Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
all about Immunity & infection in human body
cells, tissues, and molecules
study of structure and function of the immune system
infection: the state produced by the establishment of an infective agent in or on a suitable host , host may or may not have signs or symptoms
Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
all about Immunity & infection in human body
cells, tissues, and molecules
study of structure and function of the immune system
infection: the state produced by the establishment of an infective agent in or on a suitable host , host may or may not have signs or symptoms
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Natural and acquired immunity,several immune mechanisms are present in our bo...Anand P P
immune mechanisms and their categories.mainly two types of immune mechanisms are present natural and artificial mechanisms.several organs and specialized cells are serve for the part of immune mechanism of our body
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Natural and acquired immunity,several immune mechanisms are present in our bo...Anand P P
immune mechanisms and their categories.mainly two types of immune mechanisms are present natural and artificial mechanisms.several organs and specialized cells are serve for the part of immune mechanism of our body
The presentation material for the reading club of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Bishop.
The contents of the section cover
- EM algorithm for HMM
- Forward-Backward Algorithm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
研究室でのBishop著『パターン認識と機械学習』(PRML)の輪講用発表資料(ぜんぶ英語)です。
担当範囲は
・隠れマルコフモデルに対するEMアルゴリズムのEステップ
・フォワード-バックワードアルゴリズム
Microarray as one of recent biomedical technologies produce high dimensional data. This makes statistical analysis become challenging. I presented an overview of microarray analysis specifically in the use of gene expression profiling in a discussion.
Immunity are divided into nonspecific immunity and specific immunity. Examples of nonspecific immunity are skin, mucous membrane, and sebum. Specific immunity recognizes and respond to specific foreign substance. Specific immunity are divided into humoral response and cell-mediated response. Humoral response involves the production of antibodies while cell mediated immunity involve the cytotoxic T cells.
7 Best Ways to avoid catching Viral Diseases | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
Here are the 7 Best Ways to avoid catching Viral Diseases; 1. Clean your hands 2. Do not share personal items 3. Cover your mouth 4. Get vaccinated 5. Exercise food safety
A healthy immune system can defeat invading disease-causing germs (or pathogens), such as bacteria, viruses, parasites as well as cancer cells while protecting healthy tissue.
Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs.
A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. Hundreds of different diseases exist.
Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem.
Every disease has a cause, although the accuses of some remain to be discovered. Every disease also displays a cycle of onset, or beginning, course, or time span of affection, and end, when it disappears or it partially disables or kills its victim.
Similar to BACTERIAL INFECTION AND IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE (20)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
5. +
TYPHOID FEVER: A RACE AGAINST TIME
Constantly the body is
trying to protect himself
of
the
pathogenic
microorganism that can
affect significantly.
6. +
Neutrophils
and monocytes
enclose the bacteria to form
abscess. But some of them can
escape and continue infecting.
TYPHOID FEVER:
A RACE AGAINST
TIME
7. +
TYPHOID FEVER: A RACE
AGAINST TIME
Although the immune cells
kill a lot of bacteria
Salmonella, there are others
that evade that abscess and
escape, guaranteed his
survival and his replicates in
all the body.
9. +
STUDENT OBSERVATION
It is important to
further
scientific
development
in
these
areas
to
achieve
eradicate
Salmonella,
who
generate resistance
even faster than the
creation
of
new
antibiotics.
10. +
Steps leading to necrotizing
fasciitis revealed, opening way to
possible new treatments for
bacterial infections
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) or S.
Pyogenes, is a silent bacteria that colonize
the body without produce any symptoms and
can be mortal in a lot of cases such as toxic
shock
syndrome
and
streptococcal
necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
11. +
STEPS LEADING TO NECROTIZING
FASCIITIS REVEALED, OPENING WAY TO
POSSIBLE NEW TREATMENTS FOR
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
BACTERI
A
STREPTOLYSINS
mRNA
CELL
Once the bacteria
enter to the cell,
liberates
two
streptolysins
that
inhibit the synthesis
of proteins in the
cytoplasm.
12. +
STEPS LEADING TO NECROTIZING
FASCIITIS REVEALED, OPENING WAY TO
POSSIBLE NEW TREATMENTS FOR
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
The
human cells
increases
the
production of the
amino
acid
asparagine as a
method of defence
that alters gene
expression
of
GASand increases
his virulence.
ASPARAGINE
13. +
STEPS LEADING TO
NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
REVEALED, OPENING
WAY TO POSSIBLE NEW
TREATMENTS FOR
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Asparaginase
degrades
asparagina. Thats why they use
it to reduce the growth of GAS
in human blood and mouse
models of human infection.
14. +
STUDENT OBSERVATION
Asparaginase has never before used to treat GAS infections.
Knowing the metabolic changes occurring between the
pathogen and its host´s infection can lead to develop a few of
effective treatment against infection diseases.
15. +
MEDICAL UTILITY
The doctors, food distributors,
among many other companies,
are straining to maintain the
necessary hygiene for disease
control in clients, workers or
patients.
16. +
MEDICAL UTILITY
As health workers, we should
alert people about this kind of
diseases that are so contagious
and how they can prevent
them.
17. +
MEDICAL UTILITY
Someexamples can be
taking care of his own body,
washing hands with a very
good disinfectant and not
consuming food which has
expired date of caducity,
also
prevent
the
transmission, trying to cover
the mouth when sneezing,
or not share stuff that can
have contact with fluids or
blood of our body.
18. +
MEDICAL UTILITY
With the development of the studies about the virulence of
those bacterias and how can they affect us, we can investigate
more about a lot treatments that can helps to control the early
effects that cause a lot of damage even if we don't feel any
symptom, reducing the annual number of deaths.
19. +
REFERENCES
1.
1. MARTÍNEZ SANCHEZ, LinaMaría; et alt. Biología molecular. 7th ed.
Medellín, Col: Universidad PontificiaBolivariana; 2012.
2.
BROOKS, GF; CARROLL, KAREN; BUTEL, JANET; MORSE,
STEPHEN; MIETZNER, TIMOTHY. Jawetz, Melnick y Adelberg,
MicrobiologíaMédica. (2010). 25 Edición. Mc Graw Hill. Mexico, DF.
PP: 145,147,159,160.
3.
niversität Basel (2014, January 16). Typhoid fever: A race against
time. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 25, 2014, from
http://www.sciencedaily.com-/releases/2014/01/140116085053.htm.
4.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (2014, January 20). "Steps
leading to necrotizing fasciitis revealed, opening way to possible new
treatments for bacterial infections." Medical News Today. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271385