Appendicular skeleton

1. Appendicular Skeleton
Division of the skeleton
consisting of the pectoral
girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle and lower limbs.

2. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

3. Pectoral Girdle
 Attaches the bones
of the upper limbs to
the axial skeleton

4. Clavicle
 Also known as the
collarbone
 Long, slender S-
shaped bone that lies
horizontally above the
first rib
(Transmits mechanical force
from the upper limb to
the trunk)

5. Scapula
 Also known as the
shoulder blade
 Large, flat triangular
bone on the posterior
part of the thorax

6.  SPINE: A sharp ridge
that runs diagonally
across the back portion
of the scapula body
 BODY – Main flat area
of the scapula
 ACROMION: The
lateral end of the spine.
Where the scapula
articulates with the
clavicle

7.  GLENOID CAVITY
(glenoid fossa) - a
depression inferior to the
acromion where the
head of the humerus sits
 CORACOID PROCESS
– Projection anterior to
the acromion for muscle
attachment

8. Upper Limb

9. Upper Limb
 Consists of 30 bones
(all paired up)
 Humerus in the arm
 Ulna and radius in the
forearm
 8 carpals, 5
metacarpals, and 14
phalanges in the
hand

10. Humerus
 Longest and largest
bone of the upper
limb
 Articulates with the
scapula at the
shoulder and both the
ulna and radius at the
elbow

11.  ANATOMICAL
NECK: constricted
portion distal to the
head – site of the
epiphyseal plate
Humerus Bone Surface Markings

12.  BODY: Main portion
of the bone
(diaphysis)
 DELTOID
TUBEROSITY: a
roughened V-shaped
area where the
deltoid muscle
attaches

13.  CAPITULUM – small
rounded process at
the distal end that
articulates with the
head of the radius.
 RADIAL FOSSA - a
depression that
receives the head of
the radius when the
forearm is bent.

14.  TROCHLEA - a spool-
shaped surface that
articulates with the ulna.
 CORONOID FOSSA – a
depression that receives
part of the ulna when the
forearm is bent.
 OLECRANON FOSSA -
a depression on the back
of the bone that receives
the ulna when the
forearm is straightened.

15. Ulna
 Located on the
medial side of the
forearm (pinky side)
 Longer than the
radius

16.  The olecranon forms
the prominence of the
elbow on the proximal
end.
 The coronoid process
projection on the
proximal, helps to hold
the trochlea
 Trochlear Notch –
depression formed by
the olecranon and
coronoid process
Ulna Bone Surface Markings

17.  The radial notch is a
depression for the
head of the radius.
 A styloid process is
a pointy projection at
the distal end.

18. Radius
 Located on the lateral
side of the forearm
(thumb side)

19.  Radial tuberosity a
raised, roughened
area that is where
the biceps brachii
muscle attaches to
the bone
 Styloid Process –
pointy projection on
the distal end
Radius Bone Surface Markings

21. Carpus (Wrist)
 8 carpals
 Held together by
ligaments with four
bones in each row
 Named for their
shapes
 Short bones

22.  The carpals in the
proximal (closest to the
radius/ulna) row are the:
 Scaphoid, Lunate,
Triquetrum, and
Pisiform
 The carpals in the
distal row are the:
 Trapezium,
Trapezoid, Capitate,
and Hamate

23. Metacarpus (Palm)
 5 metacarpals
 Each consists of a
proximal base, an
intermediate body,
and a distal head
 Numbered I-V starting
with the thumb
 Long bones

24. Phalanges (Fingers)
 14 in each hand
 Thumb has two
(proximal and distal)
 In each of the other
four digits, there are
three (proximal,
middle, and distal)

25. Disorders of the Upper Limb

26. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Narrowing of the
carpal tunnel causes
compression of the
median nerve
 The nerve
compression causes
pain, numbness,
tingling, and hand
muscle weakness

27. Rotator Cuff Injury
 Tears or inflammation
of ligaments and
tendons of the
shoulder near the
humerus
 Results in pain and
loss of shoulder
mobility

28. Fractures

32. Checkpoint Questions
 Which bones make up a pectoral girdle? What is
the function of the pectoral girdle?
 With which part of the scapula does the
humerus articulate?
 What part of the ulna is called the “elbow”?
 What part of which bones are commonly called
the “knuckles”?
 What bones form the upper limb, from proximal
to distal?

33. The Pelvic
Girdle and
Lower Limb

34. Pelvic (hip) Girdle
 Functions:
 Support for vertebral column
 Protect pelvic organs
 Attach lower limbs
 Coxal Bones: Hip bones
 3 parts: Pubis, Ilium and Ischium

35. Articulations
 Sacroiliac Joint – posterior articulation of the
pelvic girdle
 Pubic Symphysis – anterior articulation of the
pelvic girdle
 Acetabulum – attachment point of the femur
 socket of the ball and socket joint

36. Coxal Bones
 Pubis – anterior portion
 Joined by pubic symphysis
 Ilium – superior portion
 Iliac Crest – ridge at the top of
the ilium
 Ischium – inferior portion
 Acetabulum – socket for the
head of the femur
 Obturator Foramen – hole
formed by the ischium and
pubis

37. Pelvis
 Combination of the sacrum, coccyx, and the 2 hip
bones
 Greater (false) – Top portion that is not fully
enclosed by bone
 Lesser (true) – Bottom portion the is completely
surrounded by bone

38. Pelvis - continued
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
 Pubic Symphysis
 Sacrum
 Coccyx
 Pelvic Brim
 Pubic Arch

40. X-Ray of Pelvis

41. Comparison of Male and
Female Pelvis
Point of
Comparison
Female Male
General Structure Light and Thin Heavy and Thick
False Pelvis Shallow Deep
Pelvic Inlet Larger and Oval Smaller and Heart
Shaped
Acetabulum Small, faces anteriorly Large and faces laterally
Obturator Foramen Oval Round
Pubic Arch Greater than 90o Less than 90o

42. Comparison of Male and
Female Pelvis

43. Pelvimetry
 Measurement of
the size of the
inlet and outlet
of the birth
canal.

44. Pelvic Girdle Checkpoint
 What is the name of the hip bone?
 What are the 3 parts of the hip bone?
 Can you identify them on a diagram???
 List 3 functions of the pelvic girdle
 What is the name of the “socket” where
the head of the femur sits?
 List 3 differences between the male and
female pelvis. Why are these present?

45. LOWER LIMB
 Includes the thigh, leg, ankle,
foot and toes
 30 bones in each
 Femur
 Patella
 Tibia
 Fibula
 Tarsals
 Metatarsals
 Phalanges

46. Femur
 Thigh Bone
 Longest, strongest
heaviest bone in the
body
 Diaphysis has a medial
bend to bring knees
closer to the midline of
the body

47. Femur continued
 Body - diaphysis
 Head – “ball” of ball and socket
joint
 Neck – common site of
fractures
 Greater and Lesser
Trochanters – used for
muscle attachment
 Lateral and Medial Condyles
– articulation with the tibia
 Patellar Surface

49. Patella
 Sesamoid bone
 Develops in the tendon
of the quadriceps
femoris muscle
 Increases the leverage
of the tendon and
maintains the position of
the tendon

50. Patellofemoral stress syndrome
 AKA “Runner’s
Knee”
 Patella does not
glide up and down
between the
femoral condyles
but rather laterally
causing pain.

51. Tibia
 Shin Bone
 Larger of 2 lower leg
bones

52. Tibia Continued
 Lateral and Medial Condyles
– articulate with the femur
 Tibial Tuberosity – roughened
area on anterior/proximal
portion of the tibia for muscle
attachment
 Medial Malleolus – bump on
the inside of the ankle

53. Shin Splints
 Soreness or pain along the tibia due to
inflammation of the periosteum caused by
the repeated tugging of the attached
muscles and tendons.
Often the result of walking or running up
and down hills.

54. Fibula
 Parallel and lateral to
the tibia
 Articulates with the tibia
and the talus (ankle
bone)
 Lateral malleolus –
bump on the outside of
the ankle

55. The Foot

56. Tarsals
 7 Ankle Bones
 Posterior: Talus
and Calcaneus
 Anterior: cuboid,
navicular and 3
cuneiform

57. Metatarsals
 5 bones make up the
instep of the foot
 Numbered I-V starting
medially

58. Phalanges
 14 in each foot
 Hallux (Big Toe) has
2, the rest of the toes
have 3

59. Bones of the Foot
 A - Talus
 B – Navicular
 C - Cuneiform
 D - Cuneiform
 E – Distal Phalanx
 F – Middle Phalanx
 G – Proximal Phalanx
 H - Metatarsal
 I - Cuneiform
 J - Cuboid
 K - Calcaneous

60. Arches of the Foot
 Transverse and Longitudinal
 Arches enable the foot to support the
weight of the body

61. LOWER LIMB CHECKPOINT
 What are the bones of the lower limb?
 Describe the hip joint
 Describe the knee joint
 Which is the medial bone of the lower leg?
 What type of bone is the patella?

62. Joint (AKA Articulation)
 A point of contact between bones,
between cartilage and bone or
between teeth and bone

63. More Definitions
 Arthrology – The study of joints
 Kinesiology – study of the movement of
the human body
 Rheumatology – the field of medicine
devoted to joint diseases and related
conditions

64. Classification of Joints
 Functional Classification – related to the
degree of movement it permits
 Structural Classification – classified by
the presence or absence of space
between bones and the type of connective
tissue that binds them together

65. Functional Classifications
 Synarthrosis – immovable joint
 Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable joint
 Diarthrosis – Freely movable joint

66. Structural Classifications
 Fibrous Joints
 Cartilaginous Joints
 Synovial Joints

67. Fibrous Joints
 Bones are held together by fibrous
connective tissue that is rich in collagen
fibers
 No synovial cavity

68. Fibrous joints
 Permits little or no movement
 Suture – connect bones of the skull
 Syndesmosis – the distance between the
2 bones is greater than in a suture. Ex –
between tibia and fibula
 Gomphosis – a cone shaped peg (tooth)
fits into a cavity (socket)

69. Cartilaginous Joints
 The bones are held together by cartilage
 No synovial cavity

70. Cartilaginous Joints
 Allows little or no movement
 Synchondrosis – the connecting material is
hyaline cartilage. Ex - epiphyseal plate
 Symphysis – ends of the bones are covered
with articular cartilage but the cones are
connected by a broad flat disc of
fibrocartilage. Ex – pubic symphysis

71. Synovial Joints
 Bones have a synovial cavity and are
united by a dense irregular connective
tissue and accessory ligaments

72. Synovial joints
 Unique Characteristics:
 Synovial cavity
 Articular cartilage
 Articular capsule
 Fibrous capsule – outer layer (can form ligaments)
 Synovial membrane – areolar connective tissue with
elastic fibers
 Synovial Fluid – secreted by the synovial
membrane. It lubricates the joint, supplies
nutrients and removes metabolic waste.

73. Synovial joints
 Accessory Ligaments – ligaments that are both
inside and outside the articular capsule (ex –
collateral ligaments of the knee)
 Menisci – pads of fibrocartilage that lie between
articular surfaces of the bones and attach to the
fibrous capsule
 Allows 2 bones of different shapes to fit more tightly
 Bursa – saclike structures between skin and
bone or between tendons and bones situated to
reduce friction

74. Torn Meniscus
 The tearing of the cartilage in the knee is
common among athletes. Damaged
cartilage can wear away the joint and
eventually develop into arthritis. The
surgical repair of the knee may be
assisted by arthroscopy (a small lighted
tool is inserted into the knee for
visualization)

79. Types of Synovial Joints
 Planar – intercarpal, intertarsal,
sternoclavicular
 Hinge – knee, elbow, ankle, fingers
 Pivot – atlanoaxial, radioulnar
 Condyloid – wrist and metacarpals
 Saddle – wrist and thumb
 Ball and Socket – shoulder, hips

80. SEE ALSO PAGE 163
IN THE TEXT BOOK
FOR VERY GOOD
ILLUSTRATIONS OF
THE SYNOVIAL
JOINTS

81. Types of Movements at
Synovial Joints

82. Gliding
 A simple movement in which relatively flat
bone surfaces move back-and-forth and
side-to-side relative to one another.
 Limited in range by the articular capsule
and ligaments of the joint
 Occurs in Planar Joints (carpals, tarsals,
sternoclavicular)

83. Angular Movements
 There is an increase or decrease in the
angle between articulating bones
 Flexion, Extensions, Abduction, Adduction

84. Flexion/Extension
 Flexion - A decrease in the angle
between articulating bones
 Extension – An increase in the angle
between articulating bones
 Found in hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle
and ball-and-socket joints
 HYPEREXTENSION – extension beyond
anatomical position

86. Abduction/Adduction
 Abduction – movement away from the
midline of the body
 Adduction – movement toward the
midline of the body
 Found at condyloid, saddle and ball and
socket joints

88. Circumduction
 Movement of the distal end of a body part
in a circle
 Found at ball-and-socket joints

89. Rotation
 A bone revolves around its own
longitudinal axis
 Found at pivot and ball and socket joints

90. Special Movements
 Occur only at certain joints
 Include elevation, depression, protraction,
retraction, inversion, eversion,
dorsiflection, plantar flexion, supination
and pronation

91.  Elevation - upward movement of a body
part (closing your mouth)
 Depression – downward movement of a
body part (opening your mouth)
 Protraction – movement of a body part
forward (mandible or clavicles)
 Retraction – returning a protracted part to
anatomical position

92.  Inversion – movement of the soles
medially so they face each other
 Eversion – movement of the soles
laterally so they are away from eachother
 Dorsiflexion – Bending the feet upward
(like standing on your heels)
 Plantar Flexion – Bending the feet down
(like standing on your toes)

93.  Supination – turning the palm upward
 Pronation – turning the palm downward