This document discusses hydropower/hydroelectric power. It defines hydropower as power generated from the force of moving water. It then discusses the different forms of hydro energy, including potential energy from dams and kinetic energy from river currents and tides. Most methods for capturing this energy involve directing water through turbines to generate electricity. The document also lists existing hydropower stations in Pakistan and future proposed projects. It notes Pakistan's significant untapped hydropower potential and argues that developing more hydropower could help address Pakistan's energy needs and economic challenges.

2. What is meant by
Hydel/Hydro Power?
It is the power generated from the force or energy of
moving water.
It maybe used for useful purposes
Before the development of electric power,
hydropower was used for irrigation and operation of
various machines, such as water mills textile
machines sawmills, dock cranes and domestic lifts

3. Hydro Energy & Its forms:
Hydro energy is available in many forms, potential energy
from high heads of water retained in dams, kinetic energy
from current flow in rivers and tidal barrages, and kinetic
energy also from the movement of waves on relatively
static water masses. Many ingenious ways have been
developed for harnessing this energy but most involve
directing the water flow through a turbine to generate
electricity. Those that don't usually involve using the
movement of the water to drive some other form of
hydraulic or pneumatic mechanism to perform the same
task.

5. HYDEL STATIONS IN OPERATION
Power Plant Details
Ghazi Barotha Dam Operational; Run-of-the-river[2]
Mangla Dam Operational
Tarbela Dam Operational
Warsak Dam
Dam completely silted up; Power generation by
Run of the river[3]
Chashma Dam Operational
Rasul Dam Operational
Malakand Dam Operational
Dargai Dam Operational
Nadipur Dam Operational
Shadiwal Dam Operational
Chihoki Malian Dam Operational
Renala Dam Operational
Chitral Dam Operational
Kuram Garhi Dam Operational
Jagran Dam Operational

6. Under Construcion,under going studies, undergoing planning ,
testing, planning and future projects
Under Construction dams Basho
Gomal Zam Dam Keyal Khwar
Diamer-Bhasha Dam Lawi
Allai hydropower project Harpo
Khan Khwar hydropower project Kurram Tangi Dam
Duber Khwar hydropower project Munda Dam
Jinnah hydropower project Bara Dam
Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Dasau
Satpara Dam Lower Spat Gah
Golen Gol project Lower Palas Valley
Kohala Thakot
Bunji Patan
Phandar

7. Future Projects:
Diamer Basha Dam Bunji
Tarbela 4th ext. Munda
Kohala Patan
Golen Gol Mahl
Kurram Tangi Dam Others.
Dasu

12. News Article :1
Kishanganga project is water dispute between India and
Pakistan. Kishanganga Hydropower project is being built by
India on Jhelum River in violation of Indus Water Treaty of
1960. Now the case it ready to be present in front of
international court of arbitration constituted by the UN.
Pakistan has objected to India’s move to build the 330 MW
Kishanganga hydropower and storage project through diversion
of Neelum River. Pakistan’s object is that the project will not
only deprive it of priority rights over the river but also generation
capacity of number of hydropower projects and agriculture in
Pakistan. Pakistan is currently facing problems in
implementation of the 969 MW Neelum Jhlem hydropower
project i.e. recent floods and lack of funds. The per
megawatt generation cost on the project is about two
million. India on the other hand, is working day and night
on the construction of Kishanganga project. India plans to
complete the project In Feb 2014 well before 2016.

13. News Article :2

14. World energy consumption is rapidly increasing with an increase in population
and urbanisation. The shortage of energy is the axis around which world politics
spins and despite gigantic research efforts, the enigma of want of energy still
remains unsolved. Historically, economic growth has been highly correlated with
electrical energy use. The per capita energy consumption is an indicator to
measure the prosperity of any society. It is approximately 500 KWh in Pakistan
whereas the world average is 2500 KWh which is five times greater than that of
ours. This evidently indicates that Pakistan is an energy-deficient country. The
total available capacity of electrical generation in Pakistan is 14000 MW and the
country is facing a shortfall of 4000 MW in the present summer.
The share of thermal power in our electrical energy supply mix had been around
51 percent followed by hydropower with 45 percent in 1980, but this proportion
changed due to the power policy of 1994 which unjustly emphasised thermal
power generation over hydroelectric power. Currently, Pakistan is critically
dependent on thermal power generation with a share of around 63 percent,
followed by hydroelectric generation amounting to 32 percent. Hydroelectric
energy is far cheaper than thermally generated electricity in our environment. The
predominant proportion of thermally generated electricity has pushed the price of
electricity to unprecedented levels, which are absolutely unaffordable for both
individuals and organisations.

15. A commoner is constrained to spend a major chunk out of his income to pay the electricity
bill; on the other hand, the production and service organisations are bound to produce
goods and services at uncompetitive prices, mainly due to higher input energy prices. All
this has created a gloomy economic scenario. Furthermore, thermal power generation
requires oil which is by and large an imported commodity as Pakistan meets its 80 percent
oil demand through imports.
Hydroelectric power is a renewable form of energy which provides nearly 20 percent of the
world's total electricity demands and produces no primary waste or pollution. Unlike other
types of power stations, hydroelectric power stations can promptly increase to full capacity.
Electricity can be generated constantly so long as sufficient water is available. Many
countries preponderantly rely on hydropower for electricity generation. Compared with total
current demand of 18000 MW, Pakistan has an identified hydropower potential of 45000
MW out of which merely 15 percent, amounting to 6500 MW, has so far been exploited.
The four major projects in this regard include Tarbela, Ghazi Barotha, Mangla and
Chashma, having a capacity of 3478, 1450, 1000 and 187 MW respectively. Tarbela,
Mangla and Chashma are declining due to sedimentation and the live storage capacity has
been reportedly reduced by about 20 percent. The only meaningful activity during the
recent past has been the construction of the Ghazi Barotha project whereas the Neelum-
Jhelum project with a capacity of 969 MW is under construction at the moment. There are a
number of potential projects in the country, totalling thousands of mega-watts capacity.
Apart from these big reservoirs, there are a large number of potential medium and small
scale and run-of-river projects. Additionally, there are a lot of sites available for mini and
micro-hydropower projects.

16. The recoverable potential in micro-hydropower up to 100 KW is roughly
estimated to be 300 MW on perennial waterfalls in the northern areas. Besides,
there is an immense potential for exploiting waterfalls in the canal network,
particularly in the Punjab, where low head but high discharge exists on many
canals. More than 300 such locations with nearly 350 MW potential have been
identified so far. However, the construction of a dam can have a serious
environmental impact on the surrounding areas. The amount and the quality of
water downstream can be affected, which can harm plant life both aquatic and
land-based. Because a river valley is being flooded, the local habitat of many
species are destroyed, while people living nearby may have to relocate their
homes. These issues must be thoroughly addressed while planning and
designing hydropower projects.
In order to overcome the prevailing electrical energy crisis, rigorous exploitation
of hydropower resources is imperative. The dwindled share of hydroelectric
power in our electrical supply mix is not a healthy sign from an economic point of
view. Pakistan must endeavour to switch the bulk of its electricity supply mix to
indigenous hydroelectric power which will certainly save a lot of foreign reserves
and will promote self-reliance.
The writer is a professor, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, and
currently research fellow, Monash University, Australia

18. Hydroelectric Power
Generation Efficiency
Hydroelectric power generation is by far the most efficient method
of large scale electric power generation. See Comparison Chart.
Energy flows are concentrated and can be controlled. The
conversion process captures kinetic energy and converts it directly
into electric energy. There are no inefficient intermediate
thermodynamic or chemical processes and no heat losses.
The conversion efficiency of a hydroelectric power plant depends
mainly on the type of water turbine employed and can be as high
as 95% for large installations. Smaller plants with output powers
less than 5 MW may have efficiencies between 80 and 85 %.