The document discusses the fertilizer industry in Pakistan. It provides several key points: 1) Most fertilizer factories are located in Punjab and Sindh as these areas have flat land suitable for construction, access to infrastructure like roads and railways, availability of raw materials, and proximity to gas fields and population centers for labor. 2) The two main raw materials used to produce fertilizers are nitrogen and mineral rocks, in addition to natural gas. 3) Fertilizers are essential for Pakistan's agriculture as they increase crop yields, especially for cash crops. However, the industry faces challenges around limited natural gas reserves and need for further investment.

2. Fertilizer
Industry

3. Location of Fertilizer
factories
In Pakistan .

5. Value of Fertilizers to
Pakistan• Most of the agriculturally important regions
have soils lacking in nitrogenous matter – an
essential component required for healthy
and high yields
• High yielding variety (HYV) seeds use a lot
of nutrients and some bulky crops like sugar
cane exhaust soils of nutrients
• To solve these problems and to maintain
and increase high yields especially of cash
cops are fertilizers essential to Pakistan.
• The increase in water logging and salinity
has also increased fertilizer use as farmers
want to maintain and even increase crop
production in reduced area.

6. DAP is considered to be a balanced fertilizer.
Most common commercial fertilizers contain
phosphate, which is an essential nutrient for
stimulating root growth and plant health. DAP,
or diammonium phosphate, is a widely applied
phosphorous fertilizer, and its use has been
dramatically increasing since the 1960s.

7. Effects of various mineral
deficiencies on a wheat seedling
A mustard plant growing
in nitrate deficient soil

8. Through this process,
ammonia is formed.
Hydrogen and nitrogen
are heated to 400-500 C°
at a pressure of 130-300
atmospheres in the
presence of iron catalyst
to form ammonia.
Ammonia is cooled and
liquefied for the next
step.

9. Sindh - 92Kg per hectare
Punjab – 61Kg per hectare
NWFP – 37 Kg per hectare
Balochistan – 15Kg per
hectare

11. • All types of fertilizers
formed are palletized
• They are packed in plastic
bags
• Fertilizer bags are
transported via road (on
trucks and lorries) and via
railway to agricultural lands
• Farmers manually or
mechanically spread it out
on lands after ploughing
and before planting the
seeds
• Palletized fertilizer spreads
to a large area
• All types of fertilizers
formed are palletized
• They are packed in plastic
bags
• Fertilizer bags are
transported via road (on
trucks and lorries) and via
railway to agricultural lands
• Farmers manually or
mechanically spread it out
on lands after ploughing
and before planting the
seeds
• Palletized fertilizer spreads
to a large area

12. These areas are on generally flat lands of plain areas which
enabled easy construction of factories due to more accessibility.
There was also proper infrastructure because of the same
reason.
Nitrogen and mineral rocks are available virtually
everywhere in Pakistan but natural gas isn t. This is’
why these factories are situated either near gas fields

13. with high population density meaning cheap labor is available. Although a capital intensive
These factories are majorly situated in areas with high
population density meaning cheap labor is available.
Although a capital intensive large-scale industry,
fertilizer industry still requires labor for various tasks
(e.g. loading and unloading raw materials and fertilizer
bags)
Being a large-scale industry, it is largely mechanized for
which power supply is essential. These factories are
located along national grid and near thermal power plants
(those in Punjab and Sindh) and the factory in Haripur is
near Tarbela HEP plant.
These factories are located where there is a proper
infrastructure. There is a dense road and railway
network near the factories. This enables raw
materials to be rapidly supplied to them and
fertilizers to be supplied from them.

14. These factories are situated in the middle of agriculturally important
regions especially for cash crops like wheat, cotton, sugar-cane and
rice. To increase their yields fertilizers are essential and an increase in
fertilizer use has resulted in higher output production.
MAPS :
Labour(Population) Electricity Supply

15. Raw material availability :

16. Fertilizer Demands :
Cotton Regions Rice Regions

17. Wheat RegionsSugar Cane Regions

18. Infrastructure availability :
Railway Roads

20. - Pakistan has limited natural gas reserves so fertilizer
industry cannot consume more than a fixed portion
because more of it is needed for further industrialization.
- There is a lack of skilled labor.
- It is a capital intensive industry and a lot of it is
needed for improvements in machinery or to set up more
factories.
- Although power is available, frequent load shedding
hinders output.
- Due to lack of skilled labor, institutional

21. -Deforestation had to be carried out to establish factories.
-Eutrophication occurs when nitrate fertilizers leech into soil and
cause algal blooms which deplete rivers of oxygen. This pollutes
water and fish die.
-Pollutant gases such as oxides of carbon and nitrogen are
emitted during fertilizer preparation which cause air pollution.
-Drinking water into which nitrates have leeched is toxic at high
concentrations- results in several disorders.
-Ammonia can leak into air. It can cause respiratory disorders.
-Fertilizers are expensive to buy and only large landowners can use
it sufficiently.

22. - It uses a lot of power and since most of power
generated in Pakistan is thermal, it indirectly
increases petroleum import bills.
- Fertilizers have to be imported as Pakistan is not
self sufficient in fertilizer production. This further
burdens the economy.
Eutrophication

23. Sloution
• A Bio fertilizer is a substance which contains
living micro-organisms which, when applied to
seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the
rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and
promotes growth by increasing the supply or
availability of primary nutrients to the host
plant.

24. 1) a) Explain why most fertilizer factories are in
the Punjab and Northern Areas of Sindh?
[4]
2) Name the two raw materials (apart from
natural gas) which are used to make
fertilizers? [2]
3) Why is it important that Pakistan
manufactures its own fertilizers?
[3]
*P2/M/J/07*
1) What environmental damage can occur when a
new fertilizer factory is built in the rural
areas? [4]

25. Qs.12)
Nov.
2002
Qs. 13)
June 2007

26. •www.yahoo.com
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•www.efma.org
•www.pakissan.co
m JazakAllah!