The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, totaling 80 bones. The skull contains 8 cranial bones that form the cranium and 14 facial bones. The vertebral column is made of 26 vertebrae. The thorax contains the sternum and 24 ribs. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, totaling 126 bones. It is made up of the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle and lower extremities. Bone is a living connective tissue that provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement,
The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :-
What is skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
Bones provide support for our bodies and help form our shape. Although they're very light, bones are strong enough to support our entire weight.
Bones also protect the body's organs. The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs, and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.
Bones are made up of a framework of a protein called collagen, with a mineral called calcium phosphate that makes the framework hard and strong. Bones store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when it's needed by other parts of the body. The amounts of some vitamins and minerals that you eat, especially vitamin D and calcium, directly affect how much calcium is stored in the bones.
Bones are made up of two types of bone tissues:
Compact bone is the solid, hard outside part of the bone. It looks like ivory and is extremely strong. Holes and channels run through it, carrying blood vessels and nerves.
Cancellous (KAN-suh-lus) bone, which looks like a sponge, is inside compact bone. It is made up of a mesh-like network of tiny pieces of bone called trabeculae (truh-BEH-kyoo-lee). This is where bone marrow is found.
In this soft bone is where most of the body's blood cells are made. The bone marrow contains stem cells, which produce the body's red blood cells and platelets, and some types of white blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues, and platelets help with blood clotting when someone has a cut or wound. White blood cells help the body fight infection.
Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments (LIG-uh-mentz). Cartilage (KAR-tul-ij), a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :-
What is skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
Bones provide support for our bodies and help form our shape. Although they're very light, bones are strong enough to support our entire weight.
Bones also protect the body's organs. The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs, and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.
Bones are made up of a framework of a protein called collagen, with a mineral called calcium phosphate that makes the framework hard and strong. Bones store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when it's needed by other parts of the body. The amounts of some vitamins and minerals that you eat, especially vitamin D and calcium, directly affect how much calcium is stored in the bones.
Bones are made up of two types of bone tissues:
Compact bone is the solid, hard outside part of the bone. It looks like ivory and is extremely strong. Holes and channels run through it, carrying blood vessels and nerves.
Cancellous (KAN-suh-lus) bone, which looks like a sponge, is inside compact bone. It is made up of a mesh-like network of tiny pieces of bone called trabeculae (truh-BEH-kyoo-lee). This is where bone marrow is found.
In this soft bone is where most of the body's blood cells are made. The bone marrow contains stem cells, which produce the body's red blood cells and platelets, and some types of white blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues, and platelets help with blood clotting when someone has a cut or wound. White blood cells help the body fight infection.
Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments (LIG-uh-mentz). Cartilage (KAR-tul-ij), a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
The Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which people come together to form groups and organisations in society. The presentation covers various types of social organisations, including formal and informal groups, as well as community-based and institutional organisations.
The presentation starts by defining social organisations and their importance in society. It then goes on to explore the different types of social organisations, highlighting their characteristics, structures, and functions. This includes exploring the roles and responsibilities of different members within social organisations, such as leaders, members, and volunteers.
The presentation also covers the benefits of social organisations, including social cohesion, support networks, and the ability to drive change within society. Additionally, it highlights some of the challenges that social organisations face, such as funding, communication, and sustainability.
Throughout the presentation, examples of different social organisations are provided, including non-profits, charities, community groups, and political organisations. The presentation concludes with a call to action, encouraging individuals to get involved in social organisations and make a positive impact in their communities.
Overall, the Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the importance, types, and benefits of social organisations in society, and serves as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about social organisations and their impact.
The lymphatic system is a vital component of the human body's immune system, responsible for transporting lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells and waste products, throughout the body. The lymphatic system comprises a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that work together to protect the body from infection and disease.
The lymphatic vessels are thin-walled and form a network that parallels the circulatory system. They carry lymph from the body's tissues to the lymph nodes, where lymphocytes and other immune cells are produced and stored. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body, but mostly in the neck, armpits, and groin. They filter the lymph fluid and remove harmful substances, such as bacteria and viruses.
The lymphatic system also includes the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. The spleen filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells. The thymus produces T-cells, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. The bone marrow is responsible for producing new blood cells, including lymphocytes.
When the lymphatic system is functioning correctly, it helps to maintain fluid balance in the body, remove toxins and waste products, and fight infections. However, when the system is compromised, it can lead to a variety of medical conditions, such as lymphedema, lymphoma, and leukemia.
In conclusion, the lymphatic system is an essential part of the body's immune system, responsible for protecting against infection and disease. Understanding its functions and role in the body is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing illness.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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3. Bone
Bone is one third connective tissue.
It is impregnated with calcium salt which
constitute two third part.
Calcium salt makes it hard and rigid.
Which can afford resistance to weight
bearing and jumping.
Bone is living tissue it is highly vascular.
It is subjected to disease and Heels after a
fracture.
4. Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton includes the bones that
form the skull, laryngeal skeleton,
vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Bones in axial skeleton -
Skull
Cranium 8
Facial 14
Hyoid 1
Auditory 6
Vertebral column 26
Thorax
Sternum 1
Ribs 24
Total 80
5. What are cranial bones ?
Your skull provides structure to your head
and face while also protecting your brain.
The bones in your skull can be divided into
the cranial bones, which form your cranium.
And facial bones, which make up your
face.
Frontal 1
Parietal 2
Temporal 2
Occipital 1
Sphenoid 1
Ethmoid 1
6. Facial Bones
Bones surrounding the mouth and nose
and contributing to the eye sockets.
Total no. of facial bone - 14
Nasal 2
Lacrimal 2
Inferior nasal concha 2
Maxilla 2
Mandible 1
Palatine 2
Zygomatic 2
Vomer 1
7. The Hyoid Bone
The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-
bone) is a horseshoe-shaped
bone situated in the anterior midline of
the neck between the chin and the
thyroid cartilage.
8. Auditory Ossicles
The ossicles are three bones in middle ear
that are among the smallest bones in the
human body.
malleus 2
incus 2
Stapes (is smallest bone in the
body)
2
9. Vertebral Column
The vertebral column, also known as the
spinal column, is the central axis of the
skeleton in all vertebrates.
The vertebral column provides
attachments to muscles, supports the
trunk, protects the spinal cord and nerve
roots.
Total vertebral column in adult - 26
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumber 5
Sacrum 1
Coccyx 1
10. Thorax
The thorax is the region between the
abdomen inferiorly and the root of the
neck superiorly.
Sternum 1
Ribs 24
11. Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton includes the
skeletal elements within the limbs, as well
as supporting shoulder girdle and pelvic
girdle.
There are 126 bones.
13. Clavicle
The clavicle or collarbone, is S-shaped
long bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm)
long
14. Scapula
The scapula also known as the shoulder
bone, shoulder blade, wing bone, or
blade bone, is the bone that connects
the humerus (upper arm bone) with the
clavicle (collar bone).
15. Humerus
Humerus is a long bone in the arm that
runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
It connects the scapula and the two
bones of the lower arm, the radius and
ulna.
16. Ulna
The ulna is one of two bones that make
up the forearm, other is radius. It forms the
elbow joint with the humerus and also
articulates with the radius both proximally
and distally.
It is located in the medial forearm when
the arm is in the anatomical position. It is
the larger of the two forearm bones.
17. Radius
The radius or radial bone is one of the two
bone of the forearm, the other being the
ulna.
It extends from the lateral side of the
elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and
runs parallel to the ulna.
18. Carpal Bones
The carpal bones are the eight small
bones that make up the wrist (or carpus)
that connects the hand to the forearm.
The term "carpus" is derived from the Latin
carpus and the Greek καρπός (karpós),
meaning "wrist".
The carpal bones allow the wrist to move
and rotate.
20. Phalanges
The phalanges are the bones of the digits,
each finger has three phalanges, except
for the thumb, which has two.
21. Hip bone
The hip bone is a large flat bone, it is
composed of three parts the ilium,
ischium, and the pubis.
22. Femur
The femur is the largest bone in the
human body. It is commonly known as the
thigh bone and reaches from the hip to
the knee.
A human male adult femur is about 19
inches long. The femur is extremely hard
and not easy to break.
23. Tibia
The tibia is the larger of the two bones. It
supports most of your weight and is an
important part of both the knee joint and
ankle joint. The tibia is the larger bone in
your lower leg.
24. Fibula
The fibula is a long bone in the lower
extremity that is positioned on the lateral
side of the tibia.
The fibula is much smaller and thinner
than the tibia. It is located just behind the
tibial head at the knee joint and then runs
down the lateral aspect of the leg until it
reaches the ankle joint.
25. Patella
The patella, also known as the kneecap,
is a flat, rounded triangular bone which
articulates with the femur (thigh bone)
and covers and protects the anterior
articular surface of the knee joint.
26. Tarsal
The tarsal bones consist of seven short
bones located at the proximal region of
the foot.
27. Metatarsal
The metatarsal bones are the bones of
the forefoot. There are five metatarsal
bones, numbered one to five from the
hallux (great toe) to the small toe.
28. Phalanges
The phalanges are the bones in the toes.
The second to fifth toes each contain
three phalanges. The big toe or hallux
contains only two phalanges.
