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Types of immunity
- 1. Types of immunity Dr. sunita
- 2. Immunity Immunity canbe defined as the way in which the body can protect itself from invasion by pathogenic microorganism and provide a defense against their harmful effect.
- 3. The physiologicfunction of the immune system is to conform protection against infectious microbes and non-infectious macromolecules.
- 4. TYPES OF IMMUNITY There are two types of immunity. Innate or Non-specific or Natural or Native immunity and Adaptive or acquired or specific immunity. This can be further divided based on cellular and humoral responses. Both could be either natural or artificial.
- 6. INNATE IMMUNITY Thisis also known as Non-specific or Non- adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infectious organisms and do not depend on previous exposure i.e. the immunity existed before encountering the microbes.
- 7. Non specifichost responses provide an effective barrier that prevent the microorganisms from penetrating, inhibit or destroy the invader if it gains access to the tissues, and eliminate or neutralize any toxic substance elaborated by infectious agent.
- 8. Several mechanismsare available in the immunocompetent host. These include physical or mechanical barrier, biochemical factors, cellular mechanism, role of normal flora & inflammatory reactions.
- 9. Components Innate immunityoperates through various components. It includes mainly physiological and chemical barriers, and cellular barriers.
- 10. Components of innateimmunity are: Physical and chemical barriers or external barriers - e.g. skin , epithelial cells, tears etc. Biological Barriers - Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) and NK (natural killer) cells.
- 11. Blood proteins- complement and other mediators of inflammation (Humoral factors). Cellular factors - cytokines Genetic factors
- 12. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY : Also known as specific immune response. The more effective will be its different agents the micro organisms.
- 13. The acquiredimmune response also retain the memory of previous exposer to the antigen so that next time it encounter the same antigen more stronger will be response. The acquired immune response takes several days to the develop that is it develops rather slowly but once develops the immune response is incredibly effective.
- 14. The adaptiveimmunity is a defense system that protects the body against pathogenic microorganisms and other type of disease such as cancer. It allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen. Specific immunity can result in the elimination of microorganisms and in the recovery from disease, and it frequently leaves the host with specific immunologic memory.
- 15. This conditionof memory or recall, acquired resistance, allows the host to respond more effectively if reinfection with the same microorganism occurs. As a consequence of such acquired immunity, we usually suffer from many diseases only once, for example measles. Specific immunity can be active or passive, and each of these types can in turn be naturally or artificially acquired.
- 16. The acquired immuneresponse consist of two main types- 1). Antibody mediated immune response 2). Cell mediated immune response
- 17. 1). Antibody mediatedimmune response The branch of the acquire immunity system is derived agents extracellular /exogenous antigen. Protein known as antibody promoter the distraction of these invader. This type of immunity systems more time called as HUMORAL IMMUNITY response. Since the antibody are found in body fluid.
- 18. If anexogenous antigen gain access in our body, antigen will be produced that can bind to that antigen and ensure its distraction. During first or primary response the amount of antibody forms is relatively small as compare to secondary immune response.
- 19. 2). Cell mediatedimmune response: The many micro organism live inside the host cell where is possible for humoral antibody rich them obligate intracellular parasites such as viruses, have to replicate inside.
- 20. The cellmedial immune response also retains the memory of previous exposer so that next time when the same antigen enter in the body a more effective and equally the immune response is mounted.
- 21. Passive immunity It isan immunity in which antibodies produced elsewhere are given to the individual. They are divided into two: I. Naturally acquired passive immunity: refers to antibodies transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta and to the newborn in colostrums and breast milk during the first few months of life.
- 22. ii. Artificially acquiredpassive immunity: is introduction of antibodies that are formed by an animal or a human to an individual to prevent or treat infection.
- 23. Active immunity It isa product of the individual’s own immune system in response to a foreign antigen. I. Naturally acquired active immunity: is immunity that comes from infections encountered in daily life.
- 24. ii. Artificially acquiredactive immunity: It is stimulated by initial exposure to specific foreign macromolecules through the use of vaccines to artificially establish a state of immunity.
- 25. Major components ofacquired immune system- Cells that trap and process of antigen and them present it recognition to the cells of immune system. Cells that have receptors for the processor antigen. These cells can bind and response to antigen. Cells that once activated by antigen will produced specific antibody or will participate in cell mediated immune response. Cells that will retain the memory of the event and react rapidly to the specific antigen. If it encounter at later time (memory cells).
- 26. Cells thatregulate this response at an appropriate level. All of these cell population can be recognized with in the body. Antigen is trapped, processes and presented by several cell type, that is- a) Dendritic cells, b) Macrophage. The B and T lymphocytes have specific receptor for foreign antigen and are thus able to bind the processed antigen and respond apporopritily.
- 27. Lymphocyte alsofunction as memory cells and initiate secondary immune response. The cell mediate immune response in mutated by T cells and humoral antibody mediated B cells Those that permote immune response are called as helper T cell and those that inhibit immune response called as regulatory cells.