This document discusses using eggshell as a catalyst to enhance biodiesel production from waste cooking oil through transesterification. Eggshell is a promising heterogeneous catalyst due to its high calcium content and low cost. The researchers collected waste cooking oil and cleaned, dried, and calcined eggshell at high temperatures to produce calcium oxide catalyst. Tests showed the calcined eggshell effectively catalyzed the transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerol. Using eggshell as a catalyst provides an affordable, sustainable way to produce biodiesel from waste materials on an industrial scale.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel E...ijtsrd
In this study, experimental investigations on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine was carried out using Palm oil Shea butter oil biodiesel as fuel. The two vegetable oils, Shea butter SB and Palm oil PO were blended in the proportion 25 75 , 50 50 , and 75 25 v v. The transesterification of the blended oils were carried out using ethanol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Abdul Musa | L. T. Tuleun | J. S. Ibrahim | G. B. Nyior "Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil/Shea Butter Oil Blends Biodiesels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42486.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42486/experimental-investigation-on-performance-and-exhaust-emissions-of-a-diesel-engine-fueled-with-palm-oilshea-butter-oil-blends-biodiesels/abdul-musa
Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel E...ijtsrd
In this study, experimental investigations on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine was carried out using Palm oil Shea butter oil biodiesel as fuel. The two vegetable oils, Shea butter SB and Palm oil PO were blended in the proportion 25 75 , 50 50 , and 75 25 v v. The transesterification of the blended oils were carried out using ethanol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Abdul Musa | L. T. Tuleun | J. S. Ibrahim | G. B. Nyior "Experimental Investigation on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil/Shea Butter Oil Blends Biodiesels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42486.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42486/experimental-investigation-on-performance-and-exhaust-emissions-of-a-diesel-engine-fueled-with-palm-oilshea-butter-oil-blends-biodiesels/abdul-musa
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Performance Analysis of An Automated Biodiesel ProcessorAdib Bin Rashid
The extraction of Biodiesel from vegetable oil is time-consuming and requires human involvement to perform and keep track of chemical titration, stirring, and washing
the product for each batch of production. A well-designed system can significantly eliminate human interaction and expedite the whole process. The construction of an inexpensive automated biodiesel plant can help produce Biodiesel on a large scale and make a
breakthrough in Bangladesh's economy as no such effort has been undertaken so far.
To achieve the desired aim, this paper focuses on implementing the construction of a cheap,
compact, and automatic system that will exhaustively reduce human interactions and the
processing time and increase biodiesel yield. For this purpose, an automated biodiesel processor was designed and constructed in conjunction with pumps, solenoid valves, level
sensors, temperature sensors, etc., using a programmable logic controller (PLC).
Upon completing a full cycle, the plant delivers certified Biodiesel and the leftover
by-products are collected for further recycling. Different batches of Biodiesel were produced.
A comparative study of the physical properties of the fuel and the diesel engine's performance characteristics by these fuel samples was analysed and showed satisfactory results.
The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock T...IJERA Editor
The world demand for energy in recent decade has been dramatic. Indeed, several hydrocarbons reservoirs are depleted around the world. Moreover, the using of fossil fuels for example, natural gas and coal is emitted high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the environment that contributed in global worming phenomenon. Hence, many researchers and energy companies are attended and investigated to find out a new and reliable renewable energy source for example, biogas and biodiesel. Indeed, biodiesel can consider a reliable fuel due to many advantages for instance, reduce the global worming phenomenon, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable energy source. In fact, biodiesel can be produced from several resources for example, vegetable oil and animal fats. Rapeseed oil may consider a quite reliable and cheap source to produce biodiesel. Indeed, it has been observed that during the spring session in Iraqi Kurdistan region, wild rapeseed flowers are growing naturally in many cities of Iraqi Kurdistan for example, Sulaymaniyah, Ranya and Koya. The observed wild rapeseed flowers are produced considerable amounts of rape seed that can be invested to produced rapeseed oil and biodiesel. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce a reliable biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil by adopting transesterification reaction. Furthermore, this study has also applied process production parameters to find out the optimum operating conditions to produce biodiesel form the rapeseed oil for instance, amount of catalyst 1.25 % KOH and amount of methanol on biodiesel production yield about 7:1.Moreover, several laboratory tests for example, density, cloud point, pour point and cetane value have been applied for the produced biodiesel.
Similar to IRJET- Enhanced Biodiesel Production using Eggshell as the Catalyst (20)
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.