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natural resistance of body against infection
- 2. Natural resistance of body to infection
- 3. What is Infection The term infection refers to a state in which parasitic organisms attach themselves to the body or to the inside of the body, of another organism causing contamination and disease in the host organism.
- 4. Types of infections Types of infection Exogenou s Opportuni stic Nosocom ial Endogeno us
- 6. What is Resistance Resistance is defined as the ability of body to limit the pathogen. The ability not to be affected by something, especially adversely.
- 7. Resistance of Body To Infections
- 8. Role of Resistance against infection Resistance is used to prevent infection from occurring and infectious disease from developing. For this purpose body use immune system.
- 10. Nonspecific (Innate Immunity) Nonspecific immune defense mechanisms that activate immediately or within hours of an antigen’s invasion of the body. Innate immunity is present at birth. Innate immunity activates when the immune system recognizes chemical properties of the antigens Types of immunity
- 12. specific (adaptive Immunity): In contract to innate immunity specific immunity allows for a targeted response Against a specific pathogen only vertebrates have specific immune response
- 14. The Immune System has 3 Lines of Defense against infection Physical and Chemical Barriers (Innate Immunity) Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity) Specific Resistance (Acquired Immunity)
- 16. First Line Of Defense Of Immune System (Innate Immunity) Physical barriers skin mucous Hair Cilia Urinary tract vagina Digestion
- 17. First Line Of Defense Of Immune System Chemical barrier Lysozyme Gastric juice Saliva Acidity Sebum Hyaluronic
- 18. Second line of defense (Innate Immunity) Phagocytic cell Inflammation Fever
- 19. Types of phagocytic cell phagocytic cells Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages Eosinophils Mast cells Basophils Dendritic cells
- 20. Third line of defense/Acquired Immunity Lymphatic system Antibodies B-cells T –cells
- 21. These are some of the factors that are essential for immunity against infection • Healthy diet Adequate sleep Sufficien t activity Healthy environme nt sunlight, fresh air, clean water, etc.)
- 22. First line of defense against infection the first line of defense when the body is invaded. Physical and chemical barriers
- 24. 1.Skin The largest organ in the human body skin is a barrier that prevents most infectious agents from invading the body. Skin forms a water proof mechani cal barrier. Microorg anisms can’t get through your skin unless it’s broken.
- 26. 2.Mucus Location: The openings of the body that are not protected by skin, like the mouth, nose, eyes, etc. have mucus membranes. Function: It acts as effective barriers. Typically, mucous membranes are coated with secretions that fight microorganisms.
- 27. Examples: 1.mucous membranes of the eye have tears. which contain an enzyme called lysozyme that attacks bacteria helps protect the eyes from infection. 2. The inner lining of your gut and lungs also produces mucus to trap invading pathogens.
- 28. Mucus Present In Eyes, Nose, Mouth
- 29. 3.Cilia Cilia are tiny hair that lines the inside of the respiratory system that filters out particles and push out dirt and pollutants that enter the body during inhaled . Cilia and mucus mostly work together. Microorganisms in the air become stuck to the mucus, which is coughed up . The cilia brush off the mucus up the airways, away from the lungs.
- 31. 4.Nose hair The nose defense against airborne invaders. bacteria and debris don't go inside because there is a very efficient protective mechanism inside the nose. Tiny hairs called cilia move ever so slightly to grasp and trap what they can in mucous- coated hairs, keeping it away from reaching the breathing passages .
- 33. 5.Digestive tract intestinal secretions. Bile pancreatic enzymes stomach acid The digestive tract has a series of effective barriers including
- 34. These substances can kill bacteria or prevent them from multiplying. The contractions of the intestine (peristalsis) and the normal shedding of cells lining the intestine help remove harmful microorganisms
- 36. 6.Urinary tract The bladder is protected by the urethra, the tube that drains urine from the body. In males older than 6 months, the urethra is long enough that bacteria are seldom able to pass through it to reach the bladder, unless the bacteria are unintentionally placed there by catheters or surgical instruments.
- 38. Female Urinary Tract In females, the urethra is shorter, occasionally allowing external bacteria to pass into the bladder. In both sexes, when the bladder empties, it flushes out any bacteria that reach it.
- 40. 7.Vagina it is normally acidic. The acidity of the vagina prevents harmful bacteria from growing and helps maintain the number of protective bacteria.
- 41. 8.Vomiting If poisonous or harmful come in your stomach, that material sends warning signals to your brain. The defense mechanism is to immediately eject that poisonous material from the body. This is done through the act of vomiting. Food may have bacteria that produce harmful toxins.
- 44. Lysozyme, an enzyme produced in tears, perspiration, and saliva can break down cell walls and thus acts as an antibiotic (kills bacteria). Gastric juice in the stomach destroys bacteria and most toxins because the gastric juice is highly acidic (pH 2-3). Saliva dilutes the number of microorganisms and washes the teeth and mouth
- 45. Acidity on skin inhibit bacterial growth Sebum (unsatu rated fatty acids) provides a protective film on the skin and inhibits growth Hyaluronic acid is a gelatinous substance that slows the spread of noxious agents.