The Human Skeletal System Anatomy & Physiology, Human joints for B.Pharm and Pharm.D. Human bones & Sutures, Skull #B.Pharm as per PCI syllabus

1. THE
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
&
JOINTS
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
By: Dr.S.Kameshwaran

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
 COMPOSED OF:
-Bones
-Cartilage
-Joints
-Ligaments

3. Functions of Skeletal System
 SUPPORT: Hard framework that supports and anchors
the soft organs of the body.
 PROTECTION: Surrounds organs such as the brain,
spinal cord, Heart & lungs
 MOVEMENT: Allows for muscle attachment therefore
the bones are used as levers.
 STORAGE: Minerals and lipids are stored within bone
material.
 BLOOD CELL FORMATION: The bone marrow is
responsible for blood cell production.

4. Classification of Bones
Long bones
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
 Long bones
 Short bones
 Flat bones
 Irregular bones

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

7. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1

8. Skeletal system includes
Axial division
Skull and associated bones
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bones
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage (Ribs+ sternum)
Appendicular division
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

9. The Axial Skeleton

11. Sutures
 Sutures – Immovable joints that join skull
bones together
 Form boundaries between skull bones
 Four sutures:
 Coronal – between parietal and frontal
 Sagittal– between parietal bones
 Lambdoid – between the parietal and occipital
 Squamous – between the parietal and temporal
Fontanels- a space between the bones of the skull in an infant or
fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not
fully formed. The main one is between the frontal and parietal
bones.

13. Frontal
(Coronal)
Sagittal
Squamous
Lambdoid
Sutures

14. BONES OF SKULL - 22
Cranium = 8 bones:
Frontal - 1
Parietals -2
Occipital -1
Temporals - 2
Sphenoid - 1
Ethmoid - 1
Facial bones = 14
nasals,
maxillae,
zygomatics,
mandible,
lacrimals,
palatines,
inferior nasal conchae,
vomer.

15. frontal
Frontal View

16. Parietal
Frontal View

17. Temporal
Frontal View

18. Nasal
Frontal View

19. Vomer
Frontal View

20. Zygoma
Frontal View

21. Maxilla
Frontal View

22. Mandible
Frontal View

23. Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Zygoma
Nasal
Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Frontal View

24. Occipital
Lateral View

25. Mastoid Process
Lateral View

26. External Auditory Meatus
Lateral View

27. Frontal
Nasal
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Lateral View

31. Figure 6.4 Sectional Anatomy
of the Skull, Part I

33. The Vertebral Column

34. Vertebral Column
 26 vertebrae
 24 individual vertebrae
 Sacrum
 Coccyx
 7 Cervical vertebrae
 12 Thoracic vertebrae
 5 Lumbar vertebrae
 Sacrum
 coccyx

35. Typical Vertebrae  Body
 weight bearing
 Vertebral arch
 pedicles
 laminae
 Vertebral foramen
 Seven processes
 2 transverse
 1 spinous
 4 articular

36. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (C1-C7)
 Smaller bodies
 Larger spinal canal
 1st and 2nd cervical
vertebrae are unique
 atlas & axis

37. Thoracic Vertebrae
(T1-T12)
 All articulate with ribs
 Have heart-shaped
bodies
 Each side of the body
bears demifacets for
articulation with ribs
 Allows rotation and
prevents flexion and
extension

38. Lumbar Vertebrae
 Bodies are thick and strong
 Allows flexion and extension – rotation
prevented

39. Sacrum (S1 – S5)
 Forms the posterior wall of pelvis
 Formed from 5 fused vertebrae
 Superior surface articulates with L5
 Inferiorly articulates with coccyx
Coccyx
 Is the “tailbone”
 Formed from 3 – 5 fused vertebrae
 Offers only slight support to pelvic organs

40. Figure 7.18a, b

41. Bony Thorax
 Forms the framework of the chest
 Components of the bony thorax
 Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly
 Ribs – laterally
 Sternum and costal cartilage – anteriorly
 Protects thoracic organs
 Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
 Provides attachment sites for muscles

42. Figure 7.19a

43. Sternum
 Formed from three parts :
 Manubrium – superior part
 Articulates with medial end of clavicles
 Body – bulk of sternum
 Sides are articulate for costal cartilage of ribs 2–7
 Xiphoid process – inferior end of sternum
 Turn into bone around age 40

44. Ribs
 All ribs attach to vertebral column
posteriorly
 True ribs - superior seven pairs of ribs, Attach
to sternum by costal cartilage
 False ribs – inferior five pairs of ribs ,attach
indirectly to the sternum
 floating ribs ribs - 11–12 are short and free
anteriorly.

45. The Appendicular Skeleton
Allows us to move and manipulate
objects
Includes all bones other than axial
skeleton, it includes:
 the limbs (upper & lower limbs)
 the supportive girdles (pectoral &pelvic
girdles)

46. th
Figure 8–1

47. The Pectoral Girdle
 Also called the shoulder girdle
 Connects the arms to the body
 Positions the shoulders
 Provides a base for arm movement
 Consists of:
 2 clavicles
 2 scapulae
 Connects with the axial skeleton only
at the manubrium of sternum

48. The Pectoral Girdle

49. The Clavicles
 Also called collar
bones
 Long, S-shaped
bones
 Originate at the
manubrium
 Articulate with the
scapulae

50. The Scapulae
 Also called
shoulder blades
 Broad, flat and
triangular
 Articulate with
arms and
collarbone

51. The Upper Limbs
 Arms (Humerus)
 Forearms (Radius & Ulna)
 Wrists &
 hands

52. The Humerus
 Also called the
arm
 The long, upper
armbone
 Articulates with
the pectoral
girdle

53. The Forearm
 Also called the
antebrachium
 Consists of 2
long bones:
 ulna (medial)
 radius
(lateral)

54. The Wrist
8 carpal bones:
4 proximal carpal
bones
4 distal carpal bones
allow wrist to bend and
twist

55. Metacarpal Bones
 The 5 long bones of the hand
 Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to
medial
 Articulate with proximal phalanges
Phalanges of the Hands
 Thumb:
 2 phalanges (proximal, distal)
 Fingers:
 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

56. The Pelvis
 Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum,
and the coccyx
 Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic
girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

57.  The OSSA COXAE
 Also called hipbones
 Strong to bear body weight &stress of movement
 Each is made up of 3 fused bones:
 ilium (articulates with sacrum)
 ischium
 Pubis
 The Acetabulum (vinegar cup)
 Also called the hip socket
 Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and
pubis
 Articulates with head of the femur (Hip joint))

59. What are the structural
and functional differences
between the male and
female pelvis?

60. Comparing the Male
and Female Pelvis
Female pelvis:
smoother
lighter
less prominent muscle and
ligament attachments

61. Comparing the Male
and Female Pelvis
Figure 8–10

62. THE LOWER LIMBS
 Functions:
 weight bearing
 motion
Note:
thigh = upper leg
leg = lower leg;

63. Bones of the Lower Limbs
 Femur (thigh)
 Patella (kneecap)
 Tibia and fibula (leg)
 Tarsals (ankle)
 Metatarsals (foot)
 Phalanges (toes)

64. The Femur (longest, heaviest )
Figure 8–11

65. The Patella
 Also called the kneecap

66. The Tibia
Also called the shinbone
Supports body weight
Larger than fibula
The Fibula
Attaches muscles of feet and toes
Smaller than tibia
Lateral to tibia

67. The Tibia and Fibula
Figure 8–13

68. Bones of the Ankle (Tarsals)eel :
transfers weight to ground
attaches Achilles tendon
The Ankle
Also called the tarsus:
consists of 7 tarsal bones

69. Feet: Metatarsal Bones
 5 long bones of foot
 Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
 Articulate with toes
Toes: Phalanges
Phalanges:bones of the toes
 Hallux:
 big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)
 Other 4 toes:
 3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)

70. Articulations (Joints)

71. Function
 Holds bones together
 Allows bones to move
 All bones articulate with at least one other
bone except the hyoid.

72. Classification of joints
CLASSIFICATION based on
Function ---- Movement ---- type
 Synarthrosis - No movements – Fibrous joints
 Amphiarthrosis - Slightly movable – Cartilage joints
 Diarthrosis - freely movable - synovial joints

73.  Synarthroses
 No movements
 Primarily axial
skeleton
 Bones connected
with fibrous
tissue ligament
 Examples: Skull
sutures and
Tibia/Fibula

74.  Amphiarthroses
 Slightly movable
 Axial skeleton
 Connected by
cartilage
 Intervertebral
joints

75.  Diarthroses – freely movable
 Also called synovial (fluid filled joint cavity)
 Primarily found in the limbs
 Plane of movement depends on the joint

76. Synovial Joint

77. Disorders of joints
 Dislocation: Bone is forced out of its position,
Reduction is done by experts only
 Sprain: excessive stretch on a ligament
 Arthritis: inflammation of joints, may be
-Acute: usually bacterial
-Chronic: Rheumatoid ,Osteoarthritis and
Gouty arthritis

78. THANK YOU