The immune system protects the body from pathogens and tumor cells. It has both innate and adaptive defenses. The adaptive immune system includes B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies while T cells help regulate immune responses. Memory cells allow for a faster response upon reexposure to pathogens. Dysregulation can lead to autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. Factors like stress and emotions can also influence immune function.

1. By Dr. Shamanthakamani Narendran Immune System

4. LAYERED DEFENSE Components of the immune system Found only in jawed vertebrates Found in nearly all forms of life Exposure leads to immunological memory No immunological memory Cell-mediated and humoral components Cell-mediated and humoral components Lag time between exposure and maximal response Exposure leads to immediate maximal response Pathogen and antigen specific response Response is non-specific Adaptive immune system Innate immune system

22. Host Defenses Complement system Leuco/ Lymph Macro phage

23. Allergy Autoimmunity Rejection of organ transplant An immune cell undergoing an allergic reaction Protects against infectious agents

28. Themectomy TT given 1. Thymosin fraction V (Calf thymus) 2. Synthetic polypeptides Thymus

29. Ontogeny of Immune System Fetus T cells Functions at 7- 1/2 wks Thymus functions at 12 wks B cells Functions at 13 wks IgM First to develop. Rises in intrauterine infection Reaches adult levels by 1 yr IgG Develops at 4 years IgA At adolescence

30. T cell subpopulation Helper cells (IgA & IgG) Suppressor (Homeostasis) Killer cells (Kills invading organisms) B cell subpopulation IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, & IgE Hay fever, Asthma, Autoimmune disorder (Hemolytic anemia)

32. Eosinophil Neutrophil

34. Lymphoid Precursor Cells Liver Bone marrow

35. Differentiation of lymphoid stem cells T cells (associated with thymus) B cells (associated with bone marrow)

36. Peripheral Lymphoid organs Spleen GI tract tissue

41. THE ALLERGIC RESPONSE allergen IgE release of histamine ALLERGIC REACTION Mast cell

44. PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (BRAIN + IMMUNE SYSTEM) killer cells sudden stress increased killer cells reduced killer cells repeated stress

45. Diseases due to Immunologic deficiency Primary Secondary

46. AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Pathophysiology Clinical diagnosis Treatment Prevention HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is shown budding out of a human immune cell.

47. HIV Treating HIV infected woman during pregnancy Natural history of HIV infection Transmission Signs and symptoms of AIDS in new born How does pediatric AIDS differ from adult AIDS Management & Specific retroviral therapies AZT (3’ Azido, 2’ 3’ deoxythymdine) DDI (2’ 3’ Dideoxyinosine) Immunotherapy (Hyposensitization)