The immune system protects the body from foreign invaders. It has two types of immunity: innate immunity which is present at birth, and adaptive immunity which develops after birth upon exposure to antigens. The immune system uses physical barriers, chemical barriers, white blood cells, and inflammation to fight pathogens. It has three lines of defense - phagocytic response, humoral response involving antibodies, and cellular response using T cells. The immune response involves recognition of antigens, proliferation of lymphocytes, production of antibodies or T cells, and these effectors destroying the pathogen.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
This is a book of immunology , helpfull for graduation and post graduation's students.
You may contact with me if any query @ aki-d-biotechnologist-mba@hotmail.com
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
This is a book of immunology , helpfull for graduation and post graduation's students.
You may contact with me if any query @ aki-d-biotechnologist-mba@hotmail.com
Classic problems and emerging areas of immune system by Kainat RamzanKainatRamzan3
The immune system can be simplistically viewed as having two “lines of defense” innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The immune system refers to a collection of cells and proteins that function to protect the skin, respiratory passages, intestinal tract, and other areas from foreign antigens, such as microbes, viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.
An essential aspect of the immune response is the ability to recognize almost limitless numbers of foreign cells and nonself substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body – it distinguishes self from nonself.
L1 The_Immune_Response immune system is clearly essential for survival. .pptwalealufa
It also detects and responds to abnormal cells and molecules that periodically develop in the body so that diseases such as cancers do not occur.
An essential aspect of the immune response is the ability to recognize almost limitless numbers of foreign cells and nonself substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body – it distinguishes self from nonself.
AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
a. Define immunity and contrast the difference between its 2 types (innate & acquired).
b. Describe some mechanisms for innate immunity (interferon’s & complement should be included).
c. Describe briefly the mechanism of acquired immunity and identify the major differences between its two types (humoral & cell-mediated).
d. Relate the knowledge acquired to some clinical problems (e.g., AIDS)
The term immunity refers to the body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism.
The human body has the ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs. The capability is called immunity.
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter our body. It is a host defence system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic foreign bodies. Both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination.
The main parts of the immune system are:
• White Blood Cells
• Antibodies
• Complement System
• Lymphatic System
• Spleen
• Bone Marrow
• Thymus.
The human body has a special design, it protects itself against any invaders. In this presentation you will learn about the self defense mechanisms of the body.
1. The Immune System
The Immune System
*The immune system functions as the body’s defense mechanism against
invasion of foreign agent or organism
Anatomy of the immune system
*bone marrow.
*white blood cells (WBCs) .
*lymphoid tissues.
General types of immunity
*Natural (innate) present at birth
*acquired (adaptive). develops after birth
1-Natural mechanisms include
*physical barriers
*chemical barriers
*the action of WBCs
*Inflammatory responses.
A. Physical barriers include
*intact skin and mucous membranes
*cilia of the respiratory tract along with coughing and sneezing.
B. Chemical barriers, such as
* acidic gastric secretions, mucus, enzymes in tears and saliva, and
substances in sebaceous and sweat secretions, act in a nonspecific way to
destroy invading bacteria and fungi.
C. White Blood Cell Action ,
D. WBCs, or leukocytes, participate in both the natural and the
acquired immune responses.
1-Granular leukocytes, (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
fight invasion of foreign bodies or toxins by releasing cell mediators, such
as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and engulfing the foreign
bodies or toxins.
- Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site where inflammation
occur.
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2. The Immune System
Eosinophils and basophils increase in number during allergic reactions
and stress responses.
2- Nongranular leukocytes include
- monocytes or macrophages and lymphocytes.
-Monocytes also function as phagocytic cells, engulfing, ingesting, and
destroying greater numbers and quantities of foreign bodies or toxins than
granulocytes.
-Lymphocytes, consisting of B cells and T cells, play major roles in
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
About 60% to 70% of lymphocytes in the blood are ‘T’ cells, and about 10%
to 20% are B cells .
D. Inflammatory Response
*is a major function of the natural immune system elicited in response to
tissue injury or invading organisms.
*Chemical mediators assist this response by minimizing blood loss, walling
off the invading organism, activating phagocytes, and promoting formation
of fibrous scar tissue and regeneration of injured tissue.
Acquired Immunity include
*it acquired during life but not present at birth.
*usually develops as a result of prior exposure to an antigen through
immunization (vaccination) or by contracting a disease, both of which
generate a protective immune response.
Response to invasion
*When the body is invaded or attacked by bacteria, viruses, or other
pathogens, it has three means of defending itself :
*The phagocytic immune response
*The humoral or antibody immune response
*The cellular immune response
1-The phagocytic immune response
– is the first line of defense, it involves the WBCs (granulocytes and
macrophages), which have the ability to ingest foreign particles.
– These cells move to the point of attack, where they engulf and destroy
the invading agents.
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3. The Immune System
– Phagocytes also remove the body’s own dying or dead cells.
2-The humoral immune response
*is a second protective response (sometimes called the antibody response),
*begins with the B lymphocytes, which can transform themselves into
plasma cells that manufacture antibodies.
*These antibodies, highly specific proteins, are transported in the
bloodstream and attempt to disable the invaders.
3-The cellular immune response is the third mechanism of defense,
*also involves the T lymphocytes, which can turn into special cytotoxic (or
killer) T cells that can attack the pathogens themselves.
Role Of Antibodies
- Antibodies are large proteins called immunoglobulins because they are
found in the globulin fraction of the plasma proteins.
Types of Immunoglobulins. ( Ig)
1-IgG (75% of Total Immunoglobulin)
• Appears in serum and tissues (interstitial fluid)
• Assumes a major role in blood borne and tissue infections
• Activates the complement system
• Enhances phagocytosis
• Crosses the placenta
2-IgA (15% of Total Immunoglobulin)
• Appears in body fluids (blood, saliva, tears, breast milk, and pulmonary,
gastrointestinal, prostatic, and vaginal secretions)
• Protects against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary
infections
• Prevents absorption of antigens from food
• Passes to neonate in breast milk for protection
3-IgM (10% of Total Immunoglobulin)
• Appears mostly in intravascular serum
• Appears as the first immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial
and viral infections
• Activates the complement system
4-IgD (0.2% of Total Immunoglobulin)
• Appears in small amounts in serum
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4. The Immune System
• Possibly influences B-lymphocyte differentiation, but role is unclear
5-IgE (0.004% of Total Immunoglobulin)
• Appears in serum
• Takes part in allergic and some hypersensitivity reactions
• Combats parasitic infections
Role of Interferon
-Interferon have antiviral and antitumor properties. In addition to
responding to viral infection, they are produced by T lymphocytes, B
lymphocytes, and macrophages in response to antigens.
-Interferon are effective in treating tumors and acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) multiple sclerosis) and chronic
hepatitis).
There are four stages in an immune response
*Recognition
*proliferation
*response
*effector
1-Recognition Stage
*The body must first recognize invaders as foreign before it can react to them.
The body accomplishes recognition using lymph nodes and lymphocytes for
surveillance.
*When foreign materials enter the body, a circulating lymphocyte comes
into physical contact with the surfaces of these materials. Upon contact, the
lymphocyte, with the help of macrophages, either removes the antigen from
the surface or in some way picks up an imprint of its structure, which comes
into play with subsequent re-exposure to the antigen.
2-Proliferation Stage
*The circulating lymphocyte containing the antigenic message returns to the
nearest lymph node.
*In the node, the sensitized lymphocyte stimulates some of the resident
dormant ‘T’ and B lymphocytes to enlarge, divide, and proliferate.
*T lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic (or killer) ‘T’ cells, whereas B
lymphocytes produce and release antibodies.
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5. The Immune System
*Enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck in conjunction with a sore
throat is one example of Proliferation
3- Response Stage
*In the response stage, the changed lymphocytes function either in a
humoral or a cellular fashion.
*the production of antibodies by the B lymphocytes in response to a specific
antigen begins the humoral response.
4- Effector Stage
*In the effectors stage, either the antibody of the humoral response or the
cytotoxic (killer) ‘T’ cell of the cellular response reaches and couples with the
antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.
*The coupling initiates a series of events that in most instances results in the
total destruction of the invading microbes
*or the complete neutralization of the toxin. ‘the events involve an interplay
of antibodies (humoral immunity), complement, and action by the cytotoxic
‘I’ cells (cellular immunity).
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