The document discusses tidal energy and its potential prospects in Pakistan. It describes how tidal energy works by exploiting the movement of water from tides. It outlines two main categories of tidal power generation and the tidal process flow. It then provides details on tidal energy resources in Pakistan, including creek systems with high tidal flows that could be used. It discusses some existing tidal power plants and concludes that tidal energy could serve as an alternate energy source in Pakistan with smaller environmental impacts than other options.

1. TIDAL ENERGY – ITS PROCESSES AND
FUTURE PROSPECTS IN PAKISTAN
BY:
Durenayab khan

2. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES
Availability of High Potential of renewable
energy resources in Pakistan e.g.
 Fossil Fuels
 Nuclear plants
 Solar Energy
 City Solid Wastes
 Wood wastes from Furniture
 Agricultural Wastes
 Forestry Wastes
 Animal Slurry from farms
 Waste from Chicken farms

3. TIDAL ENERGY
TIDAL POWER SOMETIMES CALLED
TIDAL ENERGY IS A FORM OF
HYDROPOWER THAT EXPLOITS THE
MOVEMENT OF WATER CAUSED BY
TIDAL CURRENTS OR THE RISE AND
FALL IN SEA LEVELS DUE TO TIDES .

4. CATEGORIES OF TIDAL POWER
A. TIDAL FLOW GENERATORS
Make use of Kinetic Energy from moving
water current to Power Turbines.
B. TIDAL BARRAGE POWER
Make use of Potential Energy from the
difference in height ( or head ) between
high and low tides

5. TIDAL PROCESS FLOW

6. TIDE COMES
ONTO THE
SHORE
WATER TRAPPED
IN RESERVOIRS
BEHIND DAMS
A INCREASE IN
TIDES
THE TIDE DROPS
WATER LET OUT
LIKE A REGULAR
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT

7. ARTICLE # 1
The potential benefits of harnessing the powerful, rhythmic
movement of the sea -- whether the up-and-down motion of
waves or the ebb and flow of the tides -- to spin turbines and
generate electricity has been recognized by mankind for some
time. The New York Times, for instance, wrote in a 1921 article
that "under the urgent need of checking the inroads on the
world's resources of coal and oil ... actual projects are being
pushed in three countries for the utilization of the Atlantic tides to
produce hydroelectric power."
Last fall (some 90 years later), Kate Galbraith, a Times energy
reporter, wrote that "for years, technological visionaries have
painted a seductive vision of using ocean tides and waves to
produce power. But the technical difficulties of making such
systems work are proving formidable." In short, ocean tides and
waves represent potential energy sources whose time is -- and
has long been -- yet to come. Still, the allure of tidal and wave
power persists -- and for good reason. Ocean movements, spurred
by the wind or the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, are
eminently renewable, emissions-free energy sources.

8. According to the United States Department of Energy, some experts
suggest that as much as 2 terawatts of electricity could be provided by
ocean waves alone. In terms of watt-hours (the more familiar measure
to anyone who receives an energy bill) the British Wind Energy
Association -- a trade and professional body for the British wind and
marine renewables industries -- estimates wave-power potential to be
anywhere between 8,000 and 80,000 terawatt-hours annually.
(Global annual electricity consumption is roughly 16,000 terawatt
hours).
Tidal power is a bit more limited in its potential. Only about 40 sites on
the Earth present a large enough tidal differential -- that is, the
difference between high and low tides -- to make electricity generation
feasible, according to D.O.E.'s office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy. But even here, experts suggest that, once the technological
hurdles are overcome, tidal power has much going for it -- not least
because its relationship to the forces exerted by the sun and moon
make it arguably the most predictable potential energy source
available.

9. Worth noting: A third type of power, called ocean thermal energy
conversion, or O.T.E.C., exploits temperature differences between
surface and deep waters -- confining its utility mainly to the tropics. The
U.S. Energy Department, however, has pointed out that "some energy
experts believe that if it could become cost-competitive with
conventional power technologies, O.E.T.C. could produce billions of
watts of electrical power."-- Tom Zeller Jr., (February 23, 2009)
At present, about 100 small companies around the world -- many in
Europe, where governments have subsidized the industry -- are
working to develop ocean power. However, very little electricity is
being generated from the ocean except at scattered test sites around
the world.

10. The £3m turbine has been built into the seabed about a kilometer and
a half (one mile) offshore from Lynmouth.
The single 11 meter-long rotor blade will be capable of producing 300
kilowatts of electricity and will be a test-bed for further tidal turbines.
It is hoped to convert the system to twin rotors by the end of next
year.
Project developers Marine Current Turbines Ltd and Cornwall-based
Seacore hope to have the turbine hooked up to the national grid by
the end of August.
Martin Wright, of Marine Current Turbines Ltd, said: "We estimate
that there is at least 10 gigawatts of power available from tidal power
in the UK.
"That's the same as about half of the existing nuclear industry."
ARTICLE # 2
Tidal energy turbine launches
Energy pioneers have launched the world's first
offshore tidal energy turbine off the Devon coast.

11. A marine current turbine looks like a smaller version of a modern windmill and
the principle is exactly the same.
But whereas a windmill draws energy from the movement of air, the marine
turbine uses currents in the water.
Its backers believe the concept can become a rival to wind power because ocean
currents are more reliable than wind and also because they are less obtrusive;
the structure is built on the seabed and projects just a few meters above the
surface.
There is no danger to fish because the blades rotate quite slowly - about 20
revolutions per minute.
Several experimental devices working on similar principles have been built
before, but the turbine unveiled in Devon is the first such permanent installation
in the world to generate electricity.
If it performs as expected, the consortium behind it hopes to build a whole set
of turbines in the area - a tidal farm.
The project is financed by the Department of Trade and Industry and the
European Commission's energy programme.
The turbine can be raised for maintenance
SOURCE: BBC World News

12. PROS AND CONS
 No Emissions
 No Pollution
 No Fossil Fuels
 Renewable clean energy
 Reduction in nuclear waste.
 365 days/24hr operational plant
 Free and Abundant fuel ( Water )
 Expensive civil infrastructure & Time consuming
 Improvements and research needed for
Cost effective solution

13. TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL WORLD MAP

14. PROSPECTS OF TIDAL
ENERGY IN PAKISTAN
- 170Km available creek system of Indus Delta
- Flow of water with high velocity during flood in
Creek system
- National Institute of Oceanography says sea
water inundates up to 80Km at some places due
to tidal fluctuations
- 2-5 meters tidal heights at Korangi creek and
over 5 meters at Sir Creek
- Can produce 1100KW Power from a/m sites

15. - Baluchistan
 Sonmiani Hor and Kalmat Khor are good
prospects
- Development of tidal Energy plants at Pakistan
Coast could uplift socio-economic conditions of
coastal population of Pakistan
PROSPECTS OF TIDAL
ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

16. OPERATING TIDAL POWER SCHEMES
 Rance Tidal Power Plant at La Rance
France ( 1960-1966 ) – 240MW Capacity
 Annapolis Royal Generating Station in
North America – 1984 – 18MW Capacity
 Small Power Plant at Kislaya Guba on
Barents Sea in former Soviet Union – 0.5
MW Capacity
 China has developed several small Tidal
Power projects and one large facility at
Jiangxia and at mouth of Yalu.

17. CONCLUSION
- Tidal Energy can be focused as an
alternate source of Energy in Pakistan
- Environmental impacts of Tidal process is
much more smaller than using
conventional fuels such as fossil fuels and
nuclear plants etc.
- Tidal Power alone cannot fulfills complete
demand however can be helpful to
overcome the problem of shortage.