This document contains a list of figures and tables related to the peripheral nervous system and reflex activity from Lecture 13. There is no other text content, just a long list of figure and table references.
A & P Ch 6 Muscular System Lab quiz study practice facial muscleszernwoman
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
A & P Ch 6 Muscular System Lab Quiz Practice - Posterior Muscleszernwoman
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Lecture 4/2022 Special senses -Vision 4 -Physiology of vision - Processing o...Charushila Rukadikar
Specific learning objective
Physiology of vision
Processing & transmission of visual impulse in the retina
Horizontal cell
Bipolar cell
Amacrine cell
Ganglion cell
This document contains a physiology question paper with multiple questions testing knowledge of various physiology topics. Question 1 has two parts asking about (a) cardiac tissues, impulse generation and transmission, and differences in action potentials between cardiac and skeletal muscles, and idioventricular rhythm and (b) basal ganglia nuclei, connections, functions, features of Parkinsonism, and how Parkinsonism can be reduced. Question 2 asks to trace the visual pathway with diagram and effects of lesions, and discuss gastric mucosal barrier and peptides ulcers treatment. Question 3 and 4 contain short answer questions testing knowledge on various physiology topics like ventilation/perfusion ratio, enterohepatic circulation, and more.
Fiber bundles with a common function are called tracts. The document discusses several ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord, including:
- The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, which carries sensations of discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception to the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
- The spinothalamic tract, which carries sensations of pain, temperature, and light touch to the thalamus and diffuse cortical regions via the spinal lemniscus.
- Shorter tracts within the spinal cord that connect segments and carry proprioceptive information to complete reflex arcs or to the brainstem and cerebellum for motor coordination.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and interprets sensory information and controls motor functions. The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside the CNS that connect the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum, each with different functions like movement coordination and balance. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains gray matter in an H-shape configuration.
The contents of the vertebral canal include the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, spinal meninges, and neurovascular structures. The spinal cord has 31 segments and extends from the foramen magnum to the L1/L2 vertebrae. It is protected by vertebrae, muscles, ligaments, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, and contain cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental medullary arteries.
A & P Ch 6 Muscular System Lab quiz study practice facial muscleszernwoman
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
A & P Ch 6 Muscular System Lab Quiz Practice - Posterior Muscleszernwoman
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Lecture 4/2022 Special senses -Vision 4 -Physiology of vision - Processing o...Charushila Rukadikar
Specific learning objective
Physiology of vision
Processing & transmission of visual impulse in the retina
Horizontal cell
Bipolar cell
Amacrine cell
Ganglion cell
This document contains a physiology question paper with multiple questions testing knowledge of various physiology topics. Question 1 has two parts asking about (a) cardiac tissues, impulse generation and transmission, and differences in action potentials between cardiac and skeletal muscles, and idioventricular rhythm and (b) basal ganglia nuclei, connections, functions, features of Parkinsonism, and how Parkinsonism can be reduced. Question 2 asks to trace the visual pathway with diagram and effects of lesions, and discuss gastric mucosal barrier and peptides ulcers treatment. Question 3 and 4 contain short answer questions testing knowledge on various physiology topics like ventilation/perfusion ratio, enterohepatic circulation, and more.
Fiber bundles with a common function are called tracts. The document discusses several ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord, including:
- The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, which carries sensations of discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception to the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
- The spinothalamic tract, which carries sensations of pain, temperature, and light touch to the thalamus and diffuse cortical regions via the spinal lemniscus.
- Shorter tracts within the spinal cord that connect segments and carry proprioceptive information to complete reflex arcs or to the brainstem and cerebellum for motor coordination.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and interprets sensory information and controls motor functions. The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside the CNS that connect the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum, each with different functions like movement coordination and balance. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains gray matter in an H-shape configuration.
The contents of the vertebral canal include the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, spinal meninges, and neurovascular structures. The spinal cord has 31 segments and extends from the foramen magnum to the L1/L2 vertebrae. It is protected by vertebrae, muscles, ligaments, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, and contain cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental medullary arteries.
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
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The document discusses the spinal cord and compressive disorders that can affect it. It begins with the basics of spinal cord anatomy and concepts for determining the level of a spinal cord lesion. It then covers special patterns of spinal cord diseases like Brown-Sequard Syndrome. The majority of the document focuses on the different causes of compressive myelopathy, distinguishing between intramedullary and extramedullary lesions, as well as intradural and extradural causes. Common extradural compressive disorders discussed include intervertebral disc prolapse, spinal epidural abscess, and spinal tumors.
Comparison of skeletal and smooth muscles (1)Ilyas Raza
This document compares smooth muscle contraction to skeletal muscle contraction. Some key points:
- Smooth muscle requires 1/300 the energy of skeletal muscle to sustain the same tension. It uses one ATP per contraction cycle.
- Smooth muscle contraction is prolonged, lasting 1-3 seconds, while skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes rapidly.
- Smooth muscle is able to maintain contraction, or "latch", with very little energy through prolonged cross-bridge attachment and reduced myosin phosphorylation rates.
- Calcium regulation of contraction is similar between muscle types but smooth muscle response is much slower.
The thalamus is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
The cerebellum lies in the posterior fossa and is connected to the brainstem by three peduncles. It can be divided into the archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, and neocerebellum. The cerebellum receives afferent connections from the cerebral cortex, vestibular system, spinal cord, and provides efferent connections to the vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, red nucleus, thalamus and motor cortex.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and helps control balance, posture, and skilled voluntary movements. It has three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. The cerebellum contains gray matter in three layers and white matter with afferent and efferent fibers. It is divided into three functional parts - vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and corticocerebellum. Lesions of the cerebellum cause disturbances in tone, posture, equilibrium, and coordinated movements.
1. The document discusses various spinal cord syndromes including complete cord transection syndrome, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central cord syndrome, posterior column syndrome, posterolateral cord syndrome, combined anterior horn cell-pyramidal tract syndrome, anterior horn cell syndrome, and anterior spinal artery occlusion syndrome.
2. It describes the key features of each syndrome such as the patterns of sensory and motor deficits and common causes.
3. Examples of features mentioned include flaccid paralysis, loss of all sensory modalities, and autonomic disturbances for complete cord transection syndrome and unilateral motor and sensory deficits for Brown-Sequard syndrome.
This document contains slides from a lecture on the nervous system. It discusses the functions and structural classification of the nervous system. It covers the different types of nervous tissue including neurons and neuroglia. Specific areas of the central nervous system are examined in detail, including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The document contains many labeled diagrams to illustrate key concepts.
The document summarizes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction in 3 chapters:
1) Acetylcholine is released from a motor neuron, causing calcium ions to be released which allow actin and myosin filaments to bind.
2) Myosin uses ATP to pull actin inward, shortening the muscle fiber.
3) When calcium levels drop, actin and myosin detach, relaxing the muscle through the action of tropomyosin.
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
An important short preview for anatomical understanding of cerebellum
The Link for Youtube Video is given below,
https://youtu.be/wlZsOvpgjlM
please subscribe my YT channel
Anatomy of Brachial Plexus (by Murtaza Syed AKUH Karachi)Murtaza Syed
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves in the neck, axilla, and arm that originates from the cervical and thoracic spinal nerve roots. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. Specifically, the brachial plexus forms from the ventral rami of cervical nerve roots C5-C8 and thoracic nerve root T1. These rami come together to form the roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and peripheral branches that make up the brachial plexus and allow it to innervate the muscles and skin of the arm.
Sarcotubular system, Excitation contraction coupling, Molecular theory of mus...Charushila Rukadikar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including:
- The endocrine system involves glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target tissues.
- Hormones act via negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis and are released in response to stimuli like changes in bodily fluids or neural/hormonal signals.
- Hormones can be categorized by their structure (peptides, steroids, etc.), method of signaling (classical vs paracrine vs autocrine), and their interactions which can include agonism, antagonism, permissiveness and synergism.
- Major glands discussed include the hypothalamus/pituitary axis, thyroid, parathyroids
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the special senses - photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, olfactory epithelium, and taste buds. Light is detected by rods and cones in the retina and sound waves are detected by hair cells in the cochlea. Odorants activate olfactory cells and different chemicals stimulate gustatory cells to detect the basic tastes.
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
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https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries
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https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE
Our Website,
https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/
The document discusses the spinal cord and compressive disorders that can affect it. It begins with the basics of spinal cord anatomy and concepts for determining the level of a spinal cord lesion. It then covers special patterns of spinal cord diseases like Brown-Sequard Syndrome. The majority of the document focuses on the different causes of compressive myelopathy, distinguishing between intramedullary and extramedullary lesions, as well as intradural and extradural causes. Common extradural compressive disorders discussed include intervertebral disc prolapse, spinal epidural abscess, and spinal tumors.
Comparison of skeletal and smooth muscles (1)Ilyas Raza
This document compares smooth muscle contraction to skeletal muscle contraction. Some key points:
- Smooth muscle requires 1/300 the energy of skeletal muscle to sustain the same tension. It uses one ATP per contraction cycle.
- Smooth muscle contraction is prolonged, lasting 1-3 seconds, while skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes rapidly.
- Smooth muscle is able to maintain contraction, or "latch", with very little energy through prolonged cross-bridge attachment and reduced myosin phosphorylation rates.
- Calcium regulation of contraction is similar between muscle types but smooth muscle response is much slower.
The thalamus is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
https://www.facebook.com/dram.notes
https://www.facebook.com/drraiammar
https://www.facebook.com/allmedicaldata
https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries
https://www.facebook.com/cpsp.nuggets
https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE
Our Website,
https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
The cerebellum lies in the posterior fossa and is connected to the brainstem by three peduncles. It can be divided into the archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, and neocerebellum. The cerebellum receives afferent connections from the cerebral cortex, vestibular system, spinal cord, and provides efferent connections to the vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, red nucleus, thalamus and motor cortex.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and helps control balance, posture, and skilled voluntary movements. It has three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. The cerebellum contains gray matter in three layers and white matter with afferent and efferent fibers. It is divided into three functional parts - vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and corticocerebellum. Lesions of the cerebellum cause disturbances in tone, posture, equilibrium, and coordinated movements.
1. The document discusses various spinal cord syndromes including complete cord transection syndrome, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central cord syndrome, posterior column syndrome, posterolateral cord syndrome, combined anterior horn cell-pyramidal tract syndrome, anterior horn cell syndrome, and anterior spinal artery occlusion syndrome.
2. It describes the key features of each syndrome such as the patterns of sensory and motor deficits and common causes.
3. Examples of features mentioned include flaccid paralysis, loss of all sensory modalities, and autonomic disturbances for complete cord transection syndrome and unilateral motor and sensory deficits for Brown-Sequard syndrome.
This document contains slides from a lecture on the nervous system. It discusses the functions and structural classification of the nervous system. It covers the different types of nervous tissue including neurons and neuroglia. Specific areas of the central nervous system are examined in detail, including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The document contains many labeled diagrams to illustrate key concepts.
The document summarizes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction in 3 chapters:
1) Acetylcholine is released from a motor neuron, causing calcium ions to be released which allow actin and myosin filaments to bind.
2) Myosin uses ATP to pull actin inward, shortening the muscle fiber.
3) When calcium levels drop, actin and myosin detach, relaxing the muscle through the action of tropomyosin.
Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address.
Dr.raiammar@gmail.com
For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook,
https://www.facebook.com/dram.notes
https://www.facebook.com/drraiammar
https://www.facebook.com/allmedicaldata
https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries
https://www.facebook.com/cpsp.nuggets
https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE
Our Website,
https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
An important short preview for anatomical understanding of cerebellum
The Link for Youtube Video is given below,
https://youtu.be/wlZsOvpgjlM
please subscribe my YT channel
Anatomy of Brachial Plexus (by Murtaza Syed AKUH Karachi)Murtaza Syed
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves in the neck, axilla, and arm that originates from the cervical and thoracic spinal nerve roots. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. Specifically, the brachial plexus forms from the ventral rami of cervical nerve roots C5-C8 and thoracic nerve root T1. These rami come together to form the roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and peripheral branches that make up the brachial plexus and allow it to innervate the muscles and skin of the arm.
Sarcotubular system, Excitation contraction coupling, Molecular theory of mus...Charushila Rukadikar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including:
- The endocrine system involves glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target tissues.
- Hormones act via negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis and are released in response to stimuli like changes in bodily fluids or neural/hormonal signals.
- Hormones can be categorized by their structure (peptides, steroids, etc.), method of signaling (classical vs paracrine vs autocrine), and their interactions which can include agonism, antagonism, permissiveness and synergism.
- Major glands discussed include the hypothalamus/pituitary axis, thyroid, parathyroids
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the special senses - photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, olfactory epithelium, and taste buds. Light is detected by rods and cones in the retina and sound waves are detected by hair cells in the cochlea. Odorants activate olfactory cells and different chemicals stimulate gustatory cells to detect the basic tastes.
The document summarizes key aspects of the central nervous system. It describes the protective structures of the brain including the cranium, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It then outlines the major regions of the brain - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum - and provides details about their structure and function. It also discusses the spinal cord, its protective coverings, gray and white matter structure, and ascending and descending tracts.
The document summarizes key aspects of the central nervous system. It describes the protective structures of the brain including the cranium, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It then outlines the four main regions of the brain - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum - and provides details about their structures and functions. The spinal cord is also briefly discussed.
The nervous system has two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes nerves and sensory receptors outside the CNS. Nervous tissue contains two main cell types - neurons, which conduct electrical signals, and neuroglia, which provide support and insulation. Neurons have a cell body and dendrites that receive signals and an axon that conducts signals to other neurons.
The document describes the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. It then focuses on skeletal muscle, discussing the connective tissue wrappings that make up the organ, and the different patterns of fascicle arrangement including parallel, convergent, pennate, and circular muscles. It provides details on the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers, including myofibrils, myofilaments, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and calcium ion role in contraction.
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system. It describes the two types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. It explains the structure of long bones as having an epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity. There are two types of ossification - intramembranous which forms flat bones, and endochondral which forms most other bones from hyaline cartilage models. Postnatal bone growth occurs through longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth increasing bone width.
There are three main classifications of joints based on structure and function. Synovial joints have a joint cavity containing synovial fluid and allow for the most movement. The knee is an example of a synovial joint, containing articular cartilage on the ends of the bones, a joint capsule, ligaments including the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and menisci that improve joint movement and reduce wear. There are six types of synovial joints including hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and condylar joints.
There are two main classifications of joints in the body: functional classification based on movement and structural classification based on material binding the bones. Structurally, there are fibrous joints with no cavity, cartilaginous joints with cartilage but no cavity, and synovial joints with ligaments, a cavity, and fluid-filled sac. Common synovial joints include ball-and-socket shoulders and hips, hinge elbows and knees, and pivot neck joints.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the integumentary system in 3 paragraphs:
The integumentary system has two main divisions - the skin and accessory structures. The skin is the largest organ and has two layers, the epidermis and dermis. Accessory structures include sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nails, which are derived from the epidermis.
The epidermis has several strata with different cell types and densities. The dermis lies below with two layers - a papillary layer interdigitated with the epidermis and a deeper reticular layer. Various sensory receptors are located within the skin layers.
The skin has
The document discusses the four primary tissues in the human body - epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelial tissues, describing their characteristics, classification into simple and stratified epithelia, and the three major types of epithelial cells based on shape. The classification and characteristics of connective tissues are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the taxonomy of humans and defines key terms like anatomy, gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and comparative anatomy. It also outlines the six levels of structural organization in the human body from chemical to organismal. Finally, it summarizes the 11 organ systems that make up the human body and introduces key concepts like homeostasis and anatomical positioning.
The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of matter at the atomic level. It states that all matter is composed of elements, which are made of atoms. The four main elements in the human body are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. It then lists the percentages of various elements that make up the human body. The structure of an atom is described, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Chemical bonds such as ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds are explained. Important compounds in the human body like water, acids and bases, and organic compounds such as carbohydrates and proteins are also summarized.
The document summarizes key concepts about cells:
1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Cells come in different shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions.
2. The main parts of a cell are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane defines the cell boundary, the cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell, and the nucleus contains the cell's genes.
3. Transport across the plasma membrane can occur passively via diffusion and osmosis or actively via pumps that require energy. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane structure.
Peripheral Nervous System = PNS parts of the nervous system OUTSIDE of the CNS 1) cranial nerves (12 pairs) 2) spinal nerves (31 pairs) 3) sensory receptors PNS sensory division (afferent division) sends info from sensory receptors to the CNS motor division (efferent division) sends info from CNS to the effector structures such as skeletal muscle and organs Hence the motor division is divided into the autonomic or somatic nervous system AUTONOMIC involuntary division that conducts impulses to the organs in the body SOMATIC voluntary division that conducts impulses to the skeletal muscle Autonomic nervous system is further divided into 2 divisions parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic involved in non emergency functions (relaxation) Sympathetic involved in emergency functions. Hence it is termed the fight-or-flight response MAJOR DIFFERENCE sympathetic uses a lot of energy whereas parasympathetic conserves energy