III Pharm.D -Pharmacology II - The Dynamic Cell - III Pharm.D - The Dynamic Cell - Cellular classification, subcellular organelles ppt. As per PCI syllabus
III year Pharm.D - Pharmacology -II - "Chromosome structure: Pro and eukaryotic chromosome
structures, chromatin structure, genome complexity, the flow of
genetic information"
Cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organism. Cell is enclosed in a compartment containing aqueous fluid called as Cytosol which is surrounded by a cell membrane called Plasma membrane
Assembly of Macromolecular Complexes
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Nucleic acid
*Presented By:
Abubakar Mustapha
Pharm. D Third Year, Integral University Lucknow, UP, India
III year Pharm.D - Pharmacology -II - "Chromosome structure: Pro and eukaryotic chromosome
structures, chromatin structure, genome complexity, the flow of
genetic information"
Cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organism. Cell is enclosed in a compartment containing aqueous fluid called as Cytosol which is surrounded by a cell membrane called Plasma membrane
Assembly of Macromolecular Complexes
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Nucleic acid
*Presented By:
Abubakar Mustapha
Pharm. D Third Year, Integral University Lucknow, UP, India
RNA splicing, in molecular biology, is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA. During splicing, introns are removed and exons are joined together.
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
Eukaryotic cells have several other membrane-bound organelles not found in prokaryotic cells.
These include the mitochondria (convert food energy into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to power biochemical reactions); rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,golgi complex and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts
All of these organelles are located in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm.
RNA splicing, in molecular biology, is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA. During splicing, introns are removed and exons are joined together.
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
Eukaryotic cells have several other membrane-bound organelles not found in prokaryotic cells.
These include the mitochondria (convert food energy into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to power biochemical reactions); rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,golgi complex and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts
All of these organelles are located in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm.
The presentation includes the basics of cell: Definition, criteria for defining a cell, differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, plat and animal cells, structure and function of organelles, symbiont theory and MCQs.
The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation.
The detail introduction of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The detail of organelles in the cell.
And the comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Similar to III Pharm.D - The Dynamic Cell - III Pharm.D - The Dynamic Cell - Cellular classification, subcellular organelles ppt (20)
Sense Organ - Nose - Anatomy of Nose & Physiology of Olfaction, For Medical and Paramedical students, B.Pharm, Pharm.D, D.Pharm, Human Anatomy & Physiology
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY - Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, ...Kameshwaran Sugavanam
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY - Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, levels of structural organization and body systems, basic life processes, homeostasis,
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. CELLULAR CLASSIFICATION
Two main classes of cells - so far!
Prokaryotic cells - All Bacteria & Archaea - no
nucleus
Eukaryotic cells - Plants, animals, fungi, and
protists - all have a nucleus
Prokaryotes also lack organelles or cytoskeleton
They function very much the same.
3. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
PROPERTY
Nucleus
Cell Diameter
Cytoskeleton
Organelles
DNA content (bp)
Chromosomes
Procaryotes
Absent
1 um
Absent
Absent
1x10E6 to 5x10E6
Single circular DNA
molecule
Eucaryotes
Present
10 - 100 um
Present
Present
1.5x10E7 to 5x10E9
Multiple linear DNA
molecules
4. The cell
Latin cella - "small room"
Cell is the basic structural, functional, and
biological unit of all known living organisms.
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can
replicate independently, and are often called the
"building blocks of life".
The study of cells is called cell biology.
humans contain about 100 trillion cells,
cells are visible only under the microscope
SIZE ~ 10–100 micrometres
discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665
5. THE SUB CELLULAR ORGANELLES:
Plasma membranes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Central Vacuole
The Cytoskeleton
Lysosome
6.
7. CELL MEMBRANE:
Also known as plasma membrane/plasmalemma
The cell membrane is the outer coating of the cell
Consist of two layers of phospholipids with proteins
and Carbohydrates embedded in them
- Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipids are lipid molecules with a charged
phosphate group at one end
Phosphate groups - hydrophilic in nature
Lipid molecules - hydrophobic in nature
Phospholipid molecules have Head & tail portions
Phosphate – head portion
Lipid – tail portion
Tail portions joins one another – creating a lipid
bilayer
8.
9. Cell membrane having the proteins in its
structure
They provide the channels in the membrane
- helps in the passage of electrolytes and
non lipid soluble substances
Functions of proteins:
Act as receptors
Some are enzymes
Channels filled with water – allows very
small amount of water soluble substances
across cell membrane
CH attached to the proteins – immunity
10.
11. Functions:
Protection of the cell
Provide specific shape to the cell
Separate from surrounding
permeability
12. ORGANELLE:
Cell contains plasma membrane enclosing a
number of organelles suspended in watery
fluid called cytosol or cytoplasm
An organelle is a membrane-bound
structure that carries out specific activities
for the cell.
13.
14.
15. CYTOPLASM:
Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell. Scientists
used to call the fluid protoplasm.
The cytoplasm comprises
cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within
the cell membrane) – and the organelles.
The organelles are flatting in it
The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually
colorless.
The cytoplasm has many different molecules
dissolved in solution, fatty acids, sugars, amino
acids & Waste products
16. MITOCHONDRIA:
Power house of the cell
sausage shaped structure
Size: 0.5µm -1µm in diameter up to 7µm in length
converting oxygen and nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
This process is called aerobic respiration
GLUCOSE O2 ATP
ATP is the chemical energy "currency" of the cell
Their presence depends on the nature of cell and energy need.
Greater number of mitochondria present in liver & muscles
17.
18. A mitochondria contains outer and inner membranes.
These are made of phospholipid double layers and
proteins.
there are five distinct compartments within the
mitochondrion. They are:
1.the outer mitochondrial membrane,
2.the intermembrane space (the space between the outer
and inner membranes),
3.the inner mitochondrial membrane,
4.the cristae (space formed by infoldings of the inner
membrane), and
5.the matrix (space within the inner membrane).
19. Function:
Performs aerobic respiration to create energy
for the functioning of the cell
Regulation of cellular anabolism and
catabolism
Synthesis of steroid
20. RIBOSOMES:
It is a tiny granules composed of RNA and protein
They synthesis proteins from amino acids using
RNA template
They make proteins for the use with in cell
Also found on the outer surface of the nuclear
envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum
They manufacture the proteins and export from the
cell
Ribosomes consist of two major components: the
small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and
the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form
protein.
Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of
a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit
21.
22.
23. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A network of interconnecting folded membranes
extends from nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm
2 types:
– Rough ER
• Contains Ribosomes – gives rough nature
– Smooth ER
• Lack in Ribosome
• Extends from Rough ER
24.
25. Functions:
Smooth ER:
Synthesizes lipids
Synthesis of steroidal hormones Eg: Progesterone, Estrogen,
Testosterone
Detoxification of some drugs
Rough ER:
It is studded with ribosome
Involves in protein synthesis – collected in to RER
Exchanges materials with in the cytosol
26. GOLGI APPARATUS
It is a folded compressed membranous sacs- -
cisternae and vesicles.
involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
It works in combination with ER.
Has incoming and outgoing vesicles.
Proteins move from ER to the golgi apparatus
where they packed in to membrane bound vesicles
Then the vesicles are stored
When needed move to the plasma membrane and
fuse with it
The contents are expelled from cell - exocytosis
27.
28. Nucleus
The nucleus serves as the cell’s control center,
6μm dia
Occupies about 10% of total cell volume
Contains
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pore
Nucleoplasm
sending directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide, or
die.
It also houses DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the cell’s
hereditary material.
The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the
nuclear envelope, which protects the DNA and
separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
29.
30. Nuclear envelope
Inner & outer membrane, arranged parallelly, separated by
10 to 50 nm thick
Barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely
Nuclear pores,
provide aqueous channels through the envelope,
composed of multiple proteins, referred to as nucleoporins.
100 nm dia. in size. Mammalian cell will have about 3000 to
4000 pores
Nucleoplasm → similar to cytoplasm
It is a complex crystallo colloidal system
Consist of different molecules and enzymatic proteins
Histones/Protamine's coupled with nucleic acid to form
nucleoproteins
31. CHROMATIN
Chromatin materials saturated with DNA
It is the combination of DNA and proteins (histones)
By the process of coiling and super coiling forms chromosomes.
Typical human cell → 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes: DNA bound proteins – carry genetic information's
32. Lysosomes
Greek word: Lysis – separate, soma – body
Vary in size 0.1 1.2 micrometer
Generally known as suicide bag because of its role in
autolysis
Engulfed virus or bacteria, damaged organelles & food
materials present with in the cell are digested by
liposomes
33. The Cytoskeleton
Protein filament extends throughout cytosol
Provides the structural framework
Three filamentous proteins contributes are
Microfilaments (actin)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
34. Vacuoles
Enclosed compartments which are filled with water
containing inorganic and organic molecules
No basic shape or size;
structure varies according to the needs of the cell
Isolating materials (harmful or a threat to the cell)
Transports waste products out.
Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure
Maintaining an acidic internal pH