The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the taxonomy of humans and defines key terms like anatomy, gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and comparative anatomy. It also outlines the six levels of structural organization in the human body from chemical to organismal. Finally, it summarizes the 11 organ systems that make up the human body and introduces key concepts like homeostasis and anatomical positioning.

1. BSCI 201 - HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART 1

6. THE BODY IN ANATOMICAL POSITION

8. Figure 1.8 THE BODY IN ANATOMICAL POSITION Transverse plane Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal plane Frontal section through torso Transverse section through torso (superior view) Median (midsagittal) section Posterior Left and right lung Liver Heart Stomach Spleen Liver Spleen Stomach Aorta Vertebral column Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Rectum Intestines Pubic symphysis (a) (b) (c)

10. Figure 1.1 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system

12. Figure 1.3a-c Bones Joint Nails Skin Hair Skeletal muscles (b) Skeletal System (a) Integumentary System (c) Muscular System

13. Figure 1.3d-f: Summary of the body’s organ systems, p. 6. Brain Sensory receptor Nerves Spinal cord Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary Heart Blood vessels (d) Nervous System (e) Endocrine System (f) Cardiovascular System

14. Figure 1.3g-i: Summary of the body’s organ systems, p. 7. (g) Lymphatic System (h) Respiratory System Lymphatic vessels Red bone marrow Thoracic duct Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Nasal cavity Bronchus Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Liver Oral cavity Esophagus Large intestine Stomach Small intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System

15. Figure 1.3j-l: Summary of the body’s organ systems, p. 7. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Prostate gland Ductus deferens Penis Testis Scrotum Ovary Uterine tube Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterus Vagina (j) Urinary System (k) Male Reproductive System (I) Female Reproductive System

17. Figure 1.5 Signal wire turns heater on Set point Heater on Response; temperature rises Stimulus: dropping room temperature Balance Receptor-sensor (thermometer in thermostat) Effector (heater) Control center (thermostat) Imbalance Imbalance

19. Figure 1.7a REGIONAL TERMS Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Pelvic (pelvis) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Pollex (thumb) Digital (fingers) Pubic (genital region) Patellar (anterior knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Pedal (foot) Digital (toes) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg) Hallux (great toe) Mammary (breast) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mental (chin) Umbilical (navel) (a) Anterior

20. Figure 1.7b Brachial (arm) Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) V ertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) Manus (hand) Upper extremity Cephalic (head) Lower extremity (b) Posterior

22. 3 Body Planes Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane

24. Figure 1.9 Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

25. Figure 1.10 Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (a) (b)

26. Figure 1.11 ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY- 9 regions Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region (b) (a)

27. Figure 1.12 ABDOMINOPELVIC CAITY - 4 QUADRANTS Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant