This document discusses various renewable energy sources including tidal energy, wind energy, hydro power, nuclear energy, and wave energy. It provides details on calculating tidal and wave energy. The document acknowledges those who helped with the project and discusses the importance of energy conservation. It describes different methods of tidal power generation such as tidal stream generators, tidal barrages, and dynamic tidal power. Overall, the document serves as a reference on renewable energy sources with a focus on tidal energy technologies.

3. Index
Tidal energy
Wind Energy
HYDRO POWER
Nuclear Energy
Wave Energy
Calculating tidal energy
Calculations of wave energy
Poem on conservation of energy
History behind the tidal energy
CONCLUSION

4. Acknowledgement
• For the successful completion of the project, I would like
to thank first to our teachers [Mrs. Rama mam,
Mrs.Gavathri mam, Mr.Jaiswal sir, Mrs.Jesna mam, Mrs.
Alka mam] who introduced me to this project and
incepted me with the idea of how to proceed with the
project. This project definitely would have not been a
successful project without his assistance and vigilance.
There are many other people whom I would like to
thank. First I would like to thank our parents for helping
me in the project with their own ideas and suggestions.
Again, I would like to thank the above mentioned people.
Without them, this project could not have been the way it
is.
• I hope you'd enjoy the project.

5. Preface
• We know that the energy is very important. Man is surrounded by an
ocean of energy but he has been able to tap only a fraction of it. The
most colossal dynamo of all energy is the sun, an unimaginable vast
powerhouse which affects everything on earth.
• But then, why do we hear about energy crisis? We know that energy can
be converted from one form to another and that energy can neither be
created nor be destroyed. But in all processes whether it is a physical
process or a chemical one we observe that the energy in the usable form
is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms. Hence, any source
of energy we use, to do work, is consumed and cannot be used again.
• The term 'energy' used here has thus a slightly different meaning. The
term 'energy' actually means 'the useful energy' or 'the energy that we
can use'; for cooking, operating machines, to run vehicles and so on.
And we get this useful energy only from specific sources, which we call
'sources of energy

7. Tidal Energy
Due to the gravitational pull of mainly the moon on
the spinning earth, the level of water in the sea rises
and falls. The phenomenon is called high and low
tides and the difference in sea- levels gives us tidal
energy. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a
dam across a narrow opening to the sea. A turbine
fixed at the opening of the dam converts tidal energy
to electricity. As you can guess, the locations were
such dams can be built are limited.

8. 3 Ways of Using the Tidal Power of the Ocean
There are three basic ways to tap the ocean for its
energy. We can use the ocean's waves, we can use
the ocean's high and low tides, or we can use
temperature differences in the water.

10. Tidal stream generator
A tidal stream generator, often referred to as a tidal
energy converter (TEC) is a machine that
extracts energy from moving masses of water, in
particular tides, although the term is often used in
reference to machines designed to extract energy from run
of river or tidal estuarine sites. Certain types of these
machines function very much like underwater wind
turbines, and are thus often referred to as tidal turbines.
They were first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.
Tidal stream generators are the cheapest and the least
ecologically damaging among the three main forms of tidal
power generation.

11. Tidal barrage
A tidal barrage is a dam-like structure used to capture
the energy from masses of water moving in and out of
a bay or river due to tidal forces.
Instead of damming water on one side like a conventional dam, a
tidal barrage first allows water to flow into a bay or river
during high tide, and releasing the water back during low tide.
This is done by measuring the tidal flow and controlling
the sluice gates at key times of the tidal cycle. Turbines are then
placed at these sluices to capture the energy as the water flows in
and out.
Tidal barrages are among the oldest methods of tidal
power generation, with projects being developed as early as the
1960s, such as the1.7 megawatt Kislaya Guba Tidal Power
Station in Kislaya Guba, Russia.

12. Dynamic tidal power
Dynamic tidal power or DTP is an untried but promising
technology for tidal power generation. It would involve
creating a long dam-like structure perpendicular to the
coast, with the option for a coast-parallel barrier at the far
end, forming a large 'T' shape. This long T-dam would
interfere with coast-parallel tidal wave hydrodynamics,
creating water level differences on opposite sides of the
barrier which drive a series of bi-directional
turbines installed in the dam. Oscillating tidal
waves which run along the coasts of continental shelves,
containing powerful hydraulic currents, are common
in e.g. China, Korea, and the UK.
The concept was invented and patented in 1997 by Dutch
coastal engineers Kees Hulsbergen and Rob Steijn.

14. How is Ocean Tidal Energy
Converted to Electricity?
Tidal energy extraction is complex and many device designs have been
proposed. It is helpful to
introduce these designs in terms of their physical arrangements and energy
conversion mechanisms.
Water turbines, like wind turbines, are generally grouped into two types:
Vertical-axis turbines, in which the axis of rotation is vertical with respect to
the ground (and
roughly perpendicular to the water stream),
Horizontal-axis turbines, in which the axis of rotation is horizontal with
respect to the ground
(and roughly parallel to the water stream.)
1.
2.
The figure illustrates the two types of turbines and typical subsystems for an
electricity generation
application.

16.  The first tidal power station was the Rance tidal power plant built over a period of 6 years
from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France. It has 240 MW installed capacity.
 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power
installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.
 The first tidal power site in North America is the Annapolis Royal Generating Station,
Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, which opened in 1984 on an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. It has
20 MW installed capacity.
 The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, south of Hangzhou in China has been operational since
1985, with current installed capacity of 3.2 MW. More tidal power is planned near the mouth
of the Yalu River.
10/26/2014

18. Tidal power is taken from the Earth’s oceanic tides,
and since tidal forces are periodic variations in
gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies,
tidal energy generation is much more predictable.
Both tidal and wave power are renewable.
All forms of power generation based on the kinetic
energy of large bodies of moving water can be called
by a single term “marine energy” or “ocean energy”.
Marine energy includes marine current power,
osmotic power (the energy available from the
difference in the salt concentration between seawater
and river water), ocean thermal energy and tidal
energy.

19. Advantages of tidal power
1) It is an inexhaustible source of energy.
2) Tidal energy is environment friendly energy and doesn't produce
greenhouse gases.
3) As 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, there is scope to
generate this energy on large scale.
4) We can predict the rise and fall of tides as they follow cyclic fashion.
5) Efficiency of tidal power is far greater as compared to coal, solar or
wind energy. Its efficiency is around 80%.
6) Although cost of construction of tidal power is high but
maintenance costs are relatively low.
7) Tidal Energy doesn’t require any kind of fuel to run.
8) The life of tidal energy power plant is very long.
9) The energy density of tidal energy is relatively higher than other
renewable energy sources.

21. Disadvantages of tidal energy
1) Cost of construction of tidal power plant is high.
2) There are very few ideal locations for construction of
plant and they too are localized to coastal regions only.
3) Intensity of sea waves is unpredictable and there can
be damage to power generation units.
4) Influences aquatic life adversely and can disrupt
migration of fish.
5) The actual generation is for a short period of time. The
tides only happen twice a day so electricity can be
produced only for that time.
6) Frozen sea, low or weak tides, straight shorelines, low
tidal rise or fall are some of the obstructions.
7) This technology is still not cost effective and more
technological advancements are required to make it
commercially viable.

22. Nuclear Energy

23. 10/26/2014

25. Wave Energy
Wave energy is an irregular and oscillating low-frequency energy
source that can be converted to a 60-Hertz frequency and can then
be added to the electric utility grid. The energy in waves comes
from the movement of the ocean and the changing heights and
speed of the swells.
Waves get their energy from the wind. Wind comes from solar energy.
Waves gather, store, and transmit this energy thousands of miles with
little loss. As long as the sun shines, wave energy will never be
depleted.
The first wave-power patent was for a 1799 proposal by a Parisian named
Monsieur Girard and his son to use direct mechanical action to drive
pumps, saws, mills, or other heavy machinery. Installations have been
built or are under construction in a number of countries, including
Scotland, Portugal, Norway, the U.S.A., China, Japan, Australia and India

26. `
A company called PelamisWave Power are developing a
method of offshore wave energy collection, using a floating
tube called "Pelamis".
This long, hinged tube (about the size of 5 railway carriages)
bobs up and down in the waves, as the hinges bend they
pump hydraulic fluid which drives generators.

30. Advantages of wave energy
1. Renewable: The best thing about wave energy is
that it will never run out. There will always be
waves crashing upon the shores of nations, near
the populated coastal regions.
2.Environment Friendly: Also unlike fossil fuels,
creating power from waves creates no harmful
byproducts such as gas, waste, and pollution.
3. Abundant and Widely Available :Another
benefit to using this energy is its nearness to
places that can use it. Lots of big cities and
harbors are next to the ocean and can
harness the power of the waves for their use.
4. Easily Predictable : The biggest
advantages of wave power as against
most of the other alternative energy
sources is that it is easily predictable
and can be used to calculate the
amount that it can produce. -

31. Disadvantages of wave energy
1. Suitable to Certain Locations : The biggest
disadvantage to getting your energy from the waves
is location. Only power plants and towns near the
ocean will benefit directly from it. Because of its
source, wave energy is not a viable power source for
everyone.
2. Effect on marine Ecosystem : As clean as wave
energy is, it still creates hazards for some of the
creatures near it. Large machines have to be put
near and in the water to gather energy from the
waves. These machines disturb the seafloor, change
the habitat of near-shore creatures
3. Weak Performance in Rough Weather : The
performance of wave power drops significantly during
rough weather. They must withstand rough weather. -
4. Noise and Visual pollution : Wave energy generators may be
unpleasant for some who live close to coastal regions. They look
like large machines working in the middle of the ocean and
destroy the beauty of the ocean. They also generate noise
pollution but the noise is often covered by the noise of waves
which is much more than that of wave generators.

32. Mathematics

33. Calculating tidal energy
• Energy calculations
• The energy available from barrage is dependent on the volume
of water. The potential energy contained in a volume of water is:
E=1/2 Apgh2
where:
h is the vertical tidal range,
A is the horizontal area of the barrage basin,
ρ is the density of water = 1025 kg per cubic meter (seawater
varies between 1021 and 1030 kg per cubic meter) and
g is the acceleration due to the Earth's gravity = 9.81 meters per
second squared.

34. Example calculation of tidal power generation
Let us assume that the tidal range of tide is 32 feet = 10 m (approx)
The surface of the tidal energy harnessing plant is 9 km² (3 km × 3 km)= 3000 m ×
3000 m = 9 × 106 m2
Specific density of sea water = 1025.18 kg/m3
Mass of the water = volume of water × specific gravity
= (area × tidal range) of water × mass density
= (9 × 106 m2 × 10 m) × 1025.18 kg/m3
= 92 × 109 kg (approx)
Potential energy content of the water in the basin at high tide = ½ × area × density ×
gravitational acceleration × tidal range squared
= ½ × 9 × 106 m2 × 1025 kg/m3 × 9.81 m/s2 × (10 m)2
=4.5 × 1012 J (approx)
Now we have 2 high and 2 low tides every day. At low tide the potential energy is
zero.
Therefore the total energy potential per day = Energy for a single high tide × 2
= 4.5 × 1012 J × 2
= 9 × 1012 J
Therefore, the mean power generation potential = Energy generation potential /
time in 1 day
= 9 × 1012 J / 86400 s
= 104 MW

35. Calculations of wave energy
Wave power is important because as waves generate more power, they have a
greater capacity for eroding the shoreline. From the CEE 514 class notes, the
total wave power can be calculated by first finding the wave energy density using
the following equation:
E = 1/8*ρ*g*H2
where ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2. When boats produce a wake, they create
more than just one wave waves of different amplitudes as shown in the figure
below.

37. Poem on conservation of energy
They say we are having an energy crisis today;
That we are running out of resources in such a way;
That gas and oil prices are going to be sky-high;
That families will no longer be able to go bye-bye
We fought the Gulf War in the hot blazing sun
And put at risk the lives of many who where young
We ejected the aggressor and put out the fires
For a supply of oil that we hoped would not expire
But those nations don't see things our way anymore
Now that we have departed their far flung shores
They produce less oil so the price will rise
Banking the profits on our sacrifice
We need gas and oil to transverse this great land
And we should all join together and take a stand
America must increase it's energy production
And we must work to reduce future consumption

38. History behind the tidal energy
Harvesting energy from the tides is a surprisingly old method; the
technology has improved and changed through time but the
general concept of using the waxing and waning of the moon and
the correlating tides has remained constant.
Europe during the early Middle Ages is the one of the first
recorded use of tide mills but recent archaeological information
has also indicated that the Roman Era many have also used tide
mills, predating the Middle Ages by about 400 years. The
evidence of Roman tidal mills comes from a single archaeological
site along the River Fleet in London, England; unfortunately, due
to heavy continuous habitation and construction impacting the
ancient site the archaeological evidence is difficult to fully
interpret.
A tide mill is a dam with a sluice was constructed across a tidal
inlet turning the estuary into a reservoir. At high tide sea water
flowered into the reservoir through a one way gate and then it
closed automatically when the tide started to fall. When the tide
was low enough, the stored water was released to turn a water
wheel which would then turn the millstone.

39. At one time there were 750 tide mills operating along the shores of the Atlantic
Ocean: approximately 300 in North America, 200 in the British Isles, and 100 in
France. By the mid 20th Century the use of water mills had declined
dramatically. In 1938, an investigation by Rex Wailes found that of the 23
remaining tidal mills in England, only 10 were still working without modern
electrical power.
Modern tidal energy dates to the 1920s in France but the first attempt was
ultimately abandoned due to insufficient funds. Later, in 1966, the Rance Tidal
Power Station on the Rance River in France became the world’s first tidal
power station. The first (and only) tidal generating station in North America
was built in 1984 and is the Annapolis Royal Generating Station in Nova Scotia,
Canada.
To date, six modern tidal power stations have been constructed. The most
recent is located in South Korea which has two more tidal power stations under
construction. Various types of construction and concepts are currently being
employed through these power stations and only the long-term will prove
which concept, perhaps all, is the most sustainable form of renewable energy
from the tides.

40. Tidal and wave power
Tidal power technologies harvest energy from
tidal currents, while wave power technologies
use ocean surface waves to generate power.
Ramboll has experience of both tidal
stream power, drawing on our market leading
offshore wind turbine expertise, and wave
power. We provide expert advice and analysis
throughout the lifetime of the projects, from tidal
and wave energy resource studies to concept
development and design.

41. CONCLUSION
• Imagination is more important than knowledge, for knowledge is limited,
whereas imagination embraces the entire world – stimulating progress,
giving birth to evolution.
— Albert Einstein
• To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to
use energy wisely.
• We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also up to those who
will create the new energy technologies of the future.
• All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the
greenhouse effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy security
have led to increasing interest and more development in renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and hydrogen.
• But we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear energy until new,
cleaner technologies can replace them. One of you who is reading this
might be another Albert Einstein or Marie Curie and find a new source of
energy. Until then, it's up to all of us.
• The future is ours, but we need energy to get there.

42. www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com