1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Defenders of the body Nonspecific defenders Specific Defenses Antibody-Mediated Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity The Immune System Can Cause Trouble Joshi, Mohit. "Top News." Google. N.p., 2009. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://www.topnews.in/health/files/immune~system.jpg>. By Cristina Ponce

2. Defenders of the Body The “Bubble Boy” is an excellent example of an immune systems great importance. We live in a world contained with many different types of organisms that are good and bad. Our immune system is the part of our body that helps us adapt and handle these bacterial. The immune system contains two critical types of defenses, The NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES and The SPECIFIC DEFENSES which work together in order to keep us from shutting down. This is called IMMUNITY! Bubble Boy. N.d. Google Images and wired. Google, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://www.wired.com/news/images/fullbubbleboy1.fijpg>.

3. NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES PHAGOCYTE- is known a type of white blood cell, it eats up foreign microorganisms by surrounding them with cellular extensions and eventually release them as acid baths. They also consume worn out cells in the body . Acting as a “clean up crew.”There are three types of phagocytes, the smaller ones are neutrophils which deal with signs of infection, they are the white pus, and fast acting. And eosinophils which attack parasites with their large cytoplasmic granules. The larger one is the macrophages which act as an alarm to other immune system cells. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE- 1st step- blood vessels increase in size to allow proteins to pass out of them. Histamine is a compound that is released first that cause the increase in size and permeability. It causes heavy blood flow near the injury. 2nd step- They allow the neutrophils and macrophages to work their way through to the place of injury to treat it. They destroy cell membranes in bacteria and are protected by a large number of blood proteins called fibrin. 3rd step- More blood, cells, tissue, and protein gather around the injury (causes the look of injury). Are able to point out certain foreign microorganisms. Phagocytes. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://virtualbiologytutor.co.uk/images/phagocytes>.

4. SPECIFIC DEFENSES ACQUIRED IMMUNITY- Is what we cause our immune system to become within the duration of our lives. Then there is passively immunity which is given to us by others (antibodies). Third there is actively acquired immunity which is a development of antigen( stimulate and combine with antibodies). For example when we get injected for shots that will prevent us from getting sick or diseases, infections, we inject a little bit of that enemy microorganism in us so that we become familiar with it and are able to fight it off it actually come to attack us. ACTIVELY AQUIRED IMMUNITY- Lymphocytes are the white blood cells of the (AAI). At times they travel to the thymus which is lymphatic tissue= that is located at the base of throat. Then developing into T-lymphocyte cells a.k.a T cells (t stands for thymus). B-lymphocyte a.k.a B cells remain in the bone marrow. 2 major arms-antibody mediated immunity which produces circular antibodies (protein). Cell-mediated immunity which kills and destroys other cells in the body that have become a threat to the system. Antibodies. N.d. Goggle Images. Google, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://medicues.com>.

5. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY KEYS = THE ANTIBODY ARE circular immune system protein that attaches itself to an antigen, linking them both. RECEPTORS- are a role of the antibody, they are on the surface of the B cells reaching out in a Y-shape from the cells outer membrane. They clone themselves very rapidly in the presence of bacteria in order to attack. Free standing molecules are then created by B cells that travel in large numbers through the bloodstream. 2 types of B cells – Plasma cell produces antibodies by the name of free standing molecules that are ejected from the plasma cell and in order to attack the foreign microorganisms. Memory B cell are cells that remain in the body until foreign organisms return again. If that occurs they are ready and waiting to multiply and have an easy and quick defense. Aggulation is when antigens and antibodies combine in some type of cluster. It helps the phagocytes attach to foreign microorganisms so the destruction can take place. B Cells. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2009. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2006/09/060920191637.jpg>.

6. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS or APCs also know as Dendritic cells. These cells locate foreign microorganisms and destroy them and then show their fragments. They then flow to the lymph nodes where they encounter T cells and activate them which allows the T cell to multiply in order to attack. Once they are many they then leave the lymph nodes and travel throughout the body. Interleukin-2 leads on production of all types of T cells. Cytotoxic T cells used for memory. They also can puncture enemies and cause them to burst and second create messages to molecules that cause infected cells to commit suicide. Regulatory T cells work as a control. They monitor the immune systems response so it doesn’t damage itself in the process of killing foreign microorganisms. Helper T cell also know as “killer” making sure attacks don’t spread too far. An big example of T cell use is AIDS, they use the T cells in order to duplicate themselves and within this process they kill off our good cells piece by piece. Making it so that our immune system is out numbered and its work rate is slow and low. T Cells. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2009. <http://biology.calthec.edu/members/maznanian/symbiotic.jpeg>

7. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN CAUSE TROUBLE The immune system so far has been seen as a huge machine that works in many different ways to protect our bodies. Some what like an army at war. However our immune system can make mistakes and target “your own good cells” instead of “the bad cells.” This is called AUTOIMMUNE DISODER- an attack on the immune systems own body tissue. The cause for this is when T cells are unable to learn and distinguish these differences in its new born phase of life, (embryonic.) This causes then for the body to have B cells create antibodies to attack its own tissue. What is truly bad about this is that in response to a misread between “self “and “nonself” the bodies good t cells can attack with a great force and cause more damage than before. Additional responsibilities- these include ALLERGIES which is a release of antigens in a sporadic reaction that leads to the release of histamines. They are triggered by allergens that can cause small reactions or large ones. Such as a normal headache to cough or breathing problems and inflammations. The immune system is the most important thing within so that our bodies are able to adapt and defend.

8. END Works Cited Allergens. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2009. <http://dry-tek.com>. Antibodies. N.d. Goggle Images. Google, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. <http://medicues.com>. B Cells. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2009. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/‌images/‌2006/‌09/‌060920191637.jpg>. Bubble Boy. N.d. Google Images and wired. Google, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://www.wired.com/‌news/‌images/‌fullbubbleboy1.fijpg>. Collins, Margaret. “Eosinophils.” Apfed. N.p., 16 Dec. 2004. Web. 25 Sept. 2009. <http://www.apfed.org/‌downloads/‌what-is-aneosinophils.pdf>. Dictionary.com. N.p., 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2009. <http://www.dictionary.com>. Foster, Niki. “Neutrophils.” Wisegeek. N.p., 21 Sept. 2009. Web. 25 Sept. 2009. <http://www.wisegeek.com/‌what-are-neutrophils.com>. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2009. <http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/‌BugL/‌immune.htm#phago>. Joshi, Mohit. “Top News.” Google. N.p., 2009. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://www.topnews.in/‌health/‌files/‌immune~system.jpg>. Krogh, David. A Brief Guide To Biology with Physiology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008,2005,1998 by Pearson Education Inc. Print. Phagocytes. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. <http://virtualbiologytutor.co.uk/‌images/‌phagocytes>. T Cells. N.d. Google Images. Google, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2009. <http://biology.calthec.edu/‌members/‌maznanian/‌symbiotic.jpeg>.