days. Results showed that COD removal efficiency and methane production rate increased from 80-90% and 1.35 to 7.82 l/d respectively as OLR increased and HRT decreased. Reactor stability was maintained with pH between 7.0-8.0 and total volatile acid
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Poly Octadecyl Meth...IOSRJAC
Methacrylate polymers are widely used as additives in lubricating oils, as pour point depressants and viscosity index improvers. In this study, homopolymer of Octadecyl methacrylate and Octadecyl methacrylate_co_methylmethacrylate with molar ratios of 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 were synthesized and characterized. The free radical polymerization was carried out at 70 °C in toluene solvent and 2, 2′- azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. All products were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The obtained results showed the efficacy of the additives as viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants. The pour points of most base oils containing each polymer decreased compared to that of the pure base oil. 70% octadecyl methacrylate units showed a 15Cᵒ reduction in their pour points, thus establishing the large efficiency of the products synthesized in this work. The efficiencies of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compound as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the concentration of additives.
This document compares the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil for biodiesel production via transesterification. It discusses how reaction temperature, time, and stirring speed influence the yield. Testing showed higher temperatures increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, with the highest yield at 60°C. Longer reaction times also increased FAME content by allowing more collisions between molecules. An optimal stirring speed of 500 rpm produced the highest FAME content by promoting homogenization, while speeds too high or low reduced yield. Variables of 60°C, 1.5 hours, and 500 rpm produced biodiesel meeting Indonesian and American standards for properties like density and flash point, though CPO
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Cosolvent Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Seed OilZX7
This document presents a study on the cosolvent transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil. The key findings are:
1) Jatropha oil was characterized and found to contain mainly palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids.
2) Tetrahydrofuran was used as the cosolvent to create a single miscible phase for the transesterification reaction between Jatropha oil and methanol.
3) Optimum conditions for transesterification were found to be 40°C, 200 rpm, 4:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 1:1 cosolvent-to-methanol ratio, 0.5
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
This document summarizes the formulation, compounding, and assessment of de-emulsifiers for de-emulsifying Nigerian crude oil emulsions. Various resole and polyester-based de-emulsifiers were formulated by varying reaction parameters such as formaldehyde to phenol ratios, reaction temperatures, and blend ratios. The de-emulsifiers' performance was evaluated using a bottle test method, and the most effective sample was found to be an 80% resole (1.8:1 formaldehyde to phenol ratio) and 20% polyester blend produced at 1830°C, with xylene. This de-emulsifier achieved a water separation efficiency of 81.8%, higher than the 73%
Waste frying oil can be converted into biodiesel through a two-step process of esterification and transesterification. In esterification, free fatty acids in waste oil are reacted with methanol to form methyl esters and water. Then in transesterification, triglycerides are reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst like potassium hydroxide to form biodiesel and glycerol. The study found maximum biodiesel yields of 98% when using a 1.5% KOH catalyst at 64°C reaction temperature. While the biodiesel met Indonesian standards for density and flash point, its viscosity was higher than conventional diesel fuel.
EXPERMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PEANUT OIL AS BIO-DIESEL ON CI ENGINEIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental analysis of using peanut oil biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Peanut oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process then blended with diesel fuel in ratios of B10 to B30. The biodiesel blends were tested in a CI engine and evaluated based on performance parameters compared to pure diesel. Key findings were that B20 biodiesel produced similar brake power but higher brake thermal efficiency than pure diesel. Overall, the results indicate that peanut oil biodiesel is a suitable alternative fuel for CI engines.
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
This document summarizes an experimental study on using Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) as an alternative fuel in a compression ignition engine. KOME was produced through transesterification of Karanja oil with methanol using a calcium oxide catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel were tested and found to comply with biodiesel standards. Blends of KOME and diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Results show that BTE was highest for B20 blends at both 200 and 225 bar injection pressures. BSFC was also closest to diesel for B20 blends. Exhaust gas temperatures increased with higher biodiesel content blends and engine load.
Recycling is an effective technology for minimization of process cost. Recycling of biocatalyst along with recycling of used oil is a new technique for the preparation of alternative fuel Preparation of alternative fuel through cost minimization is supposed to be the most challenging job in the present academicians and researchers. Biodiesel is one of the most important alternative fuels in the near future and it attracts considerable attention as environment friendly, renewable and non-toxic fuel. In the present research investigation, waste cooking oil (WCO) is utilized as cheap raw materials for this purpose and enzyme recycling technology has been adopted to prepare biodiesel. Recycling of enzyme is a novel technology which can reduce the process cost. In our study, nonspecific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) is utilized and recycled ten times for the transesterification reaction of WCO and methanol maintaining definite reaction parameters like alcohol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, mixing intensity and biocatalyst concentration. The physical properties of WCO methyl ester and diesel fuel have been compared and it shows significant results. So recycling of enzyme for the production of alternative fuel from recycled oil can be utilized to mitigate scarcity of non-renewable fuel in the future world.
Similar to IRJET- Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification Reaction of Rice Bran Oil (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.