Immunesystem
•Download as PPT, PDF•
8 likes•1,120 views
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system. It describes the immune system as having three lines of defense against pathogens: physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, nonspecific responses that fight any invader, and specific immune responses that produce antibodies against particular pathogens. It also explains the pathways of cellular and antibody immunity, differences between primary and secondary immune responses, and issues like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Introduction to immunology
Immunology is the study of the physiological mechanisms that defend the body against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The immune system uses innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity acts from the start of an infection non-specifically, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes that provide immunological memory. Key cells involved include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Antibodies, cytokines and cellular responses work together to recognize and eliminate invading pathogens.
Introduction to antigen
Antigens are substances that induce a specific immune response and react with the products of that response. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and each antigen has a distinct epitope. Antigens can be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids and are generally found on bacteria, viruses, fungi or in allergens. They cause diseases or allergic reactions. Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of antigens that antibodies or lymphocytes bind to. Antigens can be exogenous (external), endogenous (internal) or autoantigens involved in autoimmune diseases.
Cell mediated & humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ helper T cells to upregulate immune functions against bacteria. Humoral immunity involves B cells maturing into plasma cells upon antigen recognition, secreting antibodies, and leaving memory B cells to facilitate a faster response upon reexposure.
Immune response
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune response and immune system. It defines important immune concepts like immunity, antigens, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity. It describes the anatomy of the immune system including primary organs like bone marrow and thymus, and secondary organs. It also outlines the functions of the skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, inflammation, complement system, interferons and other antimicrobial substances in the innate immune response.
Immunology
The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and lymphoid organs that work together to protect the body from infection. The immune system has two branches: innate immunity provides a general and immediate response, while adaptive immunity provides a tailored response after initial exposure. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cells like macrophages that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells that recognize specific pathogens and mount stronger responses upon reexposure. Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune cell growth and activation and mediate inflammatory responses.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response through the formation of antibodies or activation of T cells. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids. Immunogens are antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response on their own due to their large size, while haptens require a carrier molecule. Antigenicity refers to the ability to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Factors like molecular size, chemical composition, dose, and route of administration can influence a substance's immunogenicity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to an immunogen when used together.
Antigen
An antigen is a substance that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens react with both T cells and antibodies. They have multiple epitopes that antibodies can bind to. For a substance to be immunogenic, it must be foreign, macromolecular, chemically complex, and stable. The dosage, route of administration, and use of adjuvants can impact a substance's immunogenicity. Antigens are recognized by B cells and T cells through their epitopes, which antibodies and T cells bind to through their paratopes. Antigens can be complete or incomplete, self or foreign, and T cell dependent or independent.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance refers to a state where an immune response is expected but does not occur. It is induced by prior exposure to an antigen during development of the immune system. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where T and B cells that strongly react to self-antigens undergo deletion or anergy. This process ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.
Recommended
Introduction to immunology
Immunology is the study of the physiological mechanisms that defend the body against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The immune system uses innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity acts from the start of an infection non-specifically, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes that provide immunological memory. Key cells involved include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Antibodies, cytokines and cellular responses work together to recognize and eliminate invading pathogens.
Introduction to antigen
Antigens are substances that induce a specific immune response and react with the products of that response. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and each antigen has a distinct epitope. Antigens can be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids and are generally found on bacteria, viruses, fungi or in allergens. They cause diseases or allergic reactions. Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of antigens that antibodies or lymphocytes bind to. Antigens can be exogenous (external), endogenous (internal) or autoantigens involved in autoimmune diseases.
Cell mediated & humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ helper T cells to upregulate immune functions against bacteria. Humoral immunity involves B cells maturing into plasma cells upon antigen recognition, secreting antibodies, and leaving memory B cells to facilitate a faster response upon reexposure.
Immune response
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune response and immune system. It defines important immune concepts like immunity, antigens, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity. It describes the anatomy of the immune system including primary organs like bone marrow and thymus, and secondary organs. It also outlines the functions of the skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, inflammation, complement system, interferons and other antimicrobial substances in the innate immune response.
Immunology
The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and lymphoid organs that work together to protect the body from infection. The immune system has two branches: innate immunity provides a general and immediate response, while adaptive immunity provides a tailored response after initial exposure. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cells like macrophages that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity involves B and T cells that recognize specific pathogens and mount stronger responses upon reexposure. Cytokines are proteins that regulate immune cell growth and activation and mediate inflammatory responses.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response through the formation of antibodies or activation of T cells. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids. Immunogens are antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response on their own due to their large size, while haptens require a carrier molecule. Antigenicity refers to the ability to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Factors like molecular size, chemical composition, dose, and route of administration can influence a substance's immunogenicity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to an immunogen when used together.
Antigen
An antigen is a substance that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens react with both T cells and antibodies. They have multiple epitopes that antibodies can bind to. For a substance to be immunogenic, it must be foreign, macromolecular, chemically complex, and stable. The dosage, route of administration, and use of adjuvants can impact a substance's immunogenicity. Antigens are recognized by B cells and T cells through their epitopes, which antibodies and T cells bind to through their paratopes. Antigens can be complete or incomplete, self or foreign, and T cell dependent or independent.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance refers to a state where an immune response is expected but does not occur. It is induced by prior exposure to an antigen during development of the immune system. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where T and B cells that strongly react to self-antigens undergo deletion or anergy. This process ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.
Introduction to immunology, Science of Immunity
This document provides an introduction to immunology. It discusses how immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects the body from foreign substances. The immune system contains both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes. It also contains cellular components like phagocytes and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity involves antigen-specific responses and immunological memory. The document provides an overview of the key concepts in immunology.
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key principles of the adaptive immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity arose due to limitations of innate immunity, including lack of specificity and memory. The adaptive response involves T and B lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens through cell surface receptors. Activation of T and B cells requires recognition of antigen along with costimulatory signals. This leads to clonal expansion and generation of effector cells and immunological memory. Adaptive immunity allows for tailored, amplified responses with self/non-self discrimination and immunological memory.
Antigen
Antigens are substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them. They enter the body through various sites and are then captured and presented by antigen presenting cells. There are several types of antigens including immunogens, which induce immune responses; tolerogens, which induce tolerance; allergens; and vaccines. An antigen's ability to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity, while its ability to bind antibodies is its antigenicity. Properties that influence immunogenicity include the antigen's foreignness, size, complexity, degradability, and the recipient's genotype and age. Administration methods like dosage, route, and use of adjuvants can also impact immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as complete if they have
Basic Immunology
The document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It discusses the innate and adaptive immune systems, including their components and functions. The innate system provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and phagocytes. The adaptive system has specialized immune cells and antibodies that provide specific and memory-based defenses against pathogens. Key cells discussed include T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells, and their roles in the immune response.
Immunology
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the lymphoid organs such as the thymus and bone marrow that are involved in immune cell development. The major cells of the immune system are described, including mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes, and their B cell and T cell subsets. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are summarized. Key terms related to immunology and the immune system are also defined.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
ANTIGEN ( IMMUNOLOGY-1)
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Cells and organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes how hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells then differentiate into various immune cells including granulocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and others. It also outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues that support the development and activation of immune cells.
Immunological tolerance
Immunological tolerance is the specific non-reactivity to an antigen due to previous exposure. Tolerance can be induced to self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity or to non-self antigens like donor tissues. Burnet and Medawar discovered that exposure to antigens early in life can induce lifelong tolerance. Tolerance occurs through central tolerance in the thymus during development and peripheral tolerance after lymphocytes leave primary lymphoid organs. Mechanisms of tolerance include clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and receptor editing.
Adaptive immunity
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune diseases
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It is caused when the immune system cannot distinguish between antigens and self tissues. Common autoimmune diseases affect tissues like blood vessels, connective tissues, endocrine glands, joints, muscles, and skin. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Symptoms vary depending on the disease location but often include fatigue, fever, and general illness. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and other tests. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms, control the immune response, and maintain the ability to fight disease using immunosuppressive medications.
Antigen
Immunogens or antigens are foreign substances that elicit an immune response when introduced to the body. They are recognized by antibodies or T-lymphocytes. Immunogens can induce antibody formation themselves, while haptens require a carrier molecule to produce an immune response. Antigens are presented on antigen-presenting cells and recognized by B and T cells, initiating humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Exogenous antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other external sources are phagocytosed and processed, while endogenous antigens from infection or autoimmunity are presented via MHC I molecules.
Humoral immune response
This document provides an overview of the immune response and immune system. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity including anatomical, physiological, cellular, and inflammatory barriers that provide non-specific protection. Adaptive immunity is induced when innate immunity fails, and has antigen specificity and immunological memory. B and T lymphocytes mediate humoral and cell-mediated immunity respectively. The process of phagocytosis and antibody production are explained. Primary and secondary immune responses differ in lag period, magnitude, and antibody class. Innate and adaptive immunity cooperate to eliminate pathogens.
Immunologic methods basic methods
This document provides an overview of various immunologic methods used in clinical immunology and molecular diagnostics. It begins by outlining the objectives and explaining the principles of precipitation, agglutination, and flocculation-based methods. Specific techniques discussed include nephelometry, flocculation, double immunodiffusion, immunofixation electrophoresis, and western blot. The document then covers agglutination-based methods like direct, passive, and reverse passive agglutination as well as inhibition of agglutination. Other methods such as neutralization, complement fixation, and labeled assays are briefly described. The document concludes by comparing antibody quantities through antibody titers and discussing primary versus secondary humoral responses.
Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus. Symptoms vary by disease but commonly include fatigue, pain, fever, and inflammation. Current treatments aim to suppress the immune system's misdirected response through drugs, surgery, or targeted therapies.
Antigen
This document defines and discusses antigens from several perspectives:
1) It provides a brief history of the term "antigen" and its definition as a substance that stimulates antibody production.
2) It classifies antigens based on their immunogenicity as complete or incomplete antigens.
3) It categorizes antigens based on their origin as exogenous, endogenous, autoantigens, isoantigens, or heterophile antigens.
4) It lists 10 properties that determine an antigen's ability to stimulate an immune response, including foreignness, size, chemical nature, and specificity.
5) It briefly discusses superantigens and common tests used to detect antigens.
Introduction to Immunology
This document provides an introduction to immunology and describes the key concepts of the immune system. It defines immunity and the immune system, explaining that the immune system protects the body from infectious agents and disease. It describes the structure of the immune system as a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs working together for defense. The main functions of the immune system are then outlined, including distinguishing self from non-self, defending against pathogens, removing dead cells, and remembering previously encountered pathogens. The concepts of immune tolerance and self-tolerance are also introduced.
Immune Response to HIV
HIV primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, establishing chronic immune activation that allows the virus to thrive. During infection, HIV uses error-prone reverse transcription to establish latent reservoirs within the host. This makes eradication of the virus difficult as it develops escape mutants to evade both humoral immunity through antibody neutralization and cellular immunity from CD8+ T cells. While monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are less affected numerically, they show functional deficiencies that allow persistence and spread of the infection throughout the immune system.
Antigen
Antigens are the substances which induce specific immune reactions in the body.
Antigens include molecules such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein and some glycolipids.
The ability of a molecule to function as an antigen depends on its size, structural complexity, chemical nature, and degree of foreignness to the host.
Types of antigens
Antigens are of two types:
1. Autoantigens or self antigens present on the body’s own cells such as ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antigen in RBCs.
2. Foreign antigen s or non-self antigens that enter the body from outside.
Following are non-self antigens:
1. Receptors on the cell membrane of microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
2. Toxins from microbial organisms.
3. Materials from transplanted organs or incompatible blood cells.
4. Allergens or allergic substances like pollen grains.
Immunity, immune system
Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to resist pathogenic agents.
It is the ability of body to resist the entry of different types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances, etc.
Unit 5 Immune System
The document describes the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses like physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and inflammatory response, as well as specific defenses like the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses involving B cells, T cells, memory cells, and vaccines.
Immune system pp
The immune system protects the body from pathogens through nonspecific and specific defenses. Nonspecific defenses provide a first line of defense against pathogens and include physical barriers like skin as well as chemical barriers and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the specific immune response is triggered. This involves B cells and antibodies that provide humoral immunity against pathogens in bodily fluids, and T cells that provide cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against previously encountered pathogens. Vaccines stimulate active immunity by exposing the immune system to antigens in a controlled way. Passive immunity can also be provided temporarily via transfer of antibodies from other sources.
More Related Content
What's hot
Introduction to immunology, Science of Immunity
This document provides an introduction to immunology. It discusses how immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects the body from foreign substances. The immune system contains both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes. It also contains cellular components like phagocytes and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity involves antigen-specific responses and immunological memory. The document provides an overview of the key concepts in immunology.
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key principles of the adaptive immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity arose due to limitations of innate immunity, including lack of specificity and memory. The adaptive response involves T and B lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens through cell surface receptors. Activation of T and B cells requires recognition of antigen along with costimulatory signals. This leads to clonal expansion and generation of effector cells and immunological memory. Adaptive immunity allows for tailored, amplified responses with self/non-self discrimination and immunological memory.
Antigen
Antigens are substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them. They enter the body through various sites and are then captured and presented by antigen presenting cells. There are several types of antigens including immunogens, which induce immune responses; tolerogens, which induce tolerance; allergens; and vaccines. An antigen's ability to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity, while its ability to bind antibodies is its antigenicity. Properties that influence immunogenicity include the antigen's foreignness, size, complexity, degradability, and the recipient's genotype and age. Administration methods like dosage, route, and use of adjuvants can also impact immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as complete if they have
Basic Immunology
The document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It discusses the innate and adaptive immune systems, including their components and functions. The innate system provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and phagocytes. The adaptive system has specialized immune cells and antibodies that provide specific and memory-based defenses against pathogens. Key cells discussed include T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells, and their roles in the immune response.
Immunology
This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the lymphoid organs such as the thymus and bone marrow that are involved in immune cell development. The major cells of the immune system are described, including mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes, and their B cell and T cell subsets. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are summarized. Key terms related to immunology and the immune system are also defined.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
ANTIGEN ( IMMUNOLOGY-1)
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Cells and organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes how hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells then differentiate into various immune cells including granulocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and others. It also outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues that support the development and activation of immune cells.
Immunological tolerance
Immunological tolerance is the specific non-reactivity to an antigen due to previous exposure. Tolerance can be induced to self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity or to non-self antigens like donor tissues. Burnet and Medawar discovered that exposure to antigens early in life can induce lifelong tolerance. Tolerance occurs through central tolerance in the thymus during development and peripheral tolerance after lymphocytes leave primary lymphoid organs. Mechanisms of tolerance include clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and receptor editing.
Adaptive immunity
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune diseases
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It is caused when the immune system cannot distinguish between antigens and self tissues. Common autoimmune diseases affect tissues like blood vessels, connective tissues, endocrine glands, joints, muscles, and skin. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Symptoms vary depending on the disease location but often include fatigue, fever, and general illness. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and other tests. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms, control the immune response, and maintain the ability to fight disease using immunosuppressive medications.
Antigen
Immunogens or antigens are foreign substances that elicit an immune response when introduced to the body. They are recognized by antibodies or T-lymphocytes. Immunogens can induce antibody formation themselves, while haptens require a carrier molecule to produce an immune response. Antigens are presented on antigen-presenting cells and recognized by B and T cells, initiating humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Exogenous antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other external sources are phagocytosed and processed, while endogenous antigens from infection or autoimmunity are presented via MHC I molecules.
Humoral immune response
This document provides an overview of the immune response and immune system. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity including anatomical, physiological, cellular, and inflammatory barriers that provide non-specific protection. Adaptive immunity is induced when innate immunity fails, and has antigen specificity and immunological memory. B and T lymphocytes mediate humoral and cell-mediated immunity respectively. The process of phagocytosis and antibody production are explained. Primary and secondary immune responses differ in lag period, magnitude, and antibody class. Innate and adaptive immunity cooperate to eliminate pathogens.
Immunologic methods basic methods
This document provides an overview of various immunologic methods used in clinical immunology and molecular diagnostics. It begins by outlining the objectives and explaining the principles of precipitation, agglutination, and flocculation-based methods. Specific techniques discussed include nephelometry, flocculation, double immunodiffusion, immunofixation electrophoresis, and western blot. The document then covers agglutination-based methods like direct, passive, and reverse passive agglutination as well as inhibition of agglutination. Other methods such as neutralization, complement fixation, and labeled assays are briefly described. The document concludes by comparing antibody quantities through antibody titers and discussing primary versus secondary humoral responses.
Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus. Symptoms vary by disease but commonly include fatigue, pain, fever, and inflammation. Current treatments aim to suppress the immune system's misdirected response through drugs, surgery, or targeted therapies.
Antigen
This document defines and discusses antigens from several perspectives:
1) It provides a brief history of the term "antigen" and its definition as a substance that stimulates antibody production.
2) It classifies antigens based on their immunogenicity as complete or incomplete antigens.
3) It categorizes antigens based on their origin as exogenous, endogenous, autoantigens, isoantigens, or heterophile antigens.
4) It lists 10 properties that determine an antigen's ability to stimulate an immune response, including foreignness, size, chemical nature, and specificity.
5) It briefly discusses superantigens and common tests used to detect antigens.
Introduction to Immunology
This document provides an introduction to immunology and describes the key concepts of the immune system. It defines immunity and the immune system, explaining that the immune system protects the body from infectious agents and disease. It describes the structure of the immune system as a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs working together for defense. The main functions of the immune system are then outlined, including distinguishing self from non-self, defending against pathogens, removing dead cells, and remembering previously encountered pathogens. The concepts of immune tolerance and self-tolerance are also introduced.
Immune Response to HIV
HIV primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, establishing chronic immune activation that allows the virus to thrive. During infection, HIV uses error-prone reverse transcription to establish latent reservoirs within the host. This makes eradication of the virus difficult as it develops escape mutants to evade both humoral immunity through antibody neutralization and cellular immunity from CD8+ T cells. While monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are less affected numerically, they show functional deficiencies that allow persistence and spread of the infection throughout the immune system.
Antigen
Antigens are the substances which induce specific immune reactions in the body.
Antigens include molecules such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein and some glycolipids.
The ability of a molecule to function as an antigen depends on its size, structural complexity, chemical nature, and degree of foreignness to the host.
Types of antigens
Antigens are of two types:
1. Autoantigens or self antigens present on the body’s own cells such as ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antigen in RBCs.
2. Foreign antigen s or non-self antigens that enter the body from outside.
Following are non-self antigens:
1. Receptors on the cell membrane of microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
2. Toxins from microbial organisms.
3. Materials from transplanted organs or incompatible blood cells.
4. Allergens or allergic substances like pollen grains.
Immunity, immune system
Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to resist pathogenic agents.
It is the ability of body to resist the entry of different types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances, etc.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Immunesystem
Unit 5 Immune System
The document describes the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses like physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and inflammatory response, as well as specific defenses like the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses involving B cells, T cells, memory cells, and vaccines.
Immune system pp
The immune system protects the body from pathogens through nonspecific and specific defenses. Nonspecific defenses provide a first line of defense against pathogens and include physical barriers like skin as well as chemical barriers and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the specific immune response is triggered. This involves B cells and antibodies that provide humoral immunity against pathogens in bodily fluids, and T cells that provide cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against previously encountered pathogens. Vaccines stimulate active immunity by exposing the immune system to antigens in a controlled way. Passive immunity can also be provided temporarily via transfer of antibodies from other sources.
Lecture13 Immunity
This document discusses the different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity (naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive), and provides details on naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity. It also summarizes humoral immunity, noting that it involves B cells producing antibodies against foreign antigens found in extracellular fluids and on cell surfaces to defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses.
Introduction to immunology and functions
The document provides an overview of the immune system. It describes that the immune system defends the body against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It is divided into the innate immune system which provides immediate defense mechanisms like skin, mucus, phagocytes, inflammation and acquired immune system which has adaptive responses like antibodies and memory cells. The adaptive immune system has both humoral immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies and cellular immunity mediated by T cells. Antigens are recognized by antibodies and T cell receptors leading to pathogen destruction.
Functional organization of the Immune System
The immune system consists of a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to defend the body from pathogens. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, produce immune cells. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes and spleen, contain specialized compartments where immune cells gather and respond to antigens. Immune cells travel between the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues to carry out functions like pathogen recognition and elimination.
Specific immunity
The document summarizes the key aspects of specific or acquired immunity:
1. There are two main types of acquired immunity - natural and artificial. Natural immunity develops after exposure to pathogens while artificial immunity involves vaccination.
2. Both natural and artificial immunity can be active, involving the production of antibodies, or passive, involving the transfer of existing antibodies. Active immunity is usually longer-lasting while passive immunity is temporary.
3. Acquired immunity involves both humoral immunity mediated by antibodies from B cells and cell-mediated immunity carried out by T cells that target infected cells. Together these adaptive immune responses provide specific protection against pathogens.
Lecture13 Immunity
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune system producing its own antibodies and memory cells, or passively acquired through transfer of antibodies from mother to child or through injection. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies, and cellular immunity using T cells to attack infected cells.
Lecture 13
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune response or passively acquired through antibodies. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies and cellular immunity using T cells.
Immune responses
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter our body. It is a host defence system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic foreign bodies. Both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination.
The main parts of the immune system are:
• White Blood Cells
• Antibodies
• Complement System
• Lymphatic System
• Spleen
• Bone Marrow
• Thymus.
Mechanisms Of Defense Immune System.ppt
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and tumor cells. It has both innate and adaptive defenses. The adaptive immune system includes B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies while T cells help regulate immune responses. Memory cells allow for a faster response upon reexposure to pathogens. Dysregulation can lead to autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. Factors like stress and emotions can also influence immune function.
Human health & diseases L05
The document discusses active and passive immunity, vaccination and immunization, allergies, autoimmunity, and the immune system. It defines active immunity as developing due to contact with a pathogen or antigen, while passive immunity involves injecting readymade antibodies. Vaccination introduces a weakened pathogen to provide future protection, while immunization is the body's production of antibodies in response. The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus where lymphocytes develop and mature, and secondary organs like spleen and lymph nodes where lymphocytes interact with antigens.
Immunology
This document summarizes the immune system and its lines of defense against pathogens. It discusses:
- The immune system consists of biological components that defend the body from diseases.
- There are three lines of defense: first line includes skin and mucous membranes, second includes white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins, third includes B and T lymphocytes.
- The adaptive immune system, consisting of the third line of defense, has both humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells, and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens to fight pathogens.
Blsy2 immunology 1
The document provides an introduction to immunology, describing the innate and adaptive immune responses. It defines immunology as the study of physiological mechanisms that defend the body from invading organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The innate immune response acts immediately but non-specifically, while the adaptive response is antigen-specific and can generate immunological memory. Key cells of the immune system that contribute to these responses are described, including lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and others.
Immunity host defences
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Sistem imun 5.
The immune system has two main branches - the innate immune system which provides immediate non-specific defense mechanisms, and the adaptive immune system which has antigen-specific acquired immunity. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers along with phagocytic cells and the complement system. The adaptive system uses lymphocytes and antibody production. Antigens are recognized by B and T cells, leading to clonal selection and a memory-based secondary response. Immune disorders occur when tolerance is lost, such as allergies, while deficiencies allow diseases like smallpox and measles to spread. Vaccination has controlled many infectious diseases.
B10vrv8352
The document summarizes the body's defenses against infection. It describes both nonspecific defenses like the skin, mucus, and fever that act against a wide range of pathogens, as well as specific immune defenses including humoral immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells. Memory B and T cells provide long-lasting immunity against pathogens the body has previously encountered.
Immune System_ST.ppt
The immune system protects the body through surface defenses like skin and mucous membranes, as well as inner defenses. The immune system has two types of responses - primary and secondary. The secondary response is faster and more extensive than the primary response because memory cells 'remember' invaders. Both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes play important roles in the immune response through direct killing of pathogens or producing antibodies. Problems can arise if these defenses are improperly regulated, leading to immune deficiency or autoimmunity.
12 Mechanisms of defense - Immune System.ppt
The immune system protects the body through surface defenses like skin and mucous membranes, as well as inner defenses. The immune system has two types of responses - primary and secondary. The secondary response is faster and more extensive than the primary response because memory cells remember past infections. Vaccines take advantage of this by boosting immunity without causing disease. The immune system defends against pathogens using lymphocytes, complement systems, macrophages and more.
Immunity gihs
The immune system protects the body from infection through a complex network of interacting cells and molecules. It includes both non-specific defenses that provide immediate protection, and specific adaptive defenses that develop over time through vaccination or exposure to pathogens. The adaptive immune system includes B cells that produce antibodies, T cells that coordinate immune responses, and phagocytes that engulf foreign substances. Vaccination exposes the immune system to an antigen in a controlled way to stimulate lifelong immunity against disease.
Chapter 37.ppt
This document provides an overview of the immune system and infectious diseases. It is divided into three sections: Infectious Diseases, The Immune System, and Noninfectious Disorders. Section 1 discusses pathogens that cause infectious disease and how diseases spread. Section 2 describes both nonspecific and specific immune responses, including barriers, cells, and organs that fight pathogens. Section 3 covers genetic, degenerative, metabolic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders.
Similar to Immunesystem (20)
More from shabeel pn
meaning of life and faith
Wisdom Global Islamic Mission വിതരണം ചെയ്യുന്ന ജീവിതം എന്തിനു വേണ്ടി എന്ന വിഷയത്തിൽ ഉള്ള പുസ്തകത്തിന്റെ ONLINE കോപ്പി ഫ്രീ ആയി DOWNLOAD ചെയ്യാം ..ഷെയർ ചെയ്യുക
Swalah of Prophet-Malayalam PDF
The document discusses proper prayer etiquette according to Islamic teachings from the Prophet Muhammad. It provides guidance on posture, recitations, timing of movements and more. References are given for further reading. Key points include praying with humility and concentration, straightening the rows, reciting prayers aloud but not too loud, and following the Prophet's example in all aspects of prayer.
Malayalam 36
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Malayalam 36
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Malakkukaludae prarthanakku vidheyamaakunnavar
1. The document discusses how angels pray for and support humans in different circumstances and hardships according to the teachings of Islam.
2. Angels are said to pray for those traveling to seek knowledge, those entering the path of faith, those afflicted by misfortune or harm, and those helping others in need.
3. The angels continuously pray and offer support for humans in various situations such as sickness, hardship, loss of family or livelihood, and when fulfilling acts of worship or righteousness.
Khaleelullayudae dhanya jeevitham maatrukayaakkunnathu
C_vdmlow \_n(A) was a wise and knowledgeable man who lived according to the teachings of God. He urged people to worship God alone without any idols or false beliefs. He preached to both large groups and individuals, patiently explaining the truth and guiding them to the right path with kindness, wisdom and logical reasoning. Many came to accept the true faith due to his efforts.
Lailathul qadar
The document discusses theories about what the term "Sūrat al-Jathiyah" refers to. Some scholars believe it refers to a specific chapter in the Quran that was revealed in the 27th year of prophethood. However, others argue there is no scholarly consensus on which chapter it corresponds to, as references to it are found scattered across multiple chapters. The document also explores perspectives on whether it refers to a specific year or recurring period in Islamic history.
Prarthana sweeekarikkaathirikkaanulla patthu kaaranangal
The document discusses how people should treat others with compassion and acceptance, regardless of differences. It states that one should not judge others or make assumptions about them based on superficial attributes. It also advocates avoiding harmful speech and conflict, promoting understanding instead. The overall message is one of embracing diversity and showing kindness to all people.
Islamilae abhivaadyam
The document discusses the importance of speaking to others with wisdom. It provides several quotes from religious texts emphasizing that one should speak to both those who are present and absent, to those who are young and old, to the one who is wronging others as well as the one who is wronged. Speaking to others with wisdom can help guide them on the right path and bring people together through understanding and kindness.
Visarjana maryaathakal
The document provides guidance on proper etiquette for relieving oneself based on passages from religious texts. Some key points include:
1. Relieving oneself should be done in a private place away from roads and people's dwellings.
2. It is recommended to use one's left hand for cleansing oneself with water or stones after relieving oneself.
3. The area should be left clean and free of waste or odors when finished.
വുളുവിന്റെ രൂപം
The document provides instructions for performing ablution (wudu) in 9 steps: 1) Say Bismillah; 2) Wash hands 3 times; 3) Rinse mouth 3 times and sniff water in/out of nose 3 times; 4) Wash face 3 times; 5) Wash right arm 3 times then left arm 3 times; 6) Wipe head once; 7) Wash right foot 3 times then left foot 3 times; 8) Finish by saying the shahadah. The document emphasizes performing wudu correctly before prayer.
The golden ages of islamic civilization
The document provides an overview of the golden ages of Islamic civilization between 600-1600 CE. It highlights key contributions Muslims made to various fields including:
- Mathematics (origins of algebra, trigonometry, calculus)
- Chemistry (founding principles, discovery of elements/acids)
- Medicine (anatomy, clinical practice, hospitals, ophthalmology)
- Physics (mechanics, automation)
- Other sciences like geography, astronomy, history
It also discusses the establishment of universities, libraries and houses of wisdom that promoted learning and knowledge production during this period. Figures like Ibn Sina, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Razi, Ibn Khaldun made
Sunnathintae sthaanam islaamil
- The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is described as having conveyed the teachings of Islam to humanity in the clearest manner.
- Some narrations from his companions provide additional context about his character and mannerisms when explaining or discussing certain topics.
- His role was to communicate the message in the most understandable way for people to benefit from the guidance in both religious and worldly affairs.
Save your family before they burn
The document discusses the importance of protecting one's family from Hellfire by fulfilling one's responsibilities as a guardian. It outlines various ways for guardians like fathers, husbands, and leaders to spiritually and morally guide their families, such as teaching religious knowledge, enforcing obligations like prayers and charity, providing a worshipful upbringing, and shielding the home from sinful influences. Guardians are reminded that they will be held accountable for those under their care and must make efforts to save their families from punishment in the Hereafter.
Yaatraa maryaathakal
The document contains passages from religious texts in Arabic and other languages. It discusses concepts like prayer, charity, humility before God, and using prayer and good deeds to overcome hardships. The document emphasizes seeking guidance from God and living according to religious principles.
Urakkam sharddikkenda sunnathukal
The document contains guidance on various Islamic practices and principles from sources like the Hadith and Quran. It encourages acts like praying 33 times each for "Subhanallah", "Alhamdulillah", and "Allahu Akbar" as well as giving advice, remembering God, praying, and seeking forgiveness. It promotes peace and togetherness through Islam.
Pravachakanmaariloodae
This document provides information on 25 prophets in Islamic tradition. It lists their names and provides brief details about each prophet, including some of their family members, locations preached in, and miracles performed. The prophets discussed include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad among others.
Namaskarikkunnavar santhoshikkuka
The document is a collection of passages in an unknown language discussing various teachings and sayings attributed to the Prophet Muhammad. Some of the passages discuss inviting others to wisdom, following the example of the Prophet, seeking knowledge, and striving for peace. The document emphasizes living according to the guidance of the Prophet.
Namaskaara sheshamulla dikrukal
The document contains Islamic religious teachings and prayers in Arabic and other languages with translations. It promotes the worship of God and following Islamic principles of peace, justice, and righteousness. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of working together towards achieving peace through the global Islamic mission.
Hope..
1. The document discusses the concept of hope in Islam, describing it as an obligation directed solely towards Allah.
2. It explains that hope linguistically means wishing to achieve something and fearing something, while religiously it refers to attachment of the heart towards something one likes.
3. Maintaining a balance between hope and fear is important for Muslims, as fluctuating between the two keeps one drawing close to Allah through obedience and wary of disobeying Him.
More from shabeel pn (20)
Khaleelullayudae dhanya jeevitham maatrukayaakkunnathu
Khaleelullayudae dhanya jeevitham maatrukayaakkunnathu
Prarthana sweeekarikkaathirikkaanulla patthu kaaranangal
Prarthana sweeekarikkaathirikkaanulla patthu kaaranangal
Recently uploaded
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Top five deadliest dog breeds in America
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaRecently uploaded (20)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Immunesystem
- 1. Unit 3 – Dynamic Equilibrium Section 6- Immune System www.hi-dentfinishingschool.blogspot.com dr shabeel pn
- 11. How an antibody operates/works? Deactivation of a bacterium by an antibody.
- 12. The Pathway of Specific Immune Response Pathogens Pathogens eaten by Macrophage Displays portion of Pathogen on surface Helper-T cell recognizes Pathogen Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
- 13. Activates B- Cell Activates Cytotoxic T- Cell Memory B-Cell Memory T-Cell Kills Infected Cells Antibodies
- 16. Immune Response Summary Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity Antigen Macrophage Helper T - Cell Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Active B - Cell Kills Infected Cells Memory T- Cell Plasma Cell Memory B-Cell Antibodies Deactivates Antigens
- 18. Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response